ELECTROMAGNETICS PROJECT

Doctor: Saleh Istihkam

Name: Rahma Atallah
ID: 20140310
Year: 2016-2017
 Introduction
This project consists of two main circuits. Circuit one is an Electromagnetic
Field detector with a meter output, Circuit two is an DC to AC inverter that is
used to generate a magnetic field so that circuit one detects it and generates
the field value.

 Objectives
- Gaining experience in the field of hardware projects.
- Building a circuit that is an electromagnetic field detector.
- Building a circuit that is able to generate an electromagnetic field.

 Procedure
I started building this project by firstly constructing circuit one that is shown
in the figure below.

Fig (1): Circuit one

Components used:
- Resistors
- Operational amplifier LF353
- Galvanometer
- Capacitors
- 9 V battery
- 1 mH inductor
- Transistor BC109C
- wires

Then I constructed circuit two that is shown in the figure below.

Fig (2): Circuit two

Components used:
- Resistors.
- Center tap transformer 12V-120V AC
- BJT 2N5877
- 12 V DC battery
- 2000 ohm resistor load operating at 20 WATT
- wires
Circuit theory

Circuit one:
Circuit one is an Electromagnetic Field detector. It can detect audio, RF
signals, AC current carrying wire with frequencies of 50HZ up to 100KHZ.
This circuit is based on the principles of Mutual Inductance. Mutual
Inductance is the basic operating principal of the Transformers, motors,
generators and any other electrical component that interacts with another
magnetic field. We can define mutual induction as the current flowing in
one coil that induces a voltage in an adjacent coil. Circuit one contains the
adjacent coil where ac current is induced in it. This current is passed on to
the operational amplifier so that it is amplified (since the induced current
value is very small) and later on passed to a rectifier circuit that changes the
ac current into DC. This DC current is passed to the Galvanometer and the
Galvanometer deflects. Deflection in the meter shows that an
Electromagnetic field is found nearby. To quantify the magnetic field
produced, a multiplier circuit is joined parallel to the Galvanometer with
resistors that submit the appropriate ratio of current to electromagnetic
field.

Circuit two:
Circuit two is a DC to AC inverter. The circuit is supplied with a 12V DC battery
that passes the signals to two BJTS which perform the process of inverting
DC to AC. Then the AC current is passed to the center tap step up transformer
that steps up 12 volts to 120 volts AC. After stepping up the AC current it is
passed to a load of 2000 ohm and a power of 20 watt to withstand the high
voltage. This current passing through the load has an Electromagnetic field
surround it as shown in figure (3) below.
Fig (3): Electromagnetic Field induced on a current carrying wire

For the mutual induction principle, Figure (4) demonstrated what happens
between circuit one and two.

Fig (4): Demonstration of mutual inductance between circuit one and two
Circuit calculations
Staring with circuit two as it represents the input of the overall circuit.
From the step up transformer the load of 2000 ohm is supplied with
- Voltage=120V AC
Using ohms law to find the current in it
- Current=0.06 A AC

The wire beside the load of length 14 cm is placed at a distance of 5 cm

from the inductor in circuit one. From the spec of the operational
amplifier (gain) I assumed the current in the inductor was 100 Nano
Ampere. This was passed to the operational amplifier to be amplified to
100 Micro Ampere so that it can be read by the Galvanometer.

Using Bio Savart law to Calculate the Magnetic field H,

- dl of the wire is taken in the positive z direction

- aR is taken as the inductor in circuit one in the positive x direction
- R is the distance between the inductor and the wire carrying AC current
- I is the current measured in the Galvanometer that is I=100 Micro Ampere

By integrating and finding H along the length of the wire (14 cm) ,

𝟎.𝟏𝟒
H = ∫0 ((100 ∗ 10^ − 6) * (az X ar) /(4*pi *R2 ) )dz
H = 45*10^-6 mWb/m^2
 The ratio between current: H came out as 1:4.5 . Therefore I used a 1k
resistor in series with Galvanometer 1 and a 200 ohm resistor in series
with the external meter connected that measure in mA. This meter is
connected in parallel with the Galvanometer thus producing a multiplier
circuit that measure both DC current and the magnetic field produced in
a wire carrying AC current.

Important notes
- For Circuit two its is important to ensure all connections of the step up
transformer are right since we are dealing with high voltages
- In circuit two you must supply your output with a load that has high
resistance and a relatively large power so that it doesn’t heat up and
cause damage.
- In circuit one It is important to ensure that the sub components of the
ones in the circuit are substituted with ones that have identical properties
from the data sheet since this circuit is very sensitive and any increase in
voltage or current causes immediate damage.

Conclusion
I concluded from my project that achieving an DC to AC inverter works quite
well and it proves all scientific theories of having magnetic fields surrounding
the wire carrying AC current. For circuit one, I have concluded that any coil
placed near a wire carrying AC current will have induction of AC current in it
as well thus verifying mutual inductance theory. Also, for this circuit
electronics theories of rectifier circuits were proved by finding that the
current in the Galvanometer was DC while that on the inductor was AC.