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CHAPTER 1

PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

INTRODUCTION

Waste has been a major environmental issue everywhere since the industrial revolution.

Waste is items that people don’t need and discard. Waste that can be potentially recycled is

termed "Recyclable waste". Recycling is processing used materials or waste into new, useful

products. This is done to reduce the use of raw materials that would have been used. (Odonkor et

al. 2012).

Rapid increase in volume and types of solid and hazardous waste as a result of

continuous economic growth, urbanization and industrialization, and is becoming a burgeoning

problem for national and local governments to ensure effective and sustainable management of

waste. (De Santos et al. 2013)

Segregation is a process or technique of separating wastes like plastic, papers, cans etc.,in

recent times, garbage disposal has become a huge cause for concern in the world. A voluminous

amount of waste that is generated is disposed by means which have an adverse effect on the

environment. Segregation here in our country is not usually practiced, because it is time

consuming for others, even though our bins are labelled as “biodegradable and non-

biodegradable” it is still usually ignored. (De Santos et al. 2015)

The existing segregator machines in the market are usually 2-way stage. (Hatano et al.

2010) This causes the worker or the person to segregate other trash like cans and food wastes,

organic waste and etc., more effort to separate them manually.

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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Wastes are usually the most common problem that people encounter nowadays. This is

estimated that in 2006 the total amount of municipal solid waste generated globally reached 2.02

billion tones, representing a 7% annual increase since 2003 (Global Waste Management Market

Report2013, David C. Wilson et al.). Based on the study of Amrutha Chandramohan (2011,

November)shows the percentage covered by Paper and Plastic (27% and 17% respectively).

Even though organic wastes has the highest waste percentage paper and plastic is the widely use

materials in our everyday lives.

The Philippines generates about 10,000 million tons of solid waste per year and only 12

percent of the waste is recycled and re-used. An average Filipino generates 0.3 and 0.5 kilograms

(kg) of garbage daily in rural and urban areas respectively.(Solid waste management in the

Philippines, Eric O. Torres, 2012). 17 percent of all the wastes in the Philippines come from the

schools and universities, the schools had an average per capita total waste generation of just over

half a pound per day. The single-most common material generated by schools was food waste

23.9% of the total waste generated. Recyclable paper (cardboard, white office paper, and mixed

paper) accounted for 23.5%. Plastic bottles (Mineral water bottle and soda plastic bottles)

accounted for 19.3%. Soda cans accounted for 7%of the total waste generated by schools.

Waste segregation and recycling are simple yet effective ways of reducing the amount of

waste dumped into our landfills. The economic value of waste is best realized when it is

segregated. In the Philippines, there are recycling centers but the process is tedious and done

manually. (Solid waste management in the Philippines, Eric O. Torres, 2012). The Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 (Republic Act 9003) was approved in January 26, 2001

and came into effect on February 16, 2001. There are guidelines implemented by the government
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with regards to recycling but these efforts have yet to touch the mindset of the people. The

segregation, handling, transport and disposal of waste are to be properly managed so as to

minimize the risks to the health and safety of the people, the public, and the environment.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Some people who are inattentive to sort their wastes in proper trash bins. Ignoring sorting

of wastes in labeled bins leading to disordered wastes in canisters.

Manual segregation process which is arduous cost more time and effort to the facilitator.

Previous existing waste segregator has a limit on what kinds of waste that can be segregated at a

time leaving other kind of recyclable waste to be unsorted.

The statement of the problems above are encountered and analyzed by the researchers and

are expressed by answering these questions below:

1. What are the performances of the existing Recyclable Waste Segregator?

2. What are the parameters to be set for the development of the 4 - Way Recyclable Waste

Segregator?

3. What are the designs and computations for the development of the 4 - Way Recyclable

Waste Segregator?

4. What is the segregating efficiency of the 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator?

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of the project study is to develop a 4 – Way Recyclable

Waste Segregator. The following objectives are needed to be done to make this study

possible.

1. To identify the performance of the existing recyclable waste segregator.

2. To design a 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator.

3. To establish the parameters and calculations of the 4 – Way Recyclable Waste

Segregator.

4. To determine the segregation efficiency of the4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator.

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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

The Conceptual Process Diagram shown below is to plan the design and fabrication of a

4 - Way Recyclable Waste Segregator.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Conceptualization
Data from Existing
Literatures
Applied
Engineering
Engineering
Knowledge and
Skills 4– Way Recyclable
Design Drawing Waste Segregator

Waste Materials Developing

Machine Design

Industrial Materials
Assembling

Figure 1.2 Conceptual Process Diagram

The recycling of the waste materials through the use of application of engineering

knowledge and skills based on the data and studies of existing segregation machines will be

conceptualized in developing machine design and assembling a 4 - Way Waste Segregator.

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SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study covers the development of the prototype of the design, testing and evaluation.

Designing and setting up a 4 – Way Waste Segregator must be very precise in terms of process.

The set-up of the parameters and the considerations specifically the materials specifications will

be selected. Four kind of recyclable wastes such as Aluminum Can, Steel Can, Paper and Plastic

Bottles can be sorted in the Segregation with small to medium sizes of wastes along its weight.

The segregating process that was used in the study was based on densities and properties like.

The researchers choose the University of Perpetual Help – Calamba’s Zero - Waste Facility to

conduct their study for the 4 – Way Waste Segregator.

The limitation of the 4 - Way Waste Segregator covers the following:

 The volume for the plastic bottles to be segregate should range about 300 ml – 1L.

 The volume for the aluminum can to be segregated should be below 330 ml.

 The variety of paper like cardboards, boxes and other heavy duty and thick papers cannot

be segregated automatically through the use of 45° Slant Conveyor Belt and blower for its

weight plus the gravitational pull will exceed the limit that the slant conveyer can carry with the

help of the blower.

 Aluminum cans with something left inside may be segregated into plastic bottle

recyclable waste because of its weight.

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The result of the study would be beneficial to the different concerned groups in the

following aspects.

To the Environment, by using the 4 – Way Waste Segregator it is easy to recycle

wastes. Effective segregation of wastes means that less waste goes to landfill which makes better

for the environment.

To the University of Perpetual Help – Calamba, the result will help the facilitators to

have an automatic methodical sorting of recyclable wastes in the Zero-Waste Facility and to

lessen the segregation time that was manually done by the facilitators.

To the researchers, the process of their study will help them to enhance their intellectual

knowledge and abilities in technical, realistic and precision.

To the Mechanical Engineering Students, this helps to motivate the mechanical

engineering students to push their limitations in all aspects of engineering field.

To the Mechanical Engineering Field, this will serve as proof of basis that continuing

innovation and a mindset to create better will make life easier.

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DEFINITION OF TERMS

4 – Way Waste Segregator - a segregating machine that is more efficient than manual

segregation. It segregate’s four different kinds of wastes.

Blower - a mechanical device for moving air or other gases.

Conveyor–is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment that moves materials from one

location to another.

Conveyor Belt - is the carrying medium of a belt conveyor system.

Demagnetizing Magnet – generate strong magnetic field that is established in opposition to the

magnet's magnetization, part of the magnet may be demagnetized.

Electric Motor – is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into rotational

mechanical energy.

Pulley – a wheel on an axle or shaft that is designed to support movement and change of

direction of a taut cable.

Zero-Waste Facility –a facility at University of Perpetual Help –Calamba that is responsible for

proper disposal of wastes generated by the students of the University.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter are the detailed descriptions of the related literatures, articles and

information which are read by the researchers for the study of the “4 - Way Recyclable Waste

Segregator: An Institutional Concept”, which had been the basis of analysis needed to formulate

a set of reference and furnish useful information and material data for conducting the study, The

review of literature includes the Related Literature and Studies

RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE

Automated Waste Sorter with Mobile Robot Delivery Waste System

In this study the Automated Waste Sorter (AWS) and Mobile Robot Waste Deliver

System (MRWDS) are intended to automate the sorting process of steel cans, aluminum cans,

glass bottles and plastic bottles. This study describes the approach to implementing a sensor

array, for each corresponding material to be sorted, along with a conveyor belt as the Automated

Waste Sorter. The Mobile Robot Delivery System is composed of a line following robot that is

able to mechanically pick up an appointed trash bin and collect the waste in the said bin and

through the designed line path proceed to the receiving end of the AWS and dump the collected

waste. Through the use of the implemented systems (Maria Karla Angel R. Gabriel, 2013, et al.)
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the group was successful in collecting and delivering the waste and sorting to an accuracy of

above 80%.

Figure 2.1 Mobile Robot Waste Delivery System (MRWDS)

Figure 2.1 Automated Waste Sorter (AWS)

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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the development methods and procedures that were used by the

researchers in the design and fabrication of a 4 – way recyclable waste segregator.

RESEARCH DESIGN

The researchers conducted several processes in terms of the planning designing and

observing and analyzing the performance of the proposed system. The researchers also gathered

information from previous articles, journals, studies and from other books.

The planning stage included conducting a research on existing waste segregator in local

and foreign researchers, articles, journals and studies. Also in this stage, the researchers observed

and analyzed the mechanism of the proposed system to base on what data they have gathered.

The main step in order to achieve the desired result of the specific plan is the designing.

The design is included to the process in order for the researchers to create their fashion, execute

and construct the proposed system according to their plan in order to know the scopes and

limitations of the proposed system.

Performance analysis involves videos of the operations of existing waste segregator

machines and includes some written information or researches that gathered to define and

achieve their goals. This uncovers several perspectives on the problem or opportunity
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determining any barriers to successful performance and proposing solution system based on the

problem discovered.

Design of the 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Recyclable Segregator

The 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator is designed to automatically segregate four

kinds of wastes that commonly found in Universities. It is also innovated to maximize the

segregation of different wastes continuously and to minimize time in segregating process that

usually done manually by the facilitators which is very arduous.

Figure 3.1 Isometric View of the design of a 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator
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Figure 3.2 Side View of the design of a 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator

Figure 3.3 Top View of the design of a 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator
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Parts Drawing Designs of 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator

Figure 3.4 Shafts and Rollers of the 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator

Figure 3.5 Conveyor Belts of the 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator

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Figure 3.6 Bearings of the 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator

Figure 3.7 Recycle Bin and Hopper of the 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator
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Figure 3.8 Frame of the 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator

DETERMINING THE DESIGN CALCULATIONS AND PARAMETERS OF THE 4 –

WAY RECYCLABLE WASTE SEGREGATOR.

The researchers calculate and identified the parameters of the 4 – Way Recyclable Waste

Segregator for the operating load capacity, rate of segregation and segregating process.

Nomenclature:

D1 = Diameter of the Shaft of the Gear Motor

D2 = Diameter of the 1 Groove Pulley of the Gear Motor

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D3 = Diameter of the Shaft of the Roller A of the Horizontal Conveyor

D4 = Diameter of the 2 Groove Pulley of the Roller A of the Horizontal Conveyor

D5 = Diameter of the Roller A of the Horizontal Conveyor

D6 = Diameter of the Roller B of the Horizontal Conveyor

N1 = Speed of the Shaft of the Gear Motor

N2 = Speed of the 1 Groove Pulley of the Gear Motor

N3 = Speed of the 2 Groove Pulley of the Roller A of the Horizontal Conveyor

N4 = Speed of the Roller A of the Horizontal Conveyor

Cvb = Center Distance between Gear Motor’s 1 Groove Pulley and Horizontal Conveyor Roller

A’s 2 Groove Pulley

Vvb = V – Belt Speed

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V – Belts Computations

Computing for Shaft Speed of the Gear Motor Pulley

D2 N1
SR = =
D1 N2

D2
𝑁2 = 𝑁1 D1

(From Design of Machine Elements Fourth Edition by Faires, page 441)

Where: SR = Speed ratio

D1 = 2.54 cm

D2 = 7.62 cm

N1 = 26 RPM

N2 = ?

Figure 3.9

7.62 cm
N2 = 26 RPM 2.54 cm

𝐍𝟐 = 8.67 RPM

Computing for Shaft Speed of the Gear Motor Pulley

D4 N2
SR = =
D2 N4

D4
N4 = N2 D2
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(From Design of Machine Elements Fourth Edition by Faires, page 441)

Where: SR = Speed ratio

D2 = 7.62 cm

D4 = 7.62 cm

N2 = 8.67 RPM

N4 = ?

7.62 cm
N4 = 26 RPM 7.62 cm

𝐍𝟒 = 8.67 RPM

Figure 3.10

Computing for V – Belt’s Speed

πD2 N2 πD3 N3
Vvb = =
60 60

(From Design of Machine Elements Fourth Edition by Faires, page 448)

Where: D2 = 0.0762 m

D3 = 0.0762 m

N2 = 8.67 RPM
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N3 = 8.67 RPM

Vvb = ?

(π)(0.0762 m)(8.67 RPM) (π)(0.0762 m)(8.67 RPM)

Vvb = =
60 60

𝐕𝐯𝐛 = 0.0346 m/s

Computing for V – Belt’s Length

π (D4 −D2 )2
L = (2 (D2 + D4 )) + (2C) + ( )
4C

(From Design of Machine Elements Fourth Edition by Faires, page 446)

Where: D2 = 7.62 cm

D4 = 7.62 cm

Cvb = 50 cm

L=?

π (7.62 cm−7.62 cm)2

L = (2 (7.62 cm + 7.62 cm)) + ((2)(50 cm)) + ( (4)(50 cm)
)

L = 123.94 cm
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Computing for the Arc of Contact of Gear Motor’s 1 Groove Pulley and Horizontal

Conveyor’s 2 Groove Pulley

Figure 3.11

According to the book of Faires – Design of Machine Elements Fourth Edition (page

447) the area of contact is determined by width and the arc of contact. The arc of contact with

pulleys of equal diameters is 180º degrees on each pulley, as shown in Figure 1.

Computing for Rated HP per V - Belt

0.09
103 c Vvb2 Vvb
Rated Hp = [a (Vvb) − (K ) − e ( 106 )] ( 103 )
d D2

(From Design of Machine Elements Fourth Edition by Faires, page 456)

Where; a = 2.684
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c = 5.326

e = 0.0136

Kd = 1.14

D2 = 7.62 cm = 3 in

Vvb = 0.0346 m/s = 6.81 FPM

Rated HP = ?

0.09
103 5.326 6.81 FPM2 6.81 FPM
Rated HP = [2.684 ( ) −( ) − 0.0136 ( 6 )] ( )
6.81 FPM (1.14)(3 in) 10 103

𝐑𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐇𝐏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖 𝐇𝐏

Computation for Design HP for V - Belt

Design HP = Nsf HP

(From Design of Machine Elements Fourth Edition by Faires, page 456)

Where; Nsf = 1.2

HP = 0.125 HP

Design HP = (1.2)(0.125 HP)

𝐃𝐞𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧 𝐇𝐏 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝐇𝐏
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Computing for Adjusted Rated HP for V – Belt

Adjusted Rated HP = (𝐾𝜃 )(𝐾𝐿 ) (Rated HP)

(From Design of Machine Elements Fourth Edition by Faires, page 457)

Where; 𝐾𝜃 = 1

𝐾𝐿 = 1.135

Rated HP = 0.018 HP

Adjusted Rated HP = ?

Adjusted Rated HP = (1)(1.135) (0.018 HP)

Adjusted Rated HP = 0.0204 HP

Computing for Number of V - Belts Required

Design HP
Number of Belt = Adjusted Rated HP

(From Design of Machine Elements Fourth Edition by Faires, page 461)

Where; Design HP = 0.15 HP

Adjusted Rated HP = 0.0204 HP

Number of Belt = ?
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0.15 Hp
Number of Belt = 0.0204 HP

Number of Belt = 7.35

Horizontal Conveyor Computations

Computing for Speed of the Roller A

D5 N4
SR = =
D4 N5

D5
𝑁5 = 𝑁4 D4

(From Design of Machine Elements Fourth Edition by Faires, page 441)

Where: SR = Speed ratio

D4 = 2.54 cm

D5 = 7.62 cm

N4 = 26 RPM

N5 = ? Figure 3.12

7.62 cm
N5 = 26 RPM 2.54 cm

𝐍𝟓 = 8.67 RPM
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List of components parts for a 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator

The table below is the list of component parts and its specification that are needed for

the construction of a 4 – Way Recyclable Waste Segregator.

Quantity Illustration Specification/s

Shaft (Shorter)

ASTM A36 Bar

2 Pcs Solid Round Bar

25.4 mm Diameter

Shaft (Longer)

ASTM A36 Bar

2 Pcs
Solid Round Bar

25.4 mm Diameter

Roller

ASTM A36 Bar

4 Pcs Hollow Round Bar

70 mm Outside Diameter

25.4 mm Inside Diameter

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Rubber Belt

Carcass Rubber Belt

2 Pcs
380 mm Width

5 mm Thickness

Bearing

8 Sets Pillow Block Bearing

SSUCP-207-20 Bearing

Frame

1 set ASTM A36 Steel Angle Bar

Equal Steel Angle Bar

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Angle Bar

--- ASTM A36 Steel Angle Bar

Equal Steel Angle Bar

V - Belt

#A34
2 Pcs Top Width: 1/2 in

Height: 5/16 in

1 Groove Pulley

76.2 mm Diameter
2 Pcs
25.4 mm Fixed Bore

1-BK28-E
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2 Groove Pulley

76.2 mm Diameter
1 Pc
25.4 mm Fixed Bore

2-AK30-1W

PROJECT DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURES

The following steps were used in the construction of the “4 – Way Recyclable Waste

Segregator.”

1. First gather necessary information and relevant data about all the materials, machines,

devices, and proper tools needed for the project study.

2. Formulate a problem to be solved through justifying by developing the research project

study.

3. Then analyze and study the literature, articles, journals and relevant study in order to

support the justification.

4. Create a conceptual framework that will guide the researchers in methodical construction

of the research project

5. Set the scope of study and limitations.

6. Set the necessary parameters to construct the research project.

7. Visualize and design the research project based on what the parameters are set.
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8. Make a computation for the justification of the parameter.

9. Gathering and preparing of materials needed to the construction of the project study.

10. Construction of the designed project.

11. Testing with trials.

12. Evaluation.

13. Revision

14. Finalization

OPERATIONAL AND TESTING PROCEDURES

The following procedures should be followed to the proper usage of the machine:

1. Start first the segregating machine.

2. Make sure that all the components and parts are functional and in good conditions.

3. Assure that there are no any materials that will be a snag to the operation of the wastes

segregator.

4. Unload the wastes in the funnel feeder.

5. Let the segregator to its job in segregating the wastes to its classification.

6. Observe and keep watch of the segregating machine.

7. Switch OFF the machine after completing the segregation.

8. Switch ON if there is other waste that is needed to be segregated.

9. Switch off the machine after use.

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OPERATION AND TESTING PROCEDURES

Before testing the machine, things must be done first;

1. Check the machine carefully.

2. Make sure that all major parts are stable and properly installed.

3. Make sure that accessory a part are also properly placed and is stable.

4. Observe the surroundings of the segregating machine; assure that there will be no any

materials that will be a snag to the operation of the segregating machine.

5. If the machine is ready, turn the switch ON.

6. Observe if there are something unusual occurs just like large vibration, sudden buckling and

unnecessary sounds. (Conveyors, Blowers and Electric Motors are usually having loud sounds

but check if there is too much noise coming from it).

6. Perform all trials.

7. Record all the necessary data needed.

INSTRUMENTS AND TESTING USED

The instruments and testing used in this project study are basic statistics, surveying in the

University premises to gather data and information, seeking information to the facilitators of the

Zero Waste Facility of the University, applying formulas to determine the desired segregating

results needed by the waste segregator.

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4 – WAY RECYCLABLE WASTE SEGREGATOR: FOR INSTITUTIONAL USE

A Project Design Study Presented to

The Faculty of College of Engineering

University of Perpetual Help – Calamba Campus

Calamba City, Province of Laguna

In partial fulfillment

Of the requirements for the Degree in

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

Dela Peña, Jonas Paulo B.

Ghasempour, Farhad L.

Adlawan, Basil Angelo H.