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Govind P. Agrawal
Institute of Optics
University of Rochester
Rochester, NY 14627
JJ
II
2007
c G. P. Agrawal
J
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Chapter 9: WDM Systems
• Basic WDM Scheme 461/549
λ2
Precom- in-line Postcom- 462/549
Tx pensation amplifiers Rx
pensation
Demultiplexer
Multiplexer
in-line Optical Fibers
compensation
λn Tx Rx
δX ≈ 10 log10(1 + X).
(a) (b)
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−25
Power Penalty
5 dB
−30
Crosstalk (dB)
−35
1 dB
−40
0.1 dB
−45
−50 0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10
Number of Crosstalk Sources
Power Penalty 5
3.0
2
2.0 1
1.0
0.0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Number of Channels
Fluctuation Level
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• (a) Optical spectrum and (b) measured Q factors after 320 km for II
the 100-channel WDM system. J
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• Dotted line shows the Q for a BER below 10−12 with FEC. Back
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Use of Raman Amplification
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(a)
(b)
Normalized Amplitude
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Electric Field
Time (ns)
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• Eye-opening penalty for RZ-ASK and RZ-DPSK formats. II
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• Eye diagrams at a distance of 3,000 km for the two formats. I
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Major Design Issues
• Design of modern high-capacity WDM systems 501/549
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• (a) unfiltered case; (b) symmetric 68-GHz filter; (c) symmetric 35- II
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GHz filter; (d) asymmetric 68-GHz filter; (e) asymmetric 35-GHz
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filter. Back
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CSRZ-DPSK format
• In RZ-DPSK format, information is coded in optical phase but a
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pulse is present in all bit slots.
• One can combine the CSRZ with DPSK by changing phase of al-
ternate pulses, in addition to the phase shift required for DPSK
coding.
• This type of DPSK coding has proven to be quite useful for WDM
systems.
• In a 2004 experiment, 160 channels at 42.7 Gb/s (capacity 6.4 Tb/s)
were transmitted over 3200 km of fiber.
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• Raman amplification was used with 100-km spacing between pump II
stations. J
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CSRZ-DPSK format
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• Light from the back facet of the DFB laser is split into two
branches using a prism.
• A Fabry–Perot étalon serves as a wavelength reference.
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• It is designed such that one of its transmission peaks occurs
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precisely at the wavelength at which the laser is designed J
to operate. I
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Wavelength Stability
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• Bus, ring, and star topologies employed for LANs. I
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Network Topologies
• In the case of ring topology, a token is passed around the ring for
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nodes to extract or append data.
• In the case of star topology, all nodes are connected to the star
coupler at a central location.
• Star coupler distributes data from each node to all nodes.
• Signal power reaching decreases as the number of nodes increases.
• This type of loss is known as distribution loss.
• Some LANs distribute information without requiring a two-way con-
nection (cable television). JJ
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• CATV networks employ bus topology. A single optical fiber carries J
multiple video channels through subcarrier multiplexing. I
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Distribution Losses
• A problem with bus topology is that distribution losses increase
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exponentially with the number of taps.
• Such losses limit the number of subscribers that can be served by
a single optical bus.
• Even when fiber losses are neglected, the power available at the Nth
tap is given by
Data Link
ATM
Network Network
IP
ATM
Network
SONET
SONET
SONET
Data Link Data Link
Data Link
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Wavelength-Routing Networks
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• (a) Electronic switching; (b) Wavelength conversion at each node. J
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• (c) Shared conversion; (d) Partial conversion; (e) No conversion. Back
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Limited Wavelength Conversion
• Number of wavelength converters required in (b) equals M N when
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node is designed to handle traffic on M fibers, each carrying N
wavelengths.
• To reduce the hardware cost, wavelength converters are shared in a
loop-back configuration in (c).
• In (d) a small number of wavelength converters used at each node
(partial conversion).
• Limited wavelength conversion introduces a finite probability of
wavelength blocking.
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• This probability can be reduced if wavelength converters are made II
tunable over the entire bandwidth of the WDM signal. J
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Wavelength-Selective OXCs
• wavelength-selective OXCs need no wavelength converters.
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• Designed to distribute all input signals at a specific wavelength to
a separate switching unit.
• Each unit consists of a M × M switching fabric that can be config-
ured to route signals at a fixed wavelength in any fashion.
• Extra input and output ports can be added to allow dropping or
adding of a local channel at that wavelength.
• They are transparent to both the format and bit rate of the WDM
signal. They are also cheaper and help to reduce overall cost. JJ
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• These advantages are overshadowed by wavelength blocking.
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Switching Technologies
• All OXCs need a switching fabric capable of interconnecting a large
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number of input and output ports in an arbitrary fashion.
• Several technologies can be employed for this purpose.
? Electro-optic switches based on LiNbO3 waveguides
? Thermo-optic switches based on silica waveguides
? Microscopic mirrors built with MEMS technology
? Bubble switches based on total internal reflection
? Liquid-crystal switches based on birefringence-induced polariza-
tion changes. JJ
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MEMS-Based Switching
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Optical Label
IP Payload Header
(b)
Input Output
Packets Label Swapping Packets
Label & Clock
Wavelength
Recovery Fiber Delay Line Conversion
Label
Packet