Bipolar Junction Transistors | Competitive

Examination
Suitable for the post of Junior Engineer in BSNL, DMRC, DRDO, PTCUL, RRB, UPCL, etc
examination.

1. Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) is a three terminal, two junction, non-linear semi-conductor
device, that can amplify electronic signals.
 Emitter is highly doped, base is lightly doped and collector is moderately doped.
2. BJT can operate in four regions:
1. Active Region: Emitter-Base Junction is Forward Biased (FB) and Collector-Base Junction is
Reverse Biased (RB).
2. Saturation Region: Emitter-Base Junction is Forward Biased (FB) and Collector-Base
Junction is Forward Biased (FB).
3. Cut-Off Region: Emitter-Base Junction is Reverse Biased (RB) and Collector-Base Junction
is Reverse Biased (RB).
4. Inverted Region: Emitter-Base Junction is Reverse Biased (RB) and Collector-Base Junction
is Forward Biased (FB).

1.
2. When two points (saturation point and cut off point) on the output characteristics of CE transistor
are joined by a straight line, we get a dc load line.
 It is called a dc load line because its slope depends upon the load resistance Rc which is a dc
load.
 Read Also: Most Important Points | Diodes | Part-II | Competitive Examination

3. Quiescent Point, Q-Point OR Operating Point is a point of the transistor (I CQ, V CEQ) at
which it is biased.
 The concept of Q-Point is used when transistor is used as an Amplifier i.e. operate in active
region of output characteristics.
 Q-Point is generally taken to be the Intersection Points of dc load line with the output
characteristics of transistor.
 For Base Bias: Q-Point is dependent on β which depends on Transistor, Ic and Temperature.
 Base Bias is a prototype used in the design of Switching Circuits.
 For Emitter Bias: Q-Point remains stable as Ic is independent of β.
 Emitter Bias is a prototype used in the design of Amplifying Circuits.
 Voltage Divider Bias: It is a most widely used biasing circuit.
 Base contains a voltage divider so it is called a voltage divider bias.
 Ic and Vce are independent of β, Hence Q-Point is independent of β.
1. Amplifier is a device which increases the current voltage OR power of an input signal with the
help of transistor by producing additional power from a separate source of power supply.
 Amplifier must have high input impedance (ideally infinite) and low output
impedance (ideally zero).
 The process of raising the strength of a weak signal without any change in its shape is
called Amplification.
2. The difference between the output and input waveform is called Distortion.
 Distortion can be reduced by reducing the peak to peak value of base voltage.
 Read Also: Most Important Points | Diodes | Part-I | Competitive Examination

3. Two Transistors Model (Ebers Mall Model) for a transistor used to simulates how it behaves
when an ac signal is present.
 Emitter diode of transistor acts like an ac resistance r_e’.
 Collector diode acts like a current i_c.
4. When the load draws current more than transistor amplifier capacity this event is called Loading.
 Loading Effect is caused by impedance matching.

Transistor can be used in three configuration as given in following table: