Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
SEMINAR ON
ABSTRACT:
deaths that occur on the road, accounting for 94 percent. With over half a million car
wrecks every year, safety aspects, such as traction control, are being constantly developed
to keep drivers safer. By understanding modern-day safety features, drivers can stay well-
informed of potential aftermarket options for their vehicles to keep them safe. Traction
Control Systems is the modern day solution to the problems such as unnecessary skids
power loss due to less traction and railway track traction control. Whilst the old methods
such as limited slip differentials are getting inefficient to handle the critical driving
situations, need for a more advanced traction control system arises and henceforth comes
into picture the Electronic Traction Control System or the TRAC System.
This paper puts light to the modern Traction Control system basics, working,
benefits and applications while appreciating the history of the traction control systems
INTRODUCTION:
Traction refers to the maximum frictional force that can be produced between surfaces
without slipping. In auto mobiles traction is responsible for the movement of vehicle. In
the design of wheeled or tracked vehicles, high traction between wheel and ground is more
desirable than low traction, as it allows for more energetic acceleration without wheel
slippage.
matter how slippery the road surface. Technically, it is a mechanical, hydraulic, or electric
system that maintains or controls traction to any wheels driven by the engine. Unlike
mechanical traction control systems of the past such as limited slip differentials, today’s
systems are nearly all computer-controlled as they actively watch wheel slip. An option
formerly reserved for performance, you can find traction control on all types of vehicles
today.The purpose of the Traction Control System is to prevent wheel spin from occurring
due to acceleration. The maximum torque that can be transmitted to the wheels is determined
by the coefficient of friction generated between the road and the tires. If torque exceeds that
level, the wheels are likely to spin. Conditions for Traction operation may include slippery
road surfaces, acceleration while cornering and hard acceleration.The basic idea behind the
need of a traction control system is the difference between the slips of different wheels or
an apparent loss of road grip that may result in loss of steering control over the vehicle
which leads to slipping of the vehicle and loss of power which results in uncontrolled
cruising. Difference in slip may occur due to turning of a vehicle or differently varying
road conditions for different wheels. And thus need to be controlled for a safer way to
cruise.
TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEMS
Fig 1
TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEMS
A simple input output process block diagram is given in figure 1 and various inputs
are shown on the left side. The process control unit is represented in the middle part if the
figure. Right side blocks of the diagram shows the various controlled outputs for the TRAC
system.
The main inputs for a TRAC system are wheel speed sensors, battery level sensor,
TRAC OFF switch, stop light switch, and the throttle position sensor. These inputs give
speed signal, remaining battery signal, OFF signal, stop signal and throttle level signal
TRAC Electronic Control Unit (TRAC ECU) and an Engine Control Modulator (ECM).
The TRAC ECU will have an interconnection with ECM in order to communicate to the
engine throttle position control. These processing units process and analyze the input
The controlled outputs of a TRAC system are solenoids actuator, pump motor
actuator, slip indicator light, TRAC OFF light, ABS warning light, injectors control, and
The control action can consist of one or more actions such as reducing or suppress
the spark to one or more cylinders, reducing fuel supply to one or more cylinders, brake
one or more wheels, close the throttle where vehicle is fitted with ECM controlled throttle,
and the boost control solenoid can be actuated to reduce boost and therefore engine power.
The controlled action of the one or more of the above outputs can help in traction control
of the vehicle resulting in a slip proof cruising of the vehicle irrespective of the external
weather conditions.
TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEMS
SCOPE:
Spinning the tires not only makes the car harder to drive, but it also causes higher tire temps
and excessive tire wear. Lifting off the throttle or counter steering to correct for this 5%
mistake, not only upsets the rhythm, it slows the car down. Typically, if a driver makes a
5% mistake with the throttle, he/she has to correct 20-25% to fix it. But if the tire slip is
detected within one cylinder worth of crank rotation, as the Davis Technologies systems
do, then a small reduction in power can reduce or stop the tire slip.
periodically compare the rate of acceleration of the crankshaft to an Adjustable Fixed Rate
(AFR), known as Threshold. If the Engine RPM rate of change is in excess of that
Threshold, then a correction is made; therefore, reducing the slip. Basically, the TRAC
system looks for spikes in RPM that are caused by wheel slip. If these spikes are large
enough, then a correction is made, reducing the slip. By adjusting the Threshold, the driver
SL series, which were introduced by Davis Technologies, can compare the rate of
based on the average of the previous measurements. This update occurs on every crankshaft
revolution. Through this very advanced control process, the system constantly accounts for
track conditions, tire condition, even driving style to constantly update the internal settings.
These settings are updated as many as 200 times a sec0ond to keep the unit calibrated to
exactly the right settings regardless of changing conditions. This allows the system to adjust
to the correct settings even if one corner has more grip than another or one grooves to
another.
TRACTION CONTROL SYSTEMS
Traction control systems bring overall improvement in the braking system of the
1. Traction control brake systems are helpful in avoiding accidents over low-traction
road surfaces.
2. The system assists in maintaining control over the car during sudden twists and
4. A reduction in stopping distances after the brakes are applied can help in traffic.
5. TRAC system maintains directional control after breaking and reduces skidding.
6. Traction control is beneficial when roads are wet and icy as it helps in accelerate
from a stop.
7. Traction control is helpful when you're driving a powerful car as it regulates the
power to the tires, keeping the car on the path you set.
8. Wheels cannot lock up suddenly as the grooving is avoided by ABS system control.
9. In case of huge truck applications TRAC system can help in accelerating as well as
stopping efficiently.
10. When accelerating, it gives you more traction because when you accelerate, more
11. By applying pressure to the slipping wheel, power is sent to the drive wheel with
APPLICATIONS:
There are many sectors in which Traction control system finds itself useful. Here
1. In road cars: Traction control has traditionally been a safety feature in high-
performance cars, which would otherwise need very sensitive throttle input to keep
them from spinning the driven wheels when accelerating, especially in wet, icy or
snowy conditions. In recent years, traction control systems have become widely
maximum traction under acceleration without wheel spin. When accelerating out of
with the Honda ST1100 in 1992. By 2009, traction control was an option for several
models offered by BMW and Ducati, and the model year 2010 Kawasaki Concours.
4. In off road vehicles: Traction control is used instead or in addition to the mechanical
5. Traction control is not just used for improving acceleration under slippery
conditions. It can also help a driver to corner more safely. If too much throttle is
applied during cornering, the drive wheels will lose traction and slide sideways.
This will be avoided by TRAC system and helps the driver in cornering.