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Corresponding author. University of Caxias ABSTRACT
do Sul, Mechanical Engineering, Rua Francisco
Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070560 Caxias do Equipment design for food industry should consider, in addition to performance,
Sul, RS 95050470, Brazil. cost and quality requirements, further aspects regarding to hygiene and food
TEL: +55-54-3218-2160, safety. This paper discusses how information associated with hygiene aspects can
FAX: +55-54-3218-2168;
be used as orientation criteria for equipment design for food industry. The study
EMAIL: cacosta@ucs.br
was based on specialized literature and national and international standards to
Received for Publication June 18, 2013 establish valuation criteria for hygienic design. Eighty-five criteria were estab-
Accepted for Publication August 13, 2013 lished, grouped into six orientation classes, as follows: processes, materials, geom-
etry, accessories, sealing and others. The criteria were validated through their
doi:10.1111/jfpe.12044 application in a company which produces concentrated fruit juice, demonstrating
how problems could have been avoided by using this valuation method.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
This work provides a contribution to food industry equipment in order to under-
stand how to identify, classify and store the best practices for hygienic design of
food processing equipment. In very specific sectors such as food equipment indus-
try, the knowledge related to the equipment design is usually captured in a tacit
manner. This paper provides a reflection on this subject and shows a way to orga-
nize this knowledge.
Journal of Food Process Engineering 36 (2013) 753–762 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 753
CRITERIA FOR HYGIENIC DESIGN FOOD INDUSTRY EQUIPMENT C.A. COSTA, M.A. LUCIANO and A.M. PASA
within the research method are described, followed by the Safety Executive (2001), the need for HD during specifica-
concepts validations and, finally, by the conclusion. tion, design and manufacturing stages of equipment has
become a way to avoid problems related to product loss due
to lack of sanitation. Normally, projects in this area require
THEORETICAL REFERENCES
compromising solutions, i.e., conflicting requirements must
become compatible in order to obtain sanitarily safe, func-
DFx Supporting Products Design
tionally adequate and commercially viable equipment.
According to Holt and Barnes (2010), DFx techniques can Engineers involved in the food industry equipment
be separated into two groups: those that improve the design have knowledge and experience in designing solu-
product having one issue to consider (cost, quality, usabil- tions to obtain safe and ergonomic equipment for opera-
ity, etc.), and the ones that improve a product in one par- tors, functionally adequate, considering mechanic and
ticular stage of the life cycle (manufacturing, assembling, electric aspects as well as the transfer of mass and heat. Nev-
recycling, etc.). Agyapong-Kodua et al. (2012) state the dif- ertheless, in many cases, sanitation and hygiene aspects, due
ferent interests, relationships and conflicts (trade-offs) to their wide range of applications, are not totally known,
between these groups. For Ciechanowski et al. (2007), the which can interfere in the microbiologic quality and safety
best results are achieved by the combined application of of the equipment. In addition to the sanitation and hygiene
such techniques. aspects, the equipment must guarantee a reduced need of
The design for manufacturing is focused on better inte- maintenance and cleanness and, thereafter, reduce the
gration between the design, manufacturing and materials, manufacturing costs (Lawley 2011; Lupo 2011; Peter et al.
aiming the development of a component that meets the 2011).
functional requirements and which is easy to manufacture, According to European Hygienic Engineering Design
reducing production costs without compromising its Group (EHEDG), aiming for an efficient cleanness and
quality (Bralla 1999; Xiao et al. 2007; Selvaraj et al. 2009). sanitation, there are some features that must be observed
According to Andreasen et al. (1988), Boothroyd et al. during equipment design for food industry:
(2002) and Heemskerk et al. (2009), the design for assembly (a) Materials used (EHEDG Doc32 2005; EHEDG Doc35
pursues economy by reducing the number of components 2006);
toward a quality improvement as it decreases the possibility (b) Contact surfaces (EHEDG Doc9 1993; Lelieveld et al.
of failure in the simplified design. 2003);
According to Pahl et al. (2007), all equipment may have a (c) Auxiliary equipment (EHEDG Doc20 2000; EHEDG
shorter life cycle due to its use, and failures are unavoidable. Doc25 2002; EHEDG Doc14 2004; EHEDG Doc23 2009);
However, the design for maintainability aims to ensure that (d) Product geometric features (EHEDG Doc13 2004;
the product can be maintained during its life cycle. The EHEDG Doc8 2004; EHEDG Doc10 2007).
techniques of design for maintainability are usually sup- Therefore, different design standards, patterns and tech-
ported by guidance (Kuo et al. 2001) or by tools in order to niques are required and must be considered in the equip-
predict maintenance costs (Slavila et al. 2004). Associated ment manufacturing for the food industry. This paper
with maintenance, there is reliability, which is the probabil- proposes a unified view of these different aspects as guiding
ity of the product operating as planned for a determined criteria for professionals who work in this area.
period of time, when it is used under specific conditions
(Blanchard and Fabrycky 1998; Kuo et al. 2001). General
guidelines of design for reliability were proposed by Ireson
ELABORATION AND DEFINITION OF
and Coombes (1988) and Minehane et al. (2000).
VALUATION CRITERIA
Another DFx technique that has been broadly used is the
design for environment, which proposes that PDP considers
Research Stages
all environmental degradation caused through the life cycle
and that the product will have a minimum interference on This study proposes a group of valuation criteria that must
natural environment (Rossi et al. 2006). be considered in the sanitation and hygiene design (HD) of
equipment for food industry. Figure 1 presents the four
stages followed by this work in order to develop the valua-
HD
tion criteria:
The HD consists in the application of solutions that allow (a) Data collection about HD in different research sources;
an effective cleanness of manufacturing resources, ranging (b) Grouping design parameters (macro and micro);
according to the type of food that is produced or that will (c) Definition of orientation classes for the design, empha-
be produced (Lawley 2011; Lupo 2011). For HSE – Health & sizing microtechnological parameters;
754 Journal of Food Process Engineering 36 (2013) 753–762 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
C.A. COSTA, M.A. LUCIANO and A.M. PASA CRITERIA FOR HYGIENIC DESIGN FOOD INDUSTRY EQUIPMENT
(d) Valuation criteria identification in order to identify (or and sanitation point of view. Furthermore, the observance
check) equipment quality considering the HD. of these criteria will reduce the range of design solutions,
For the first stage, different sources of information, which demanding specific set of solutions and, in some cases,
can influence the HD, were studied, such as: national and unique solution. The next sections show each stage men-
international regulation and standards, typical client speci- tioned above.
fications, articles, books and procedures of better practices
that deal with food processing considering different areas of
application and raw materials (food) to be processed, Social and Technological Design Parameters
among others. The sources considered for this study are
Regarding the development of equipment for food industry,
presented in the next sections.
there are two important aspects that lead the HD. One is
In the second stage, the pieces of information gathered
related to the social aspects and another is related to the
were divided into two groups of project parameters. The
technological aspects. In order to facilitate the under-
first one, called macro or social parameters, contains broad
standing and the visualization of the context, two groups
parameters about use and application of the equipment,
of parameters (macrosocial microtechnological) were
such as: laws, market and the insertion of the equipment in
proposed.
the manufacturing process of the company. The second one,
called micro or technological parameters, points out the use
and specific application of the equipment. Within the Macroparameter: Legislation. Standards for creating
macro group, three parameters were established, which are: equipment for food processing have been developed by dif-
market, law and customer’s needs. For the micro group, ferent organizations, showing small differences, but all
functional parameters were set about application and clean- intending to guarantee food safety. Ordinance SVS/MS No.
ness. The observance of the two groups of parameters in the 326, from July 30 1997, in Addendum I, presents “Technical
design process and activities provides a group of valid solu- regulation about hygiene and sanitation conditions and
tions that are also microbiologically safe. good manufacturing practice for food producers and manu-
It is important to emphasize that, in spite of these groups facturers.” The goal is setting general requirements of
showing their parameters distributed in different levels of hygiene and good manufacturing practices regarding food
coverage, a macroparameter, for instance, law, may be asso- for human consumption.
ciated with microparameters, such as functional or clean- The hazard analysis critical control point is based on a
ness requirements, so that it constitutes a dimension to be series of stages, including operations related to the raw
considered during the project. material selection until the food consumption, based on
The third stage comprised the organization of the design, the identification of potential dangerous to the food safety,
social or technological parameters in one group of classes as well as measures about the control of conditions that
that will guide equipment design, manufacturing and instal- may create danger. The Codex Alimentarius identifies the
lation considering the HD principles. Six orientation classes essential principles of hygiene that may apply to all food
were defined including essential areas of knowledge for safe chain (from the primary production to the final consumer)
equipment as follows: processes, materials, geometry, acces- to ensure that food is safe and adequate to human
sories, sealing and others. consumption.
Finally, based on orientation classes defined, it was These standards define what it is expected from equip-
created the design criteria for supporting and guiding the ment regarding hygiene and sanitation point of view;
design, manufacturing and installation of equipment for however, they do not explicitly define how it is possible to
food processing. These criteria must be observed in order to achieve such goals. The following topics establish orienta-
warrant the quality of equipment design under a hygiene tion for the equipment development with ensured quality.
Journal of Food Process Engineering 36 (2013) 753–762 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 755
CRITERIA FOR HYGIENIC DESIGN FOOD INDUSTRY EQUIPMENT C.A. COSTA, M.A. LUCIANO and A.M. PASA
Macroparameter: Client Requirements. Equipment or several different functions. Such choice depends on a
for food processing, beyond executing its specific function, product technical and cost valuation, once there may be
must avoid microbiologic contamination. Equipment that is different options in the market. After that, relevant risks
difficult to clean needs more severe procedures and longer must be identified as well as the methods that must be
cleaning cycles and longer decontamination, resulting in used in order to eliminate or reduce them. Finally, it is veri-
more costs, limited availability for production, shorter life fied the efficiency concerning the elimination of risks
cycle and more effluent generation (Lorenzen 2011). In and the precautions that must be taken to operate the
some cases, because of technical-functional reasons, the equipment.
HD can be compromised in order to achieve the equip- After the risk valuation, it is possible to attribute the level
ment capacity of executing its function. However, in these of safety to the equipment according to its original func-
cases, such action must be minimized and clearly tion, to the existent resources, to the required production
documented. level and to the desired cleanness process (Holah 2011). The
The equipment development must also consider the food equipment can be classified from the ones that attend the
processing context that can impact on the level of minimum safety requirements according to its purpose to
microbiologic contamination (Fig. 2). There are some attri- the ones that are designed for a specific chemical treatment
butes that must be considered, such as: layout, by the proper or decontamination temperature so that microorganisms
integration of the equipment with other manufacturing wound not enter the machine (ascetical ones).
processes; production, because it allows the equipment to be
operational and profitable; operation, minimizing human
Microparameter: Functional Requirements. The
intervention and eliminating operator-machine-product
project of equipment for food industry must consider
crossed contamination; product, obtaining a higher quality
aspects such as materials and contact surfaces, auxiliary
product; and cleanness, favoring the cleanness and making
equipment and equipment geometric features.
it more difficult to accumulate impurities.
Materials in contact with the product (food) must be
inert to the food as well as to detergents and sanitation
Macroparameter: Market Requirements. Equipment products. They must also be resistant to corrosion, non-
design and manufacturing without risks of contamination toxic, nonabsorbent, mechanically stable, and its surface fin-
have to face the stages of risk valuation and determination ishing can not be altered in normal usage conditions
of hygiene and sanitation safety level of the equipment. (Lelieveld et al. 2003; EHEDG Doc32 2005).
Holah (2011) shows a sequence of steps that help on defin- Any welding in direct contact with the food product must
ing the equipment potential risks. It starts by the definition be continued, free of imperfections and polished. Welding
of the process for which the equipment is aimed consider- that is not in contact with the product must be continued
ing whether the equipment is working on a specific function and allow a good cleanness (EHEDG Doc09 1993).
756 Journal of Food Process Engineering 36 (2013) 753–762 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
C.A. COSTA, M.A. LUCIANO and A.M. PASA CRITERIA FOR HYGIENIC DESIGN FOOD INDUSTRY EQUIPMENT
Materials used for thermal insulation must be covered as the indication of acceptable cleaning products based on
with stainless steel to prevent air inflow or humidity reten- the chemical resistance of the materials used. Second, the
tion (EHEDG Doc8 2004). Another characteristic is that the manufacturer of chemical cleaning products, in agreement
equipment must be designed in such a way that the lubri- with the equipment supplier and the food producers, must
cants do not contact the food product. In the event of an recommend the products for cleanness and sanitization,
accidental contact, lubricants must be food grade type and the best methods for their application. The last one is
(EHEDG Doc23 2009). These are some examples of related to the food manufacturer regarding the definition of
requirements that have an impact on the conception of an adequate cleaning program (level of cleanness and fre-
equipment and, therefore, in its functionality. quency) verifying its performance.
Considering the macro- and microparameters, the HD
can be used in different situations, which include: during
Microparameters: Application Requirements. Good
the development of equipment to analyze a new configura-
communication between the equipment manufacturer and
tion or concept; after the design, to demonstrate the confor-
the food producer results in a risk minimization for trans-
mity to the applicable legislation; as a technique of quality
ferring danger to the final product (food) during equipment
control during the process of equipment manufacturing; as
manufacturing. It also allows to produce the equipment in a
a way to exempt the manufacturer or designer from respon-
more economic and efficient way. Thus, Holah (2011) states
sibilities after the installation of the product; and as part of
some aspects to be observed during equipment design: type
the selection process by the client. Orientation classes pro-
of food product to be processed and its limitations regard-
posed in this work consider such different situations.
ing contamination and equipment materials to be used;
main application of the equipment, i.e., for a specific
purpose or for a wide range of products; the degree of sub- ORIENTATION CLASSES FOR HD
sequent transformation of the food product, i.e., if the
The quality of the equipment according to HD has, as a
product to be processed by the equipment will be later sub-
result, the quality of the final product, i.e., food processed.
mitted to a new process or not; the level of cleanness and
Orientation classes were defined, taking different aspects
inspection related to the frequency; and the conservation
related to the design, manufacturing and installation in con-
and the frequency of equipment utilization.
sideration. These different aspects were grouped into main
topics to be taken into account during HD. Thus, this study
Microparameters: Cleanness Requirements. Equip- proposes a structure of six orientation classes, namely pro-
ment manufacturers, food producers and cleaning chemical cesses, materials, geometry, accessories, sealing and others
product suppliers have an important responsibility in clean- (Fig. 3).
ing and sanitizing the equipment, to ensure an adequate
hygiene state, according to the product that will be pro-
Valuation Criteria of the HD
cessed. There are three important recommendations to be
considered. First, the manufacturer of the equipment must Considering the orientation classes defined, 85 valuation
recommend cleanness and disinfection procedures, as well criteria were elaborated and distributed as follows:
Journal of Food Process Engineering 36 (2013) 753–762 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 757
CRITERIA FOR HYGIENIC DESIGN FOOD INDUSTRY EQUIPMENT C.A. COSTA, M.A. LUCIANO and A.M. PASA
Misalignment
B 1.2 Are the surfaces in contact with the product made with stainless steel of series AISI300?
Are the edges properly rounded and the horizontal surfaces have a minimum inclination of 3°
for a good drainage and cleanness?
C 2.5
Do the joints have a coaxial alignment, axis limitation for controlled compression of the seal,
and room for sealing thermal expansion?
D 2.2
Product area, (b) misalignment, (c) slit, (d) harmful space, (e) elastomeric sealing,
(f) elastomeric sealing of the rectangular section before installation, (g) trapezoidal
elastomeric sealing (Source: EHEDG DOC10 [2007, p. 8])
E 1.3
Product area, (b) elastomeric sealing, (c) heating, (d) cooling, (e) microorganisms, (f) gap
Source: Adapted from EHEDG DOC10 (2007, p. 10).
Did the equipment respect the minimum distance of 300 mm from the general structures and
from other equipment?
F 3.3
758 Journal of Food Process Engineering 36 (2013) 753–762 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
C.A. COSTA, M.A. LUCIANO and A.M. PASA CRITERIA FOR HYGIENIC DESIGN FOOD INDUSTRY EQUIPMENT
Journal of Food Process Engineering 36 (2013) 753–762 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 759
CRITERIA FOR HYGIENIC DESIGN FOOD INDUSTRY EQUIPMENT C.A. COSTA, M.A. LUCIANO and A.M. PASA
760 Journal of Food Process Engineering 36 (2013) 753–762 © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
C.A. COSTA, M.A. LUCIANO and A.M. PASA CRITERIA FOR HYGIENIC DESIGN FOOD INDUSTRY EQUIPMENT
Eventually, the criteria can be considered as a support EHEDG DOC10. 2007. Hygienic Design of Closed Equipment for
tool for quality programs in food industry, as well as good Processing of Liquid Food, 2nd Ed., EHEDG Guidelines,
manufacturing practices, serving as basis for the improve- Frankfurt.
ment of the equipment which the companies have already EHEDG DOC13. 2004. Hygienic Design for Open Equipment
had. for Processing of Food, 2nd Ed., EHEDG Guidelines,
The study validation has shown how problems could Frankfurt.
have been avoided/noticed if there was a procedure of valu- EHEDG DOC14. 2004. Hygienic Requirements of Valves for Food
ation to be followed. Processing, 2nd Ed., EHEDG Guidelines, Frankfurt.
EHEDG DOC20. 2000. Hygienic Design and Safe Use of
A suggestion for further studies is the creation of a verifi-
Double-Seat Mixproof Valves, EHEDG Guidelines, Frankfurt.
cation spreadsheet where it is possible to set values or
EHEDG DOC23. 2009. Use of H1 Registered Lubricants, 2nd Ed.,
grades for each evaluated criterion. Such action makes the
EHEDG Guidelines, Frankfurt.
valuation less conservative and decreases the chances of
EHEDG DOC25. 2002. Design of Mechanical Seals for Hygienic
reproving or reworking equipment due to some detail that
and Aseptic Applications (Description, Design Features and
does not interfere directly on the final quality of the Layout), EHEDG Guidelines, Frankfurt.
product. EHEDG DOC32. 2005. Materials of Construction for Equipment
in Contact with Food, EHEDG Guidelines, Frankfurt.
EHEDG DOC35. 2006. Hygienic Welding of Stainless Steel
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