Ezy Math Tutoring - Year 12 Answers

Year 12 Mathematics
Solutions
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Learning Strategies
Mathematics is often the most challenging subject for students. Much of the trouble comes from the
fact that mathematics is about logical thinking, not memorizing rules or remembering formulas. It
requires a different style of thinking than other subjects. The students who seem to be “naturally”
good at math just happen to adopt the correct strategies of thinking that math requires – often they
don’t even realise it. We have isolated several key learning strategies used by successful maths
students and have made icons to represent them. These icons are distributed throughout the book
in order to remind students to adopt these necessary learning strategies:
Talk Aloud Many students sit and try to do a problem in complete silence inside their heads.
They think that solutions just pop into the heads of ‘smart’ people. You absolutely must learn
to talk aloud and listen to yourself, literally to talk yourself through a problem. Successful
students do this without realising. It helps to structure your thoughts while helping your tutor
understand the way you think.
BackChecking This means that you will be doing every step of the question twice, as you work
your way through the question to ensure no silly mistakes. For example with this question:
3 × 2 − 5 × 7 you would do “3 times 2 is 5 ... let me check – no 3 × 2 is 6 ... minus 5 times 7
is minus 35 ... let me check ... minus 5 × 7 is minus 35. Initially, this may seem time-
consuming, but once it is automatic, a great deal of time and marks will be saved.
Avoid Cosmetic Surgery Do not write over old answers since this often results in repeated
mistakes or actually erasing the correct answer. When you make mistakes just put one line
through the mistake rather than scribbling it out. This helps reduce silly mistakes and makes
your work look cleaner and easier to backcheck.
Pen to Paper It is always wise to write things down as you work your way through a problem, in
order to keep track of good ideas and to see concepts on paper instead of in your head. This
makes it easier to work out the next step in the problem. Harder maths problems cannot be
solved in your head alone – put your ideas on paper as soon as you have them – always!
Transfer Skills This strategy is more advanced. It is the skill of making up a simpler question and
then transferring those ideas to a more complex question with which you are having difficulty.
For example if you can’t remember how to do long addition because you can’t recall exactly
ା ହ଼଼ଽ
ସହ଼଻
how to carry the one: then you may want to try adding numbers which you do know how
ାହ
to calculate that also involve carrying the one: ଽ
This skill is particularly useful when you can’t remember a basic arithmetic or algebraic rule,
most of the time you should be able to work it out by creating a simpler version of the
question.
1
Format Skills These are the skills that keep a question together as an organized whole in terms
of your working out on paper. An example of this is using the “=” sign correctly to keep a
question lined up properly. In numerical calculations format skills help you to align the numbers
correctly.
This skill is important because the correct working out will help you avoid careless mistakes.
When your work is jumbled up all over the page it is hard for you to make sense of what
belongs with what. Your “silly” mistakes would increase. Format skills also make it a lot easier
for you to check over your work and to notice/correct any mistakes.
Every topic in math has a way of being written with correct formatting. You will be surprised
how much smoother mathematics will be once you learn this skill. Whenever you are unsure
you should always ask your tutor or teacher.
Its Ok To Be Wrong Mathematics is in many ways more of a skill than just knowledge. The main
skill is problem solving and the only way this can be learned is by thinking hard and making
mistakes on the way. As you gain confidence you will naturally worry less about making the
mistakes and more about learning from them. Risk trying to solve problems that you are unsure
of, this will improve your skill more than anything else. It’s ok to be wrong – it is NOT ok to not
try.
Avoid Rule Dependency Rules are secondary tools; common sense and logic are primary tools
for problem solving and mathematics in general. Ultimately you must understand Why rules
work the way they do. Without this you are likely to struggle with tricky problem solving and
worded questions. Always rely on your logic and common sense first and on rules second,
always ask Why?
Self Questioning This is what strong problem solvers do naturally when they
get stuck on a problem or don’t know what to do. Ask yourself these
questions. They will help to jolt your thinking process; consider just one
question at a time and Talk Aloud while putting Pen To Paper.
2
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: Series & Sequences 5

Exercise 1: Arithmetic Sequences 6
Exercise 2: Geometric Progressions 10
Exercise 3: Arithmetic Series 14
Exercise 4: Geometric Series 18
Exercise 5: Series Notation: Convergence & Divergence 24
Exercise 6: Sum to Infinity 31
Exercise 7:Arithmetic & Geometric Mean 36
Exercise 8:Applications of Series 41
Exercise 9:Financial Applications 48
CHAPTER 2: Chance 53
Exercise 1: Probability 54
Exercise 2: Compound Probability 58
CHAPTER 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation 64

Exercise 1: Critical Points of Functions 65
Exercise 2: Graphing Functions 73
Exercise 3: Word problems 79
Exercise 4: Tangents, Normals & primitive Functions 85
CHAPTER 4: Integration 92
Exercise 1: Approximations 93
Exercise 2: Calculations & Applications 96
CHAPTER 5: Applications of Calculus 106

Exercise 1: Rates of Change 107
Exercise 2: Exponential Growth & Decay 112
Exercise 3: Velocity & Acceleration 121
3
CHAPTER 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions 127
Exercise 1: Review of Index Laws 128
Exercise 2: Logarithms & Exponents 132
Exercise 3: Differentiation & Integration 138
CHAPTER 7: Trigonometry 145

Exercise 1: Radian Measurement 146
Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions 152
Exercise 3: Differentiation & Integration 168
4
Year 12 Mathematics
Series & Sequences
5
Exercise 1
Arithmetic Sequences
6
Chapter 1: Series & Sequences: Solutions Exercise 1: Arithmetic Sequences
1) Calculate the value of d in the c) ____, ____, 22, ____, ____,

following sequences 43
a) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... 3݀ = 43 − 22 = 21, ݀ = 7
4− 2= 6− 4= 2 ܽ = 22 − 2݀ = 8
݀= 2 d) ____, ____, ____76, 68, ...
b) 1, 4, 7, 10, ... ݀ = 68 − 76 = − 8
4− 1= 7− 4= 3 ܽ = 76 + 3݀ = 100
݀= 3 e) ____, ____, ____, 7, ____,

____, ____, 3
c) 4, ____, 16, _____, 28
4݀ = 3 − 7, ݀ = − 1
2݀ = 16 − 4, ݀ = 6
ܽ = 7 + 3݀ = 10
d) 16, 12, 8, 4, ...
3) Find the 5th term of the sequence
12 − 16 = 8 − 12 = − 4 with first term 4 and a common
difference of 3
݀= −4
ܽ௡ = ܽଵ + (݊ − 1)݀
e) 64, ____, _____, 28, ...
ܽହ = 4 + (5 − 1)3 = 16
3݀ = 28 − 64, ݀ = 12
2) Calculate the value of a in the with first term 6 and a common
following sequences difference of 7
ܽ௡ = ܽଵ + (݊ − 1)݀
a) ____, 6, 10, 14, ...
ܽଶହ = 6 + (25 − 1)7 = 174

݀ = 4, ܽ = 2
b) ____, ____, 15, 18, ...
݀ = 3, ܽ = 15 − 2݀ = 9
7
5) Find the common difference of the

sequence with a first term of 5 and ܽଵହ = ܽଵ + 14݀ = 3‫ ݔ‬− 2
a twentieth term of 195
ܽଵ = ‫ ݔ‬− 2݀
ܽ௡ = ܽଵ + (݊ − 1)݀
ܽଵ = 3‫ ݔ‬− 2 − 14݀
ܽଶ଴ = 5 + (20 − 1)݀ = 195
‫ ݔ‬− 2݀ = 3‫ ݔ‬− 2 − 14݀
5 + 19݀ = 195
2 − 2‫ = ݔ‬− 12݀
19݀ = 190
‫ݔ‬− 1
݀=
݀ = 10 6
‫ݔ‬− 1
6) Find the first term of the ܽଵ = ‫ ݔ‬− 2 ൬
6
൰
arithmetic sequence whose tenth
term is 14 and whose twentieth ‫ݔ‬− 1
ܽଵ = ‫ ݔ‬− ൬ ൰
term is 62 3
ܽଵ଴ = ܽଵ + 9݀ = 14 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1
ܽଵ =
3
ܽଶ଴ = ܽଵ + 19݀ = 62
b) List the first three terms of
ܽଵ = 14 − 9݀ the sequence when ‫ = ݔ‬4
ܽଵ = 62 − 19݀ 1
ܽଵ = 3, ݀ =
2
14 − 9݀ = 62 − 19݀
7
3, , 4
2
10݀ = 48
݀ = 4.8 c) List the first 3 terms of the

sequence when ‫ = ݔ‬− 1
7) An arithmetic sequence has a third

1
term of ‫ݔ‬, and a fifteenth term of ܽଵ = −
3
3‫ ݔ‬− 2.
1
݀= −
a) What are the values of a 3
and d?
1 2
− ,− − 1
ܽଷ = ܽଵ + 2݀ = ‫ݔ‬ 3 3
8
gives the same value for both

8) An arithmetic sequence has a sequences, and what is this
common difference of 4 and a value?
twentieth term of 102. What is
the ninth term of this sequence? For A:
ܽଶ଴ = ܽଵ + (19)4 = 102 ܽଶ଴ = − 20 + 19݀ = 56
ܽଵ = 102 − 76 = 26 ݀= 4
ܽଽ = 26 + (8)4 = 58 For B:
9) There are two arithmetic ܽହ = 40 + 4݀ = 8

sequences: A and B. A10 = B28 = 40,
whilst the value of their first term ݀= −8
is the same. If the common
We need
difference of sequence A is 3, list
the first 4 terms of each sequence
ܽ௡ ݂‫ܽ = ܣݎ݋‬௡ ݂‫ܤݎ݋‬
For A:
− 20 + (݊ − 1)4 = 40 + (݊ − 1)(− 8)
ܽଵ଴ = ܽଵ + 9 × 3 = 40
− 20 + 4݊ − 4 = 40 − 8݊ + 8
ܽଵ = 13
12݊ = 72
For B:
݊= 6
ܽଶ଼ = 13 + 27݀ = 40 Term 6 with a value of 0 will be

the same
݀= 1
‫ = ܣ‬13,16,19
‫ = ܤ‬13,14,15
10) Arithmetic sequence A has a first

term of (-20) and a twentieth
term of 56. Arithmetic sequence
B has a first term of 40 and a 5th
term of 8. Which term number
9
Exercise 2
Geometric Progressions
10
Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 2: Geometric Progressions
1) Calculate the value of r in the a) ___, ___, 8, 16, 32

following sequences
‫ =ݎ‬2
a) 2, 4, 8, 16, ...
ܽ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 8
4 8
= = 2 ܽ= 2
2 4
b) 3, 4.5, 6.75, ... b) ___, ___, 9, ____, 20.25, ...
4.5 6.75 9‫ݎ‬ଶ = 20.25

= = 1.5
3 4.5
‫ = ݎ‬1.5
c) 20, 10, 5, ...
ܽ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 9
10 5 1
= =
20 10 2 ‫ =ݎ‬4
d) 1000, 200, 40, ... c) ____, ____, 25, ____, 6.25
200 40 25‫ݎ‬ଶ = 6.25

= = 0.2
1000 200
1
e) ___, 12, ___, 27, ... ‫=ݎ‬
2
27 9 ܽ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 25
‫ݎ‬ଶ = =
12 4
ܽ = 100
3
‫=ݎ‬
2
d) ____, ____, 100, ____, 6.25
f) ___, ___, 100, ___, 9, ...

100‫ݎ‬ଶ = 6.25
9
‫ݎ‬ଶ = 1
100 ‫=ݎ‬
4
3
‫=ݎ‬ ܽ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 100
10
ܽ = 1600
2) Calculate the value of a in the
following sequences
11
3) Find the 5th term of the sequence 7) The 2nd term of a geometric
with a first term 2 and a common sequence is 96 and the 5th term is
ratio of 3 1.5. What are the common ratio
and the first term?
ܽ௡ = ܽ‫ݎ‬௡ିଵ
ܽଶ = ܽ‫ = ݎ‬96
ସ
ܽହ = 2 × 3
ܽହ = ܽ‫ݎ‬ସ = 1.5
ܽ = 162
ܽ‫ݎ ×ݎ‬ଷ = 1.5
with first term 0.5 and common 96‫ݎ‬ଷ = 1.5
ratio 4
1
‫=ݎ‬
ܽ௡ = ܽ‫ݎ‬௡ିଵ 4
ܽଶ଴ = 0.5 × 4ଵଽ 8) A geometric sequence has a first

term of ‫ ݔ‬and an eleventh term of
ܽ = 137438953472 59049‫ݔ‬. What is the common
ratio of the sequence?
5) What is the value of the first term
ܽଵଵ = ‫ݎݔ‬ଵ଴ = 59049‫ݔ‬
of the sequence with an 8th term
of 874.8 and a common ratio of 3?
‫ݎ‬ଵ଴ = 59049
‫ =ݎ‬3
874.8 = ܽ × 3଻
9) The fifth term of a geometric
ܽ = 2.5 sequence is 48, and the third term
is 108. What is the first term and
the sixth term?
6) A geometric sequence has a first
term of − 2 and a 10th term of
ܽହ = ܽ‫ݎ‬ସ = 48
1024. What is the value of the
common ratio?
ܽଷ = ܽ‫ݎ‬ଶ = 108
‫ݎ‬ସ ‫ݎ‬ଶ
=
48 108
1024 = (− 2)‫ݎ‬ଽ
‫ݎ‬ସ 48
‫ =ݎ‬− 2 ଶ
=
‫ݎ‬ 108
12
4 1
‫ݎ‬ଶ = ܽ‫ ଼ݎ‬4
9 =
ܽ‫ݎ‬ସ 4
2
‫=ݎ‬ 1
3 ‫ݎ‬ସ =
16
10) A geometric sequence has a first 1

term of (‫ ݔ‬+ 3), and a third term ‫=ݎ‬
2
ଽ௫ାଶ଻
of . In terms of ‫ݔ‬, what is
ସ
ܽ = 64
the fifth term?
For B:
9‫ ݔ‬+ 27
ଶ
ܽଷ = (‫ ݔ‬+ 3)‫= ݎ‬
4
1
ܽଶ = ܽ‫= ݎ‬
9(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) 9 16
‫ݎ‬ଶ = =
4(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) 4
ܽହ = ܽ‫ݎ‬ସ = (− 4)
3
‫=ݎ‬ ܽ‫ݎ‬ସ (− 4)
2 =
ܽ‫ݎ‬ 1
16
3 ସ 81
ܽହ = (‫ ݔ‬+ 3) ൬ ൰ = (‫ ݔ‬+ 3)
2 16 ‫ݎ‬ଷ = − 64
11) The fifth term of geometric ‫ =ݎ‬− 4

sequence A is 4, and its ninth term
ଵ
is . The second term of 1
ସ ܽ= −
ଵ 64
geometric sequence B is , and its Need the value of n for which
ଵ଺
fifth term is (-4). Which term
number will give the same value 1 ௡ିଵ 1
64 ൬ ൰ = − (− 4) ௡ିଵ
for each sequence, and what will 2 64
this value be?
4096 = (− 8) ௡ିଵ
For A:
݊− 1 = 4
ܽହ = ܽ‫ݎ‬ସ = 4
݊= 5
1
ܽଽ = ܽ‫= ଼ݎ‬
4
13
Exercise 3
Arithmetic Series
14
Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 3: Arithmetic Series
1) Find the sum of the first 20 terms d) ___, ___, 12, ___, ___, 21, .
of the following arithmetic series
ܽଵ = 6, ݀ = 3
a) 7, 11, 15, ...
݊
‫ݏ‬௡ = (ܽ + ܽ௡ )
݊ 2 ଵ
‫ݏ‬௡ = (ܽ + ܽ௡ )
2 ଵ
20
‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = (6 + ܽଶ଴)
20 2
‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = (7 + ܽଶ଴)
2
ܽଶ଴ = 6 + (19)3 = 63
ܽଶ଴ = 7 + (19)4 = 83
‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = 10 × 69 = 690
‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = 10 × 90 = 900
e) ___, ___, ___, -12, -8, ...
b) 10, 12, 14, 16, ...
ܽ = − 24, ݀ = 4
݊
‫ݏ‬௡ = (ܽ + ܽ௡ ) ݊
2 ଵ ‫ݏ‬௡ = (ܽ + ܽ௡ )
2 ଵ
20
‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = (10 + ܽଶ଴) 20
2 ‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = (− 24 + ܽଶ଴)
2
ܽଶ଴ = 10 + (19)2 = 48
ܽଶ଴ = − 24 + (19)4 = 52
‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = 10 × 58 = 580
‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = 10 × 28 = 280
c) -8, -5, -2, ...
2) What is the first term of an
݊ arithmetic series with a common
‫ݏ‬௡ = (ܽ + ܽ௡ )
2 ଵ difference of 8 and a sum to 30
terms of 4500?
20
‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = (− 8 + ܽଶ଴)
2 30
‫ݏ‬ଷ଴ = (ܽ + ܽଷଵ) = 4500
2 ଵ
ܽଶ଴ = − 8 + (19)3 = 49
ܽଷ଴ = ܽଵ + 29 × 8 = ܽଵ + 232
‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = 10 × 41 = 410
30
(ܽ + ܽଵ + 232) = 4500
2 ଵ
2
2ܽଵ + 232 = 4500 ×
30
15
5) The sum of the first twelve terms

2ܽଵ = 300 − 232 of an arithmetic series is 348, and
the sum of the first 30 terms of the
ܽଵ = 34 same series is 1950. Write the first
four terms of the series
3) The 15th term of an arithmetic
series is 92. If the first term is 64, 12
‫ݏ‬ଵଶ = (ܽ + ܽଵଶ) = 348
what is the sum of the first 25 2 ଵ
terms?
ܽଵ + ܽଵଶ = 58
25
‫ݏ‬ଶହ = (64 + ܽଶହ) ܽଵ + ܽଵ + 11݀ = 58
2
ܽଵହ = 64 + 14 × ݀ = 92 2ܽଵ = 58 − 11݀
݀= 2 30
‫ݏ‬ଷ଴ = (ܽ + ܽଷ଴) = 1950
2 ଵ
ܽଶହ = 64 + 24 × 2 = 112
ܽଵ + ܽଷ଴ = 130
25
‫ݏ‬ଶହ = (64 + 112) = 2200
2
ܽଵ + ܽଵ + 29݀ = 130
4) The first term of an arithmetic
series is (− 10), and the sum of the 2ܽଵ = 130 − 29݀
first 10 terms is 35. What is the
common difference? 58 − 11݀ = 130 − 29݀
10 ݀= 4
‫ݏ‬ଵ଴ = (− 10 + ܽଵ଴) = 35
2
ܽଵ = 7
− 10 + ܽଵ଴ = 7
6) The sum of the first 8 terms of an
ܽଵ଴ = 17 arithmetic series is 36, and the
sum of the first 100 terms is
17 = − 10 + 9݀ 14250. What is the sum of the first
50 terms?
9݀ = 27
8
݀= 3 ‫= ଼ݏ‬ (ܽ + ଼ܽ) = 36
2 ଵ
ܽଵ + ଼ܽ = 9
16
ܽଵ + ܽଵ + 7݀ = 9 ܽ଺ = 0
2ܽଵ = 9 − 7݀ So: ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = 0
100 ‫ = ݔ‬− 3 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 1

‫ݏ‬ଵ଴଴ = (ܽଵ + ܽଵ଴଴) = 14250
2
9) Calculate the sum of the series
ܽଵ + ܽଵ଴଴ = 285
1 + 5 + 9 + ⋯ + 49 + 53
ܽଵ + ܽଵ + 99݀ = 285
ܽ௡ = ܽ + (݊ − 1)݀
2ܽଵ = 285 − 99݀

ܽ௡ = 1 + (݊ − 1)4 = 53
285 − 99݀ = 9 − 7݀
4݊ − 4 = 52
݀= 3
݊ = 14
ܽଵ = − 6 14
‫ݏ‬ଵସ = (1 + 53) = 378
2
50
‫ݏ‬ହ଴ = (ܽ + ܽହ଴) = 25(− 6 + ܽହ଴)
2 ଵ
10) If the sum of the first n terms of
ܽହ଴ = − 6 + 49 × 3 = 141 an arithmetic series is 98, the
common difference is 4 and the
7) What is the sum of the first ten first term is 2, what is the value of
terms of an arithmetic series with n?
first term ‫ݔ‬, and a common
݊
difference of (2‫ ݔ‬− 1)? ‫ݏ‬௡ = (2 + ܽ௡ ) = 98
2
10 ܽ௡ = 2 + (݊ − 1)4
‫ݏ‬ଵ଴ = (‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ ݔ‬− 1) = 15‫ ݔ‬− 5
2
ܽ௡ = 2 + 4݊ − 4 = 4݊ − 2
8) The first term of an arithmetic
series is ‫ݔ‬ଶ, and the sum of the ݊
98 = (2 + 4݊ − 2)
first six terms is 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬− 3. If 2
the sixth term is equal to zero,
what are the possible values of ‫?ݔ‬ 2݊ଶ = 98
6 ଶ ݊= 7
‫= ଺ݏ‬ (‫ ݔ‬+ ܽ଺) = 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬− 3
2
3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3ܽ଺ = 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬− 3

17
Exercise 4
Geometric Series
18
Chapter 1: Series & Sequences Exercise 4: Geometric Series
1) Calculate the sum of the first 8 terms of the following geometric series
a) 1, 2, 4, ...
1 − ‫ݎ‬௡
‫ݏ‬௡ = ܽ
1− ‫ݎ‬
1 − 2଼ − 255
‫ = ଼ݏ‬1 × = = 255
1− 2 −1
b) 2, 3, 4.5, ...
1 − ‫ݎ‬௡
‫ݏ‬௡ = ܽ
1− ‫ݎ‬
1 − 1.5଼ − 25.6289
‫ = ଼ݏ‬2 × = 2× ≅ 102.52
1 − 1.5 − 0.5
c) ____, 5, ____, 20, ...
‫ = ݎ‬2, ܽ = 2.5
1 − ‫ݎ‬௡
‫ݏ‬௡ = ܽ
1− ‫ݎ‬
1 − 2଼ − 255
‫ = ଼ݏ‬2.5 × = 2.5 × = 637.5
1− 2 −1
d) 675, ____, ____, 200, ...
2
ܽ = 675, ‫= ݎ‬
3
1 − ‫ݎ‬௡
‫ݏ‬௡ = ܽ
1− ‫ݎ‬
2 256
1 − ( 3) ଼ 1−
‫ = ଼ݏ‬675 × = 675 × 6561 ≅ 1946
2 2
1− 3 1− 3
19
e) ____, − 500, ____, − 125, ..
1
‫=ݎ‬ , ܽ = − 1000
2
1 − ‫ݎ‬௡
‫ݏ‬௡ = ܽ
1− ‫ݎ‬
1 ଼ 255
1 − ቀ2ቁ
‫ = ଼ݏ‬− 1000 × = − 1000 × 256 ≅ 1992
1 1
1− 2 2
2) The sum of the first 4 terms of a geometric series is 90 and the sum of the first two
terms is 18. Write the first 4 terms of the series
1 − ‫ݎ‬ସ
‫ݏ‬ସ = ܽ = 90
1− ‫ݎ‬
1 − ‫ݎ‬ଶ
‫ݏ‬ଶ = ܽ = 18
1− ‫ݎ‬
1 − ‫ݎ‬ଶ 1 − ‫ݎ‬ସ
5ܽ = ܽ
1− ‫ݎ‬ 1− ‫ݎ‬
5 − 5‫ݎ‬ଶ = 1 − ‫ݎ‬ସ
‫ݎ‬ସ − 5‫ݎ‬ଶ + 4 = 0
‫ݎ‬ଶ = 4 ‫ݎݎ݋‬ଶ = 1
‫ = ݎ‬± 1 gives unreal solutions for a, so ‫ = ݎ‬± 2
For ‫ = ݎ‬2, ܽ = 6
For ‫ = ݎ‬− 2, ܽ = − 18
Series is 6 + 12 + 24 + 48
Or
20
− 18 + 36 − 72 + 144
3) Calculate the sum of the first ten terms of the geometric series
40, − 20, 10, − 5, … ….
1
ܽ = 40, ‫ = ݎ‬−
2
1 ଵ଴ 1
1 − ቀ− 2ቁ 1 − 1024 2 1023
‫ݏ‬ଵ଴ = 40 × = 40 × = 40 × × ≅ 26.64
1 3 3 1024
1 − ቀ− 2ቁ 2
4) The sixth term of a geometric series is 40, and ‫ݎ‬ହ = 20, what is the value of the first
term?
ܽ଺ = ܽ‫ݎ‬ହ = 40
20ܽ = 40
1
ܽ=
2
5) The sum of the first 4 terms of a geometric series is 30, and ‫ = ݎ‬2. What is the value
of the first term of the series?
1 − 2ସ
‫ݏ‬ସ = ܽ × = 30
1− 2
− 30
ܽ= = 2
− 15
6) The sum of the first 4 terms of a geometric series is 800, and the first term is 20.
What is the value of r?
1 − ‫ݎ‬ସ
‫ݏ‬ସ = ܽ × = 800
1− ‫ݎ‬
1 − ‫ݎ‬ସ
800 = 20 ×
1− ‫ݎ‬
40(1 − ‫ = )ݎ‬1 − ‫ݎ‬ସ

21
‫ݎ‬ସ − 39‫ݎ‬+ 40 = 0
By trial and error, graphing or logarithms
‫ =ݎ‬3
7) The sum of the first nine terms of a geometric series is 1, and the sum of the first ten
terms is 0. What is the value of the first term, and the value of r?
1 − ‫ݎ‬ଽ
‫ݏ‬ଽ = ܽ × = 1
1− ‫ݎ‬
ܽ(1 − ‫ݎ‬ଽ) = 1 − ‫ݎ‬
1 − ‫ݎ‬ଵ଴
‫ݏ‬ଵ଴ = ܽ × = 0
1− ‫ݎ‬
ܽ(1 − ‫ݎ‬ଵ଴) = 0
1 − ‫ݎ‬ଵ଴ = 0
‫ =ݎ‬± 1
‫ = ݎ‬1, ܽ = 0 which does not lead to a geometric series
‫ = ݎ‬− 1, ܽ = 1
ହ ଵ
8) If the fourth term of a geometric series is
଺ସ
, and the common ratio is , what is the
ଶ
sum of the first six terms?
5
ܽସ = ܽ‫ݎ‬ଷ =
64
1 5
ܽ=
8 64
5 5
ܽ= × 8=
64 8
22
1 ଺ 1
5 1 − ቀ ቁ 5 1 − 64 5 63 630 315
‫× = ଺ݏ‬ 2 = × = × 2× = =
8 1 8 1 8 64 512 256
1− 2 2
23
Exercise 5
Series Notation; Convergence & Divergence
24
Chapter 1: Series Exercise 5: Series Notation
1) Determine if the following sequences converge, diverge or oscillate. If the sequence

converges, state the limiting value
ଵ
a) ܽ௡ = ௡
1 1
1, , , …
2 4
1
‫=ݎ‬
2
Geometric sequence with ‫ < ݎ‬1, so sequence converges
b) ܽ௡ = (− 1) ௡
− 1, 1, − 1, 1, .......
Sequence oscillates
௡
c) ܽ௡ = ௡ାଵ
1 2 3
, , , … ..
2 3 4
݊ 1
lim = lim = 1
௡→ஶ ݊ + 1 ௡→ஶ 1 + 1
݊
Sequence diverges
d) ܽ௡ = 2݊ + 3
3
lim 2݊ + 3 = lim 2 + = 2
௡→ஶ ௡→ஶ ݊
Sequence diverges
25
2) Calculate the sum of the first ten terms of the geometric series
ଵ଴
෍ ܽ௞
௞ୀଵ
for the given value of a, and determine if the series converges, diverges or neither
ଵ
a) ܽ = ଶ
1 ଵ଴ 1
1 1 − ቀ ቁ 1 1 − 1024 1023
‫ݏ‬ଵ଴ = × 2 = × =
2 1 2 1 1024
1− 2 2
Series converges
b) ܽ = 2
1 − 2ଵ଴
‫ݏ‬ଵ଴ = 2 × = 2 × 1023 = 2046
1− 2
Series diverges
c) ܽ = − 1
‫ݏ‬ଵ଴ = − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 + 1 = 0
Series oscillates
ଵ
d) ܽ = − ସ
1 ଵ଴
1 − ቀ−
1
‫ݏ‬ଵ଴ = − × 4ቁ = 1 ൬1 − 1
൰=
1048575 1
≅
4 1 3 1048576 3145728 3
1− − 4
Series converges
26
e) ܽ = 1
‫ݏ‬ଵ଴ = 10
Neither
3) From your answers to question 2, for what value(s) of r does a geometric series
converge?
|‫ < |ݎ‬1
4) Write the following series in summation notation
a) 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ⋯ . + 33
Series is arithmetic with ܽ = 1, ݀ = 2
ܽ௡ = 1 + (݊ − 1)2 = 33
1 + 2݊ − 2 = 33
݊ = 17
ଵ଻
෍ 2݇ − 1
௞ୀଵ
b) 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ + 256
Series is geometric with ܽ = 2, ‫ = ݎ‬2
ܽ௡ = 2 × 2௡ିଵ = 256
2௡ = 256
݊= 8
෍ 2௞
௞ୀଵ
27
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ
c) ଷ
+
ହ
+
଻
+ ⋯+
ଶଵ
Series is neither geometric nor arithmetic
ଵ
By inspection, ଶଵ represents the tenth term
ଵ଴
1
෍
2݇ + 1
௞ୀଵ
d) − 3 + 6 − 9 + 12 … .60
Series is neither geometric nor arithmetic
By inspection, 60 represents the 20th term
ଶ଴
෍ (− 1) ௞3݇
௞ୀଵ
5) List the first four terms of the following series
a) ∑ே ଶ
௞ୀଵ (݇ )
1, 4, 8, 16
b) ∑ே
௞ୀଵ (2݇ + 2)
4, 6, 8, 10
c) ∑ே
௞ୀ଴ (݇ − 2)
− 2, − 1, 0, 1
d) ∑ே
௞ୀିଶ |݇|
2, 1, 0, 1
28
6) Calculate the sum of the first 5 terms of the series generated by the notation
෍ 4ି௞
௞ୀ଴
1 1 1 1 341
1+ + + + =
4 16 64 256 256
7) A Find the 40th term of the series generated by the notation
෍ 2݇ + 2
௞ୀଵ
Series is 4, 6, 8, ….
Which is an arithmetic series with ܽ = 4, ݀ = 2
40
‫ݏ‬ସ଴ = (4 + ܽସ଴)
2
ܽସ଴ = 82
‫ݏ‬ସ଴ = 20 × 86 = 1720
8) Calculate the sum of the first ten terms of the series generated by the notation
෍ 2݇ − 1
௞ୀଵ
Series is 1, 3, 5, ….
Series is arithmetic with ܽ = 1, ݀ = 2
Term 10 is 19
10
‫ݏ‬ଵ଴ = (1 + 19) = 100
2
29
9) Determine the terms of the following series, and express the sum in terms of n
෍ ݇ଶ − (݇ + 1) ଶ
௞ୀ଴
Series is − 1, − 3, − 5, − 7, …
෍ 1 − 2݊
௡ୀଵ
10) Determine the terms of the following series, and express the sum in terms of n
௡
1 1
෍ ൬ − ൰
݇+ 1 ݇
௞ୀଵ
ଵ ଵ ଵ
Series is − ଶ , − ଺ , − ,……
ଵଶ
ே
−1
෍
݊(݊ + 1)
௡ୀଵ
30
Exercise 6
Sum to Infinity
31
Chapter 1: Series Exercise 6: Sum to Infinity
1) Calculate the sum to infinity of the following sequences
a) 8, 4, 2, 1, …
ܽ 8
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = = 16
1− ‫ ݎ‬1− 1
2
b) 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, ….
ܽ 10 100
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = =
1− ‫ ݎ‬1− 1 9
10
c) 12, 3, 0.75, ....
ܽ 12
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = = 16
1− ‫ ݎ‬1− 1
4
ହ ହ ହ
d) ଼ , ଵ଺ , ଷଶ , ….
5
ܽ 5
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = 8 =
1− ‫ ݎ‬1− 1 4
2
e) 6.4, 0.8, 0.1, ....
ܽ 6.4 512
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = =
1− ‫ ݎ‬1− 1 70
8
f) 2, 4, 8, 16, … …
Sum to infinity cannot be calculated as ‫ > ݎ‬1
2) Calculate the following
ஶ
1 ௞
෍ ൬൰
2
௞ୀଵ
32
1
ܽ
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = 2 = 1
1− ‫ ݎ‬1− 1
2
ଶ
3) The sum to infinity of a geometric series is 18. If the common ratio is , what is the
ଷ
first term of the series?
ܽ ܽ
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = = 18
1− ‫ ݎ‬1− 2
3
ܽ= 6
4) The first term of a geometric series is 21, and its sum to infinity is 28. What is the
common ratio?
ܽ 21
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = = 28
1− ‫ ݎ‬1− ‫ݎ‬
21
1 − ‫=ݎ‬
28
7 1
‫=ݎ‬ =
28 4
5) Prove with the use of a geometric series that 0. 9̇ = 1
0. 9̇ = 0.9 + 0.09 + 0.009 + ⋯.
ଽ ଵ
Which is a geometric series with ܽ = 0.9 = ܽ݊݀ ‫= ݎ‬
ଵ଴ ଵ଴
9 9
ܽ 10 10
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = = = 1
1− ‫ ݎ‬1− 1 9
10 10
6) Which scenario would get you more money?
ଷ
 $10 on day 1 and of what you received the day before from then on
ସ
ଵ
 $20 on day 1 and of what you received the day before from then on
ଶ
33
Series 1
10
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = $40
3
1− 4
Series 2
20
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = $40
1
1− 2
You would receive the same amount
7) A form of Zeno’s paradox (Zeno was a contemporary of Socrates) postulates that one
can never walk across a room, since first one must cover half the distance of the
room, then half the remaining distance, then half the remaining distance and so on.
Since there will always be a fraction of a distance to cover, the total journey is
impossible. Reconcile this paradox with the use of a geometric series
ଵ ଵ
The travel is a sum to infinity with ܽ = ܽ݊݀ ‫= ݎ‬
ଶ ଶ
1
‫ݏ‬ஶ = 2 = 1
1
1− 2
The sum of the halves is the total distance
8) A person weighing 210 kg plans to lose 10 kg in the first month of their diet, then 8
kg in the second month, 6.4 kg in the third month, and so on repeating the pattern of
weight loss. Their goal is to eventually reach 150 kg. Will they be successful with
this strategy? Explain your answer.
଼
The weight to lose is a geometric series with ܽ = 10, ܽ݊݀ ‫= ݎ‬ ଵ଴
10
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = 50
8
1 − 10
The maximum weight loss is 50 kg, so the goal weight will never be reached
34
9) If the person from question 8 wanted to achieve their goal weight, but maintaining
the same pattern of weight loss, how much weight would they have to lose in the
first month?
Needs to lose 60 kg
ܽ
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = 60
8
1 − 10
ܽ = 12
Needs to lose 12 kg in the first month, and 20% thereafter
10) An equilateral triangle has a side length of ‫ ݔ‬cm. Another equilateral triangle is
inscribed inside the first one such that the vertices of the second triangle sit at the
midpoint of the sides of the larger triangle. (See diagram). This process is repeated
infinitely. What is the sum of the perimeters of the triangles?
‫ݔ‬
Perimeter of triangle 1 is 3‫ݔ‬

ଷ௫
Perimeter of next smallest triangle is
ଶ
ଷ௫
Similarly the next size triangle has a perimeter of ,
ସ
ଵ
This gives a geometric series with ܽ = 3‫= ݎ ݀݊ܽ ݔ‬ ଶ
3‫ݔ‬
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = 6‫ݔ‬
1
1− 2
35
Exercise 7
Arithmetic & Geometric Mean
36
Chapter 1: Series Exercise 7: Arithmetic & Geometric Mean
1) Calculate the arithmetic mean of the first 8 terms of the following sequences
a) 2, 4, 6, .....,
଼ܽ = 2 + 7 × 2 = 16
௦ఴ ସ(ଶାଵ଺)
Mean = = 9
଼ ଼
b) 3, 9, 15, 21, ......
଼ܽ = 3 + 7 × 6 = 45
௦ఴ ସ(ଷାସହ)
Mean = = 24
଼ ଼
c) − 6, − 2, 2, … ..
଼ܽ = − 6 + 7 × 4 = 22
௦ఴ ସ(ି଺ାଶଶ)
Mean = = 8
଼ ଼
d) 1.5, 2.75, 4, ............
଼ܽ = 1.5 + 7 × 2.25 = 19.25
௦ఴ ସ(ଵ.ହାଵଽ.ଶହ)
Mean = = 10.375
଼ ଼
ହ ଷଵ ସ଻
e) ଼ , ଶସ , ଶସ , … … .,
5 2 127
଼ܽ = + 7× =
8 3 24
ఱ భమళ
௦ఴ ସቀ ା ቁ ଵସଶ ଻ଵ
ఴ మర
Mean = = =
଼ ଼ ସ଼ ଶସ
37
2) Calculate the arithmetic mean of the series denoted by
ଵ଴
෍ 10݊ − 13
௡ୀଵ
Series is − 3, 7, 17, ….
ܽଵ଴ = − 3 + 9 × 10 = 87
‫ݏ‬ 5(− 3+ 87)

10
Mean = 10 = 10
= 42
3) What is the arithmetic mean of the set of multiples of 6 between 18 and 96

inclusive?
Series is 18, 24, 30, … . , 96
ܽଵ଴ = 18 + (݊ − 1)6 = 96
6݊ − 6 = 78
݊ = 12
௦భమ ଺(ଵ଼ାଽ଺)
Mean = = = 57
ଵଶ ଵଶ
4) An arithmetic series has the following terms
2‫ ݔ‬+ 1, 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3, … … . .2‫ ݔ‬+ 31
If the arithmetic mean of the series is 40, calculate the value of ‫ݔ‬
ܽ௡ = (2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) + (݊ − 1)2 = 2‫ ݔ‬+ 31
2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 + 2݊ − 2 = 2‫ ݔ‬+ 31
2݊ = 32
݊ = 16
‫ݏ‬௡ = 8(2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 31) = 8(4‫ ݔ‬+ 32)

38
଼(ସ௫ାଷଶ)
Mean = = 2‫ ݔ‬+ 16
ଵ଺
ଵ
5) Calculate the geometric mean of the sequence ସ , 1, 4
య ଵ
Mean = ට4 × 1 × = 1
ସ
6) Calculate the geometric mean of the set of numbers 22, 20, 12, 4, 0
Product of terms is zero, so mean is zero
7) Calculate the geometric mean of the set of numbers 3.6, 5, 6.9, 10
ర ర
Mean = √3.6 × 5 × 6.9 × 10 = √1242 ≅ 5.94
8) Insert two geometric means in each of the following geometric series
a) 1, ____, ____, 27
3, 9
ଷ ଵ
b) ଼ , ____, ______, ଽ
2
‫=ݎ‬
3
1 1
,
4 6
ଶ ଵ
c) ହ
, ___, ____,
ଵ଺଴
1
‫=ݎ‬
4
1 1
,
10 40
39
d) √6, _____, ____,2√6
య
‫√ = ݎ‬2
య య
√6√2, √6√4
ଵ
e) ଼ , ____, ____, √8
‫√ = ݎ‬8
1
,1
√8
9) Prove with two examples if the geometric mean is always, sometimes or never larger
than the arithmetic mean for the same data set
For 1, 3, 10, 22
Arithmetic mean = 9
ర
Geometric mean = √880 ≅ 5.45
For 4, 100, 1000
Arithmetic mean = 368
య
Geometric mean = √400000 ≅ 73.68
From the examples, the geometric mean is smaller than the arithmetic mean
10) Write a set of data for which the arithmetic and geometric means are the same
Any set of data with the same value for all terms (e.g. 2, 2, 2,2)
40
Exercise 8
Applications of Series
41
Chapter 1: Series Exercise 8: Applications of Series
1) Convert the following recurring a) How much money will he

decimals to fractions have in the piggy bank on
July 4th?
a) 0. 4̇ 3̇
Series is arithmetic with
43 43 ܽ = 20, ݀ = 4
0. 4̇ 3̇ = + + ⋯
100 10000
For ݀ = 4
Is a geometric series with:
4
‫ݏ‬ଷ = (20 + 32) = $104
43 1 2
ܽ= , ‫=ݎ‬
100 100
b) How much money will he
43
43 have in his piggy bank on
‫ݏ‬ஶ = 100 =
1 99 August 6th?
1−
100
For ݀ = 37
b) 0. 2̇ 6̇
37
ଶ଺ ‫ݏ‬ଷ଻ = (20 + ܽଷ଻)
Similarly = 2
ଽଽ
ܽଷ଻ = 20 + 36 × 4 = 164
c) 0. 5̇
37
ହ ‫ݏ‬ଷ଻ = × 184 = $3404
Similarly = 2
ଽ
c) He is saving to buy a suit

d) 0. 1̇ 4̇ that costs $800. When will
he be able to buy the suit?
ଵସ
Similarly =
ଽଽ
݊
‫ݏ‬௡ = (20 + ܽ௡ ) = 800
2
e) 0. 1̇
ܽ௡ = 20 + (݊ − 1)4
ଵ
Similarly = = 16 + 4݊
ଽ
݊
2) A man has $20 in his bank as at 800 = (20 + 16 + 4݊)
2
July 1st, and each day thereafter
puts $4 more into it than his 1600 = 36݊ + 4݊ଶ
balance
݊ଶ + 9݊ − 400 = 0
42
Solving for n gives
݊ = 16 ‫ݎ݋‬− 25
݊ = 7 ‫ = ݊ݎ݋‬24
Therefore can afford suit on July

݊ = 24 is not a realistic
16th
solution in this context,
since it would give rows of
3) A set of rocks is stacked in rows negative blocks
with 30 on the bottom and 2 less
on each subsequent row Therefore there are 7 rows
containing 168 rocks
a) How many rocks are in the
5th row? d) How many rocks in the
entire set?
ܽ = 30, ݀ = − 2
The last row contains 2
ܽ௡ = 30 + 4 × (− 2) = 22 blocks
b) In which row are there 8 ܽ௡ = 30 + (݊ − 1)(− 2) = 2

rocks?
30 − 2݊ + 2 = 2
ܽ௡ = 30 + (݊ − 1)(− 2) = 8
݊ = 15
8 = 32 − 2݊
15
‫ݏ‬ଵହ = (30 + 2) = 240
݊ = 12 2
c) How many rows do you 4) A company pays off a loan by

need to have a total of 168 paying $200 in the first week and
rocks? increases their repayments by $30
each subsequent week
݊
‫ݏ‬௡ = (30 + ܽ௡ ) = 168
2
a) How much will they repay
in week 10?
ܽ௡ = 30 + (݊ − 1)(− 2)
ܽ = 200, ݀ = 30
ܽ௡ = 32 − 2݊
݊ ܽଵ଴ = 200 + 9 × 30 = $470

168 = (30 + 32 − 2݊)
2
336 = 62݊ − 2݊ଶ

43
b) How much will they have b) The multiples of 8 between

repaid by week 20? 0 and 1000
20 ܽ = 8, ݀ = 8
‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = (200 + ܽଶ଴)
2
ܽ௡ = 8 + (݊ − 1)8
ܽଶ଴ = 200 + 19 × 30 = 1000
ܽଶ଴ = 770 8݊ = 1000
‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = 10(200 + 770) ݊ = 125

= $9700
125
‫ݏ‬ଵଶହ = (8 + 1000)
c) The loan requires 50 2
payments; how much will = 63000
the last payment be?
c) The multiples of 7 between
ܽହ଴ = 200 + 49 × 30 500 and 1000
= $1670
ܽ = 504, ݀ = 7
d) How much will the
company repay in this ܽ௡ = 7 + (݊ − 1)7
time? = 1000
50 7݊ = 1000
‫ݏ‬ହ଴ = (200 + 1670)
2
݊ = 142.9
‫ݏ‬ହ଴ = $93500
Term 72 is first multiple of
5) Find the sum of 7 over 500
Term 142 is last multiple of

a) The first 40 multiples of 9
7 under 1000 =994
ܽ = 9, ݀ = 9
There are 71 terms in the
ܽସ଴ = 9 + 39 × 9 = 360 series
40 71
‫ݏ‬ସ଴ = (9 + 360) ܵ‫= ݉ݑ‬ (504 + 994)
2 2
= 7380 = 53179
Type equation here.

44
b) What distance will it have

6) A line is cut into 5 sections which travelled when it hits the
form a geometric sequence. The ground for the 6th time?
shortest length is 4cm and the
longest is 64cm. What is the Addition of 2 series
length of the line?
Downward travel
ܽ = 4, ݊ = 8, ܽହ = 64
1 − 0.7଺
‫ = ଺ݏ‬2 ×
1 − ‫ݎ‬ହ 1 − 0.7
‫ݏ‬ହ = ܽ ≅ 5.88 ݉
1− ‫ݎ‬
ܽ‫ݎ‬ସ = 64 Upward travel
‫ =ݎ‬2 1 − 0.7ହ
‫ݏ‬ହ = 1.4 ×
1 − 0.7
1 − 32 ≅ 3.88 ݉
‫ݏ‬ହ = 4 × = 124 ܿ݉
1− 2
Total distance = 9.76 ݉
7) A ball is dropped from 2 metres,
and each time it bounces it c) How far does it travel
reaches 70% of its previous height. before coming to rest?
a) How high will it bounce For downward

after its fourth bounce?
2
‫ݏ‬ஶ = ≅ 6.67
Downward travel forms a 1 − 0.7
geometric series with
For downward
ܽ = 2, ‫ = ݎ‬0.7
1.4
‫ݏ‬ஶ = ≅ 4.67 ݉
Upward travel forms a 1 − 0.7
geometric series with
Total distance = 11.34 ݉
ܽ = 1.4. ‫ = ݎ‬0.7
8) You are given a new job with a
After 4th upward bounce choice of pay method
ܽସ = 1.4 × 0.7ଷ ≅ 0.48 ݉ a) $1000 on your first day and

a pay increase of $200 per
45
day (that is on day two you of day (for example, at 4 o’clock it

earn another $1200 etc) rings 4 times). How many times
does the bell ring per day?
Arithmetic series (Assume not a 24 hour clock)
ܽ = 1000, ݀ = 200 Arithmetic series with ܽ = 1, ݀ =

1
For 30 days
From 1 to 12
ܽଷ଴ = 1000 + 29 × 200
12
‫ݏ‬ଵଶ = (1 + 12) = 78
ܽଷ଴ = $6800 2
30 This happens twice a day

‫ݏ‬ଷ଴ = (1000 + 6800)
2
= $117000 Bell rings 156 times
b) 1 cent on your first day, 10) At the end of the year 2002,
and double the previous world oil reserves were about 950
day’s pay each day (that is billion barrels.
on day two you earn During 2003, about 30 billion
another 2 cents, on day 3 barrels of oil were consumed. Over
you earn another 4 cents the past decade, oil consumption
etc) has been increasing at about 1% a
year. Assuming oil consumption
Geometric series increases at this rate in the future,
how long will reserves last?
ܽ = 0.01, ‫ = ݎ‬2
Geometric series
1 − 2ଷ଴
‫ = ݏ‬0.01
1− 2 ܽ = 30, ‫ = ݎ‬1.01
‫ݏ‬ଷ଴ ≅ 10737418 For what value of n does:
Which pay option would ‫ݏ‬௡ = 950

you choose?
1 − 1.01௡
Option 2 pays much more ‫ݏ‬௡ = 30 × = 950
1 − 1.01
9) Each hour a bell rings the number 950 × (− 0.01)

1 − 1.01௡ =
of times corresponding to the time 30
= − 0.317
46
1.01௡ = 1.317
Need ܽହ = 2000
Solving for n ≅ 30 ‫ݏݎܽ݁ݕ‬

1 − 0.2ହ
ܽହ = ܽ × = 2000
1 − 0.2
11) Every day person consumes 10
2000 × 0.8
micrograms of a toxin which leaves ܽ= ≅ 1600
0.99968
the body at a rate of 3% per day.
How much toxin is accumulated in
the body in the long run?
Geometric series
ܽ = 10, ‫ = ݎ‬0.97
10
‫ݏ‬ஶ = ≅ 333 ߤ݃
1 − 0.97
12) A plant is eaten by a caterpillar,

the caterpillar by a fish, the fish by
a bigger fish, and the large fish
eaten by a man. If only 20% of the
energy is transformed from one
stage to the next, how many
calories must be supplied by plant
food to provide the man with
2,000 calories from the large fish?
Geometric series
‫ = ݎ‬0.2, ݊ = 5
47
Exercise 9
Financial Applications
48
Chapter 1: Number Exercise 9: Financial Applications
1) The value of a computer depreciates at the rate of 12.5% per year. If it originally
costs $5000, how much will it be worth after 5 years?
ܸ = 5000 × (0.875) ସ ≅ $2931
2) Calculate the value of an investment of $4000 compounded at 5% annually after 6

years
ܸ = 4000 × 1.05ହ ≅ $5105
3) An investment fund returns 7.5% interest annually. Each year a man puts $2000 into
the fund. How much will he have in his fund after 20 years?
After one year he will have $2000 × 1.075
After 2 years he will have 2000 × 1.075ଶ + 2000 × 1.075
After 3 years he will have 2000 × 1.075ଷ + 2000 × 1.075ଶ + 2000 × 1.075
Etc
The series can be simplified for 20 years to
Amount = 2000(1.075 + 1.075ଶ + 1.075ଷ + ⋯ … + 1.075ଶ଴)
The bracketed sum is a geometric series with ܽ = 1.075, ܽ݊݀ ‫ = ݎ‬1.075
1 − 1.075ଶ଴ − 3.25
‫ݏ‬ଶ଴ = 1.075 × = 1.075 × = 46.58
1 − 1.075 − 0.075
Amount = 46.58 × 2000 ≅ $93166.67
4) A man borrows $10,000 at 2% per month reducible interest, and makes repayments
each month. What should his repayments be to have the loan paid off after 5 years?
Let repayment amount be P
After 1 month, amount owing = (10000 × 1.02) − ܲ
After 2 months, amount owing = ൫(10000 × 1.02 − ܲ) × 1.02൯− ܲ
49
= 10000 × 1.02ଶ − 1.02ܲ − ܲ
After 3 months, amount owing = 10000 × 1.02ଷ − 1.02ଶܲ − 1.02ܲ − ܲ
After 60 months, amount owing
= 10000 × 1.02଺଴ − (1.02ହଽܲ + 1.02ହ଼ܲ + 1.02ହ଻ܲ + ⋯ . . 1.02ଶܲ + 1.02ܲ + ܲ)
The bracketed quantity is a geometric series with first term P and a common ratio of
1.02
1 − 1.02଺଴
‫଺ݏ‬଴ = ܲ = 114ܲ
1 − 1.02
Require amount owing to be zero
Therefore: 10000 × 1.02଺଴ − 114ܲ = 0
10000 × 1.02଺଴
ܲ= ≅ $288
114
5) A government uses proceeds from a federal grant to provide a tax rebate for land
owners. Suppose an individual receives a $600 rebate and spends 90% of this, and
each of the recipients of the money spent by this individual also spends 90% of what
he or she receives, and this process continues without end. According to the
multiplier effect theory in economics, the effect of the original $600 tax rebate on
the economy is multiplied many times. What is the total amount spent if the process
continues as indicated?
The multiplier is a geometric series with a=600 and r=0.9
ܽ 600
‫ݏ‬ஶ = = = $6000
1 − ‫ ݎ‬1 − 0.9
6) A sweepstakes has $4,000,000 in prizes. The first ticket drawn wins $15, the second
ticket drawn wins $45; the third ticket drawn wins $135, and so on.
a) How many tickets can be drawn without giving away more than the allotted
prize money?
The prize allocation is a geometric series with a=15 and r=3

50
1 − 3௡
‫ݏ‬௡ = 15 = − 7.5 × (1 − 3௡ ) = 4000000
1− 3
When 1 − 3௡ = − 533,333.33
3௡ = 533,334.333
݊ log 3 = log 533,334.33
݊ = 12
b) How much is the last prize?
ܽଵଶ = ܽ‫ݎ‬ଵଵ = 15 × 3ଵଵ = $2,657,205
7) After how many months will an investment of $15000 be worth more than $18000
given that the interest rate is 10% per annum calculated monthly?
଴.ଵ ௡
Value = 15000 × ቀ1 + ቁ = 15000 × 1.00833௡ = 18000
ଵଶ
ଵ଼଴଴଴
When 1.00833௡ = = 1.2
ଵହ଴଴଴
log 1.2
݊=
log 1.00833
݊ = 22
Investment will pass $18000 after 22 months
8) There are two investment schemes available. Scheme A pays simple interest of 8%
paid yearly, while scheme B pays 6.5% interest compounded annually. Which
investment will give the greater return?
Let amount invested be Q
Under simple interest, I=PRT
‫ × ܳ =ܫ‬0.08 × ‫ݐ‬
Total amount = ‫ܫ‬+ ܳ

51
Under compound interest

‫(ܳ = ܣ‬1 + 0.065) ௧
When does ܳ + (ܳ × 0.08‫(ܳ = )ݐ‬1.065) ௧
Removing ܳ from both sides
1 + 0.08‫ =ݐ‬1.065௧
Solving graphically it can be seen that simple interest is worth more until year 7, and
compound interest is worth more from year 8
y
Value
1.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Years
52
Year 12 Mathematics
Chance
53
Exercise 1
Probability
54
Chapter 2: Chance Exercise 1: Probability
1) A six sided die is thrown. Find the b) The number is less than 8
probability that
7
a) A six is thrown 12
1 c) The number is an even

6 number less than 8
b) An even number is thrown 3

12
3 1
= d) The number is an odd
6 2
number greater than 11
c) A number greater than 2 is
thrown 0
4 2 3) Two six sided dice are thrown.

=
6 3 What is the probability that
d) An odd number less than 5 a) The total of the two dice is

is thrown 8
2 1 5
=
6 3 36
e) An even number greater b) The total of the two dice is

than 5 is thrown less than 10
1 30 5
6 =
36 6
2) A die has 12 sides, numbered from c) Both numbers are even

1 to 12. Find the probability that
when it is thrown 9 1
=
36 4
a) The number is 5
d) One number is greater than
1 2 and the other is less than
12 4
55
For dice 1 >2, and dice 2 <4 c) It is a king or a number less

there are 12 possibilities than 5
For dice 1<4 and dice 2>2 20 5

=
there are 12 possibilities 52 13
However the combination d) It is a picture card

3, 3 only occurs once but is
in both sets 12 3
=
52 13
ଶଷ
Therefore probability = ଷ଺
e) It is a six
e) Both numbers are a 3

4 1
=
52 13
1
36
f) It is black
4) There are 80 tickets in a raffle.

26 1
How many tickets must someone =
52 2
buy to have a better than 50%
chance of winning?
g) It is a black 6
41 2 1
=
52 26
5) A card is drawn from a standard
deck of 52. What is the probability 6) Are the events drawing king and
that drawing a number less than 5
mutually exclusive? Explain
a) It is a king
Yes, the sum of the probabilities
4 1 equals the probability of the
=
52 13 events together
b) It is a number less than 5 7) There are 10 cards in a pack, 5 red

and 5 black, each numbered from
16 4 1 to 5. Find the probability that a
=
52 13 card drawn at random
a) Is a 5
56
2 1
=
10 5 c) The first coin shows a head
and the second shows a tail
b) Is red
1
5 1 4
=
10 2
d) The first shows a head or
c) Is a red 5 the second shows a tail
1 3
10 4
d) Is a red or a 5 e) Are the events mutually

exclusive? Explain
6 3
=
10 5 Yes, the sum of the
probabilities equals the
e) Are the events “drawing a probability of the two
5” and “drawing a red events; one event does not
card” mutually exclusive? affect the other
Explain
9) A man is driving around some

No, there is a red 5, so the
square city blocks. At each
sum of the probabilities is
intersection he either turns left,
not equal to the probability
right, or goes straight ahead. If he
of the two events
goes through three intersections,
what is the probability that he
8) Two coins are tossed. Find the ends up back where he started
probability that from?
a) The first coin shows a head At each intersection probability of

ଵ
going in a certain direction is ଷ
1
2
There are 27 possibilities
There are 4 ways to return to his
b) The second coin shows a
starting point
tail
ସ
1 Probability = ଶ଻
2
57
Exercise 2
Compound Probability
58
Chapter 2: Chance Exercise 2: Compound Probability
1) A coin is tossed three times. Draw a tree diagram that shows all possible outcomes
and from it calculate the probability of
a) Three heads
1
8
b) Two heads and one tail
3
8
c) At least two tails
4 1
=
8 2
d) One or two heads
7
8
59
2) There are 5 black and 5 white shirts in a draw. Three are taken out without
replacement. Draw a tree diagram and from it calculate the probability of
a) Three black shirts being taken
1 4 3 1
× × =
2 9 8 12
b) Two white and one black shirt being taken
1 5 1 5
× × =
2 9 2 36
1 4 5 5
× × =
2 9 8 36
1 5 1 5
× × =
2 9 2 36
15 5
= =
36 12
c) At least one white shirt being taken
= 1- probability of three whites being taken
1 4 3 11
= 1− × × =
2 9 8 12
d) All three shirts being the same colour
1 1 1
+ =
12 12 6
60
3) The probability of rain on any particular day in May is 70%. If three days from the
month are chosen, use a tree diagram to calculate the probability that
a) All three are rainy
0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7 = 0.343
b) Two of the three days are dry
= 3 × (0.3 × 0.3 × 0.7) = 0.189
c) It rained on at least one day
=1 – probability rained on all three days
1 − 0.343 = 0.657
d) The last day of the three is wet
(0.7 × 0.7 × 0.7) + (0.7 × 0.3 × 0.7) + (0.3 × 0.7 × 0.7)

+ (0.3 × 0.3 × 0.7) = 0.7
4) There are forty balls in a bag. Two of the balls have a star on them. If a man draws 5
balls from the bag, what is the probability that at least one has a star?
Probability = 1-probability that no starred balls are drawn
38 37 36 35 34 37
= 1− ൬ × × × × ൰=
40 39 38 37 36 156
5) There are 5 red, 3 green and 2 blue blocks in a box. Three are drawn out without
replacement. What is the probability that
a) All are blue
Cannot draw all blue as there are only 2 blue socks to begin with
b) They are all different colours
There are 6 combinations of different colours

61
ଵ
Each has a probability of ଶସ
ଵ
Total probability = ସ
c) All three are red
5 4 3 1
× × =
10 9 8 12
d) At least 2 are green
= probability all three are green + probability of 2 being green
1 7 11
= ൬ ൰+ ൬ ൰ =
120 40 60
e) No red blocks are drawn
Possibilities are:
ଵଶ
BGG ቀ଻ଶ଴ቁ
଺
BBG ቀ଻ଶ଴ቁ
ଵଶ
GBG ቀ଻ଶ଴ቁ
଺
GBB ቀ଻ଶ଴ቁ
଺
GGG ቀ଻ଶ଴ቁ
ସଶ ଻
Total probability = =
଻ଶ଴ ଵଶ଴
62
6) When John plays striker in his soccer team he scores a goal 2 games out of 5 on
average. His chance of playing striker is 25%. What is the probability that John
scores a goal two games in a row?
Probability of scoring in one game = 0.25 × 0.4 = 0.1
Probability of scoring two games in a row = 0.1 × 0.1 = 0.01
7) Three cards are drawn from a standard deck of 52 with no replacement. What is the
probability of drawing the king of spades, followed by the 7 of clubs then the 2 of
hearts?
1 1 1 1
× × =
52 51 50 132600
8) Four numbers are drawn out of a barrel of fifty numbers with no replacement. The
first number is 5. What is the probability that the next three numbers are NOT 6, 7,
and 8 in that order
Probability = 1-probability of 6 then 7 then 8
1 1 1 1
= 1− ൬ × × ൰=
49 48 47 110544
9) There are 45 numbers in a lotto draw. Jim has one ticket with 6 numbers on it.
What is the probability that he does not win first prize (all 6 numbers drawn)
Probability = 1-probability his 6 numbers drawn
6 5 4 3 2 1 1
= 1− ൬ × × × × × ൰= 1 −
45 44 43 42 41 40 8145060
8145059
= (≅ 0.999999877)
8145060
10) When Ben sits a test he has a 70% chance of getting a question correct. If there are
10 questions on a test what is the probability of Ben getting at least one question
correct?
Probability =1-probability of getting all wrong
1 − (0.3ଵ଴) = 1 − 0.0000059 = 0.9999941
63
Year 12 Mathematics
Geometric
Applications of
Differentiation
64
Exercise 1
Critical Points of Functions
65
Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 1: Critical Points of
Functions
1) For each of the following functions:
 Graph the function in the domain − 4 ≤ ‫ ≤ ݔ‬4

 Using the same domain and scale, graph the derivative of the function
 Complete the table
a) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
b) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
66
Functions
c) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ݔ‬
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
d) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 1
1
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
-4
67
Functions
e) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ − 12‫ݔ‬
30
20
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-10
-20
-30
f) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ − 3‫ݔ‬
y
8
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
-8
Point(s)
where Values of ‫ݔ‬ Values of ‫ݔ‬
Turning
݀‫ݕ‬ ௗ௬ where where
Function = point(s) of = 0
݀‫ݔ‬ ௗ௫ function is function is
y (Critical increasing decreasing
point)
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ 2 None None All None
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ 2‫ݔ‬ ‫ =ݔ‬0 ‫ =ݔ‬0 ‫ >ݔ‬0 ‫ <ݔ‬0
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ݔ‬ 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 ‫ =ݔ‬−1 ‫ =ݔ‬−1 ‫ >ݔ‬−1 ‫ <ݔ‬−1

2 ଶ 2 2
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 1 3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ݔ‬ ‫ = ݔ‬0 ‫ݎ݋‬− x= 0 ‫ݎ݋‬− ‫ <ݔ‬−
3
‫ > ݔݎ݋‬0 − < ‫ <ݔ‬0
3 ଷ 3
68
Functions
‫ݔ‬ଷ − 12‫ݔ‬ 3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 12 ‫ = ݔ‬2 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 2 ‫ = ݔ‬2 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 2 ‫ < ݔ‬− 2 ‫ > ݔݎ݋‬2 −2 < ‫ <ݔ‬2
‫ݔ‬ଷ − 3‫ݔ‬ 3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3 ‫ = ݔ‬1 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 1 ‫ = ݔ‬1 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 1 ‫ < ݔ‬− 1 ‫ > ݔݎ݋‬1 −1 < ‫ <ݔ‬1
2) What happens to a function at a critical point?
The slope of the function is zero
3) What happens to the value of the derivative function at a critical point?
The value of the derivative is zero
4) What relationship is there between a function and its derivative at each critical
point?
The value of the derivative is equal to the gradient of the function at that point
5) For each of the functions in question 1, identify all local maxima and minima (use
your graphs), and the global maxima and minima over the domain graphed
a) No local max or min
Global max at (4, 8); global min at (-4,-8)
b) No local max; local min at (0, 0)
Global max at (4, 16) and (-4, 16); global min at (0, 0)
c) No local max; local min at (-1, -2)
Global max at (4, 48); global min at (-1, -2)
ଶ ଶଷ
d) Local max at ቀ− ଷ , − ቁ; local min at (0, -1)
ଶ଻
e) Local max at (-2, 16); local min at (2, -16)

69
Functions
f) Local max at (-1, 2); local min at (1, -2)
6) For each function in question 1, calculate the second derivative
a) 0
b) 2
c) 4
d) 6‫ ݔ‬+ 2
e) 6‫ݔ‬
f) 6‫ݔ‬
7) Calculate the value of the second derivative at each critical point.
a) 0
b) 2
c) 4
ଶ
d) For ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ = ݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ ݀݊݋ܿ݁ݏ‬2; for ‫ = ݔ‬− ଷ , ‫ = ݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ ݀݊݋ܿ݁ݏ‬− 2
e) For ‫ = ݔ‬2, ‫ = ݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ ݀݊݋ܿ݁ݏ‬12; for ‫ = ݔ‬− 2, ‫ = ݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ ݀݊݋ܿ݁ݏ‬− 12
f) For ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ ݀݊݋ܿ݁ݏ‬6; for ‫ = ݔ‬− 1, ‫ = ݁ݒ݅ݐܽݒ݅ݎ݁݀ ݀݊݋ܿ݁ݏ‬− 6
8) What is the relationship between the value of the second derivative at a critical point
and the nature of the original function?
If critical point is a minimum, second derivative is positive; if critical point is a

maximum, second derivative is negative
9)
70
Functions
a) Graph the function(‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଷ + 3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫)ݔ‬, and calculate the first and second
derivatives.
݀‫ݕ‬
= − 3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬− 3
݀‫ݔ‬
݀ଶ‫ݔ‬
= − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 6
݀‫ݕ‬ଶ
y
8
2
x
-2 -1 1 2
-2
-4
-6
-8
b) From previous work, calculate the co-ordinate(s) of the critical point(s), and
the value of the second derivative at that point
݀‫ݕ‬
= 0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ − 3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬− 3 = 0
݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 0
‫ =ݔ‬1
(1, -1) is a critical point
ܽ‫ = ݔݐ‬1
݀ଶ‫ݔ‬
= 0
݀‫ݕ‬ଶ
c) How is the behaviour of this function at the critical point similar to previous
functions in this exercise, and how is it different?
71
Functions
The function is differentiable twice and has a critical point where the
derivative is zero. However the second derivative test does not indicate if the
critical point is a max or a min
72
Exercise 2
Graphing Functions Using Key Points
73
Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 2: Graphing Functions
SKETCH each of the functions below by considering and drawing the following key points
 The values of the function when ‫ = ݔ‬0
 The roots of the equation
 The co-ordinates of the critical point(s)
 The nature of the critical point(s)
 The identification of local maxima and minima and global maxima and minima
 The line of symmetry (if symmetrical)
 Any points where the function is not defined
1) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− 3
y
8
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
-8
2) ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ ݔ‬− 1
74
y
8
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
-8
3) ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4
y
8
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
-8
ଵ ଶ
4) ‫=ݕ‬ ଶ
‫ݔ‬ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 2
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
x
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
-5
-10
-15
75
5) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ − 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬+ 1
y
8
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
-8
6) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ
y
8
2
x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-2
-4
-6
-8
7) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ସ − ‫ݔ‬ଷ + 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1
76
15
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-5
-10
-15
8) ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ݔ‬ସ − ‫ݔ‬ଷ + 2
15
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-5
-10
-15
ଵ
9) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ ௫
15
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-5
-10
-15
77
ଵ
10) ‫=ݕ‬ ௫ିଵ
+ ‫ݔ‬
15
10
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-5
-10
-15
78
Exercise 3
Word Problems
79
Chapter 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation Exercise 3: Word Problems
1) Using differentiation, find the local c) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ସ − 4‫ݔ‬

and global maxima and minima of
the following functions over the ݀‫ݕ‬
= 4‫ݔ‬ଷ − 4
domain(− 5 ≤ ‫ ≤ ݔ‬5). Indicate if ݀‫ݔ‬
any critical points are a maximum,
= 0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ ‫ = ݔ‬1
minimum or neither
݀ଶ‫ݔ‬
a) ଶ
‫ = ݕ‬− 3‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4 = 12‫ݔ‬ଶ
݀‫ݕ‬ଶ
݀‫ݕ‬
= − 6‫ ݔ‬− 2 Is positive for ‫ = ݔ‬1
݀‫ݔ‬
1 Point (1, − 3) is a minimum

= 0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ ‫ = ݔ‬−
3
ଵ ହ
݀ଶ‫ݔ‬ d) ‫ = ݕ‬− ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଷ − ଶ ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ݔ‬
= −6
݀‫ݕ‬ଶ
݀‫ݕ‬ 3
ଵ ଵଷ = − ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬+ 4
Point ቀ− ଷ , ଷ ቁis a ݀‫ݔ‬ 2
maximum
2
= 0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ ‫= ݔ‬ ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 4
3
b) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ + 6‫ݔ‬ଶ + 9‫ ݔ‬+ 2
݀ଶ‫ݔ‬
= − 3‫ ݔ‬− 5
݀‫ݕ‬ ݀‫ݕ‬ଶ
= 3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 12‫ ݔ‬+ 9
݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
Is negative for ‫= ݔ‬
= 0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ ‫ = ݔ‬− 1 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 3 ଷ
݀ଶ‫ݔ‬ Is positive for ‫ = ݔ‬− 4

= 6‫ ݔ‬+ 12
݀‫ݕ‬ଶ
ଶ ଷ଼
Point ቀଷ , − ቁis a
ଶ଻
Is positive for ‫ = ݔ‬− 1 maximum
Is negative for ‫ = ݔ‬− 3 Point (-4, -24) is a minimum
Point (− 1, − 2) is a e) ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − ‫ݔ‬ଷ + ‫ݔ‬

minimum
݀‫ݕ‬
Point (-3, 2 ) is a maximum = − 3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1
݀‫ݔ‬
1
= 0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ ‫ = ݔ‬1 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬−
3
80
c) After how many seconds

ଶ
݀ ‫ݔ‬ does it hit the ground?
= − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 2
݀‫ݕ‬ଶ
ℎ = 0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ − ‫ݐ‬ଶ + 4‫ݐ‬+ 12 = 0
Is negative for ‫ = ݔ‬1
‫ =ݐ‬6 ‫ =ݐݎ݋‬− 2
ଵ
Is positive for ‫ = ݔ‬− ଷ
The ball hits the ground
after 6 seconds
Point (1, 1) is a maximum
ଵ ହ 3) A balloon is blown up then left to

Point (− ଷ , − ) is a
ଶ଻ deflate. The equation of the
minimum volume of the balloon is given by
the equation ܸ = − ‫ݐ‬ଶ + 8‫ݐ‬, where
2) A man is standing on a platform k t is in seconds (‫ >ݐ‬0), and V is in
metres above the ground. He cubic centimetres
throws a ball upward which then
falls to the ground. The height of a) What is the maximum
the ball can be described by the volume the balloon
equation ℎ = − ‫ݐ‬ଶ + 4‫ݐ‬+ 12, reaches?
where t is in seconds (‫ >ݐ‬0)
ܸ݀
= − 2‫ݐ‬+ 8 = 0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ ‫ =ݐ‬4
a) What is the value of k? ݀‫ݐ‬
At ‫ =ݐ‬4, ܸ = 16 ܿ݉ ଷ
At ‫ =ݐ‬0, ℎ݁݅݃ℎ‫=݈݈ܾܽ ݂݋ݐ‬
12 ݉
b) After how many seconds
Therefore ݇ = 12 does it reach its maximum
volume?
b) What is the highest point
From part a, volume is a
the ball reaches above the
maximum at t=2 seconds
ground and how many
seconds after it is thrown
does it reach this height? c) When is its volume 7 cm3?
݀ℎ − ‫ݐ‬ଶ + 8‫ =ݐ‬7
= − 2‫ݐ‬+ 4 = 0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ ‫ =ݐ‬2
݀‫ݐ‬
When ‫ݐ‬ଶ − 8‫ݐ‬+ 7 = 0
After 2 seconds, ℎ = 16 ݉
‫ =ݐ‬1 ‫ =ݐݎ݋‬7
81
The distance the truck is from its

4) In a factory with 20 men, each starting point is 40t
man can produce 200 units of a
product per day. For each Where t is in hours
additional man hired, output drops
by 5 units per man. How many
men should be employed to
maximize production? ‫ݔ‬
40t
(Hint: the total output is equal to
the number of men times the
amount produced per man; the
number of men at any time is 40-20t
(20 + ‫)ݔ‬, and the amount
produced per man is (200 − 5‫)ݔ‬
‫ = ݔ‬ඥ(40‫ )ݐ‬ଶ + (40 − 20‫ )ݐ‬ଶ
Output = (20 + ‫()ݔ‬200 − 5‫)ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬
ଶ
= 4000 + 100‫ ݔ‬− 5‫ݔ‬ = ඥ 1600‫ݐ‬ଶ + 400‫ݐ‬ଶ − 1600‫ݐ‬+ 1600
݀‫݋‬
݀‫ݔ‬
= 100 − 10‫ = ݔ‬0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ ‫ = ݔ‬10 = ඥ 2000‫ݐ‬ଶ − 1600‫ݐ‬+ 1600
If ‫ = ݔ‬10, number of men to hire is ݀‫ ݔ‬1 4000‫ݐ‬− 1600

= × = 0
30 for an output of 150 units per ݀‫ ݐ‬2 √2000‫ݐ‬ଶ − 1600‫ݐ‬+ 1600
man
When 2000‫ݐ‬− 800 = 0
5) A car is located 40km east of a ଶ

‫=ݐ‬ of an hour (24 minutes)
truck. At the same time the car ହ
starts moving west at a speed of

ଶ
20 km per hour, and the truck At ‫=ݐ‬ ହ
starts moving north at a speed of
40 km per hour. When will they be ‫√ = ݔ‬320 − 640 + 1600
at the minimum distance from ≅ 35.8 ݇݉
each other, and what will this
distance be? (Draw diagram and 6) Calculate the shortest distance
use Pythagoras’ Theorem) from the curve ‫ ݔ√ = ݕ‬to the
point (3, 0)
The distance the car is from the
trucks starting point is 40-20t
Distance given by ඥ(‫ ݔ‬− 3) ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ
82
= ඥ ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ ݔ‬+ 9 + ‫ݔ‬ ℎ= 0
when 0.0025‫ݔ‬ଶ = 1.25‫ݔ‬

‫ = ܦ‬ඥ ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬+ 9
݀‫ ܦ‬1 2‫ ݔ‬− 5 ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ = ݔ‬500

=
݀‫ ݔ‬2 √‫ݔ‬ଶ − 5‫ ݔ‬− 9
The bridge is 500 m long
5
= 0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ ‫ ݔ‬− = 0
2 8) A rectangular enclosure is to be
5 constructed from 120 metres of
‫=ݔ‬
2 wire. The wire only has to be used
on three sides as the fourth side of
5 ଶ 5 the enclosure will be a barn wall.
‫ = ܦ‬ඨ ൬ ൰ − 5 ൬ ൰+ 9 What will the length and width of
2 2
the largest possible enclosure, and
≅ 1.66 hence what will be its area?
Let ݈represent the length and ‫ݓ‬

7) A bridge is in the shape of a
the width
parabola that has the equation:
ℎ = − 0.0025‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1.25‫ݔ‬, where ℎ
݈+ 2‫ = ݓ‬120
is the height of the bridge above
the water and ‫ ݔ‬is the distance
݈= 120 − 2‫ݓ‬
along the bridge.
‫ݓ ×݈ = ܣ‬
What is the maximum height of
the bridge, at what distance along ‫( = ܣ‬120 − 2‫ = ݓ) ݓ‬120‫ ݓ‬− 2‫ ݓ‬ଶ
the bridge does it occur, and what
is the total length of the bridge? ݀‫ܣ‬
= 120 − 4‫ = ݓ‬0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ ‫ = ݓ‬30
݀‫ݓ‬
݀ℎ
= − 0.005‫ ݔ‬+ 1.25 The enclosure should be 30 metres
݀‫ݔ‬
wide and 60 metres long
= 0 when ‫ = ݔ‬250 ݉
9) Two poles, 30 metres high and 20
ℎ = − 0.0025(250) ଶ + 1.25 metres respectively are 50 metres
× (250) apart from base to base. A rope is
attached to the top of each and
ℎ = 156.25 secured to a point in the ground
between them. Where should the
The bridge rises 156.25 m from a secured point be to minimize the
point 250 m along amount of rope used?
83
y
30 r
20
50 − ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
Need to minimize the distance ‫ݎ‬+ ‫ݕ‬,

call this distance ‫ݍ‬
‫ݕ‬ଶ = 30ଶ + (50 − ‫ )ݔ‬ଶ
‫ݎ‬ଶ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 20ଶ
‫ݎ = ݍ‬+ ‫ = ݕ‬ඥ30ଶ + (50 − ‫ )ݔ‬ଶ + ඥ ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 400
= ඥ 3400 − 100‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ඥ ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 400
݀‫ ݍ‬1 (− 100 + 2‫)ݔ‬ 1 2‫ݔ‬

= +
݀‫ ݔ‬2 √3400 − 100‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݔ‬ଶ 2 √‫ݔ‬ଶ + 400
50 − ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
= 0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ =
√3400 − 100‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݔ‬ଶ √‫ݔ‬ଶ + 400
Squaring both sides, cross multiplying

gives and rationalising like terms gives
‫ݔ‬ଶ + 80‫ ݔ‬− 2000 = 0
Solving for ‫ ݔ‬gives ‫ = ݔ‬20 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 100
The rope should be placed 20 metres

from the base of the small pole and 30
metres from the base of the large
pole, forming two isosceles triangles
84
Exercise 4
Tangents, Normals & Primitive Functions
85
Chapter 3: Geometric Applications Exercise 4: Tangents, Normals &
Primitive Functions
1) Find the equation of the tangent to

the curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ + 1 at the d) (2, 9)
following points
݉ = 12
݀‫ݕ‬
= 3‫ݔ‬ଶ
݀‫ݔ‬ ‫ = ݕ‬12‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
a) (1, 2)
Substituting (2, 9) gives
݉ = 3
ܿ = − 10
‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Equation is ‫ = ݕ‬12‫ ݔ‬− 10
2) Find the equation of the tangent to
ܿ= − 1 the curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 at the
following points
݀‫ݕ‬
= 2‫ ݔ‬− 2
b) (3, 28) ݀‫ݔ‬
݉ = 27 a) (0, 3)
‫ = ݕ‬27‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ ݉ = −2
Substituting (3, 28) gives ‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ܿ = − 25 Substituting (0, 3) gives
Equation is ‫ = ݕ‬27‫ ݔ‬− 25 ܿ= 3
c) (0, 1) Equation is ‫ = ݕ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3
݉ = 0 b) (1, 2)
‫ = ݕ‬0‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ ݉ = 0
Substituting (0, 1) gives ‫ = ݕ‬0‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ܿ= 2 Substituting (1, 2) gives
Equation is ‫ = ݕ‬2 ܿ= 2
86
Primitive Functions
ଷగ ଷగ
Substituting ( ଶ , ) gives
ଶ
Equation is ‫ = ݕ‬2
ܿ = 3ߨ
c) (2, 3)
Equation is ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 3ߨ
݉ = 3
గ గ
b) ቀଶ , ଶቁ
‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
݉ = 1
‫ݔ = ݕ‬+ ܿ
ܿ= − 3
గ గ
Equation is ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ ݔ‬− 3 Substituting ቀଶ , ଶቁgives
d) (5, 18) ܿ= 0
݉ = 8 Equation is ‫ݔ = ݕ‬
గ గ
‫ = ݕ‬8‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ c) ቀ଺ , ଵଶቁ
Substituting (5, 18) gives ݉ = 3
ܿ = − 22
1 ߨ √3
‫ =ݕ‬ቆ + ቇ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
2 6 2
1 ߨ
3) Find the equation of the tangent to ‫ =ݕ‬൬ + ൰‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
2 4√3
the curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬at the
following points ଵ గ
Let A= ቀଶ + ቁ
ସ√ଷ
݀‫ݕ‬
= sin ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ݔ‬cos ‫ݔ‬ ‫ ݔܣ = ݕ‬+ ܿ
݀‫ݔ‬
గ గ
a) ଷగ
ቀଶ , −
ଷగ
ቁ Substituting (଺ , ଺) gives
ଶ
ߨ
݉ = −1 ܿ= (1 − ‫)ܣ‬
6
‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ
గ
Equation is ‫ ݔܣ = ݕ‬+ (1 − ‫)ܣ‬
଺
87
Primitive Functions
ଵ
Gradient of normal = − ଵଶ
d) (ߨ, 0)
‫ݔ‬
‫ =ݕ‬− + ܿ
݉ = ߨ 12
‫ ݔߨ = ݕ‬+ ܿ Substituting (2,9)
Substituting (ߨ, 0) 110

ܿ=
12
ܿ = − ߨଶ
Equation is 12‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 110
ଶ
Equation is ‫ ݔߨ = ݕ‬− ߨ
4) Find the equation of the normal to c) (1, 2)

the curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ + 1 at the
following points ݉ = 3
ଵ
݀‫ݕ‬ Gradient of normal = −
= 3‫ݔ‬ଶ ଷ
݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬
‫ =ݕ‬− + ܿ
a) (4, 65) 3
݉ = 48 Substituting (1,2)
ଵ 7
Gradient of normal = − ܿ=
ସ଼ 3
‫ݔ‬
‫ =ݕ‬− + ܿ
48 Equation is 3‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 7
Substituting (4, 65)

d) (0, 1)
3124
ܿ=
48 ݉ = 0
Gradient of normal is
Equation is 48‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 3124
undefined
b) (2, 9)
Equation is ‫ = ݔ‬0
݉ = 12
88
Primitive Functions
‫ݔ‬
5) Find the equation of the normal to ‫ =ݕ‬− + ܿ
4
the curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 3 at the
following points
Substituting (3, 6)
݀‫ݕ‬
= 2‫ ݔ‬− 2 27
݀‫ݔ‬ ܿ=
4
a) (1, 2)
Equation is 4‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 27
݉ = 0
Gradient of normal is d) (0, 3)

undefined
݉ = −2
ଵ
Equation is ‫ = ݔ‬1 Gradient of normal = ଶ
b) (4, 11) ‫ݔ‬

‫=ݕ‬ + ܿ
2
݉ = 6
Substituting (0,3)
ଵ
Gradient of normal = − ଺
ܿ= 3
‫ݔ‬
‫ =ݕ‬− + ܿ
6
ଵ
Equation is ‫= ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ 3
ଶ
Substituting (4, 11)
70 6) The equation of the tangent to the

ܿ=
6 curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 1 is ‫ = ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬− 5.
Equation is 6‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ 70 a) At what point is this the

equation of the tangent?
c) (3, 6) ݀‫ݕ‬
= 2‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬
݉ = 4
Gradient of tangent is 4, so
Gradient of normal = −
ଵ ‫ =ݔ‬2
ସ
89
Primitive Functions
Substituting into either

equation gives the point
(2, 3) ௗ௬
When ‫ = ݔ‬0, ௗ௫ = 5, and
when ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ = ݕ‬10
b) What is the equation of the
normal at the same point? ݀‫ݕ‬
= 3‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
Gradient of normal = − ସ
Substituting gives ܿ = 5
1
‫ =ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ ܿ ݀‫ݕ‬
4 = 3‫ ݔ‬+ 5
݀‫ݔ‬
Substituting (2, 3)
3 ଶ
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ ݔ‬+ 5‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
7 2
ܿ=
2
7) The following equations show the

3 ଶ
second derivative of a function ‫ݕ‬ ‫=ݕ‬ ‫ ݔ‬+ 5‫ ݔ‬+ 10
2
in terms of ‫ݔ‬. Find ‫( ݕ‬the original
function) in terms of ‫ݔ‬
c) ‫ = ̈ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬
a) ‫ = ̈ݕ‬4. When ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ̇ݕ‬1, and

when ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ = ݕ‬1
When ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ = ̇ݕ‬6, and
when ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ = ݕ‬1 ‫ݔ = ̇ݕ‬ଶ + ܿ
‫ = ̇ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ Substituting gives ܿ = 0
Substituting gives ܿ = 6 ‫ݔ = ̇ݕ‬ଶ
‫ = ̇ݕ‬4‫ ݔ‬+ 6 ‫ݔ‬ଷ

‫=ݕ‬ + ܿ
3
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 6‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ଶ
Substituting gives ܿ = ଷ
ଶ
3‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ + 2
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬+ 6‫ ݔ‬+ 1
ௗమ௬
d) ‫ݕ‬ᇱᇱ = 2‫ ݔ‬− 2.
b) ௗ௫మ
= 3
90
Primitive Functions
When ‫ = ݔ‬1, ‫ݕ‬ᇱ = 0, and ଷ

‫ )ݔ( = ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1
when ‫ = ݔ‬3, ‫ = ݕ‬4
10) The gradient function of a curve

‫ݕ‬ᇱ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
is ‫ݕ‬ᇱ = sin ‫ݔ‬, and the curve passes
through the point (0, 2). Find its
equation
‫ݕ‬ᇱ = ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2‫ݔ‬

‫ = ݕ‬− cos ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
‫ݔ‬ଷ
‫=ݕ‬ − ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ܿ Substituting gives ܿ = 3
3
Substituting gives ܿ = 4 ‫ = ݕ‬− cos ‫ ݔ‬+ 3
‫ݔ‬ଷ
‫=ݕ‬ − ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4
3
8) The gradient function of a curve is

ௗ௬
= 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 2, and the curve
ௗ௫
passes through the point (0, 4).
Find the equation of the curve
2 ଷ
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
3
2 ଷ
‫=ݕ‬ ‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4
3
9) The gradient function of a curve is

ଷ భ
‫ݕ‬ᇱ = ‫ݔ‬మ + 2‫ݔ‬, and the curve
ଶ
passes through the point (1, 3).
Find its equation
ଷ
‫ )ݔ( = ݕ‬ଶ + ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ܿ
91
Year 12 Mathematics
Integration
92
Exercise 1
Approximations
93
Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 1: Approximations
For all approximations in this exercise, the Subinterval 4:

areas discussed are bounded below by the
ଵ
x axis Area ≅ ସ ൫݂(1) + 2݂(1.5) +
2݂2+ 2݂2.5+ ݂3
1) Use the approximation
1
஺(௫)ି஺(௖) = (2 + 6.5 + 10 + 14.5 + 10) = 10.75
݂(‫≅ )ݔ‬ 4
௫ି௖
3) Use Simpson’s rule to approximate

to estimate the area under the
the area under the curve
curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 1 between the
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 1 between the points
points ‫ = ݔ‬1 and ‫ = ݔ‬3
‫ = ݔ‬1 and ‫ = ݔ‬3
݂(3) = 10
Taking 4 intervals
݂(1) = 2 ଵ
Area ≅ ଺ ൫݂(1) + 4݂(1.5) +
(3 × 10) − (1 × 2) 2݂2+ 4݂2.5+ ݂3
݂(‫≅ )ݔ‬ = 14
3− 1
1 2
= (2 + 13 + 10 + 9 + 10) = 10
2) Use the Trapezoidal rule to 6 3
approximate the area under the ଷ
curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ + 1 between the 4) Calculate ∫ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1 ݀‫ݔ‬, and
points ‫ = ݔ‬1 and ‫ = ݔ‬3 Use explain why your answer is exactly
successively smaller subintervals of equal in this instance to your
size 1, 2, and 4 answer to question 3
Subinterval 1: ‫ݔ‬ଷ 27 1
න = + ‫ = ݔ‬൬ + 3൰− ൬ + 1൰
3 3 3
ଷିଵ
2
Area ≅ ൫݂(1) + ݂(3)൯ = 10
ଶ 3
= (2 + 10) = 12 The parabola used to approximate

the integral is the same as the
Subinterval 2: function being integrated
ଷିଵ
Area ≅ ൫݂(1) + 2݂(2) + ݂(3)൯
ସ
1
= (2 + 10 + 10) = 11
2
94
Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 1: Approximations
ଷ
5) Use the approximation used in 8) Calculate ∫ଵ ‫ݔ‬ଷ + 1
question 1 to estimate the area
under the curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ + 1 ‫ݔ‬ସ 81 1
between the points ‫ = ݔ‬1 and න = + ‫ = ݔ‬൬ + 3൰− ൬ + 1൰
4 4 4
‫ =ݔ‬3
= 22
݂(3) = 28
ଵ
9) For the function ‫= ݕ‬
௫ାଵ
݂(1) = 2
estimate the area between the
(3 × 28) − (1 × 2) points ‫ = ݔ‬1 and ‫ = ݔ‬2, by using
݂(‫≅ )ݔ‬ = 41 first the trapezoidal rule, and then
3− 1
Simpson’s rule for the whole
6) Use the Trapezoidal rule to interval and then for the two
approximate the area under the subintervals separated by the
ଷ
curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ + 1 between the point ‫= ݔ‬ ଶ
points ‫ = ݔ‬1 and ‫ = ݔ‬3
Trapezoidal subinterval 4:
Subinterval 4:
ଵ
Area ≅ ଼ ൫݂(1) + 2݂(1.5) +
ଵ
Area ≅ ସ ൫݂(1) + 2݂(1.5) +
2݂2+ 2݂2.5+ ݂3
2݂2+ 2݂2.5+ ݂3
1 1 4 2 4 1
1 = ൬ + + + + ൰ ≅ 0.35
= (2 + 8.75 + 18 + 33.25 + 28) 8 2 5 3 7 4
4
= 22.5
Simpson’s rule:
7) Use Simpson’s rule to approximate

Whole interval
the area under the curve
‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ + 1 between the points ଵ
‫ = ݔ‬1 and ‫ = ݔ‬3 Area ≅ ଷ ൫݂(2) + ݂(1)൯
Taking 4 intervals 1 1 1
= ൬ + ൰ ≅ 0.28
3 3 2
ଵ
Area ≅ ଺ ൫݂(1) + 4݂(1.5) +
Two intervals
2݂2+ 4݂2.5+ ݂3 ଵ
Area ≅ ଺ ൫݂(2) + 2݂(1.5) + ݂(1)൯
1
= (2 + 17.5 + 18 + 66.5 + 28) 1 1 4 1
6 = ൬ + + ൰ ≅ 0.27
= 22 6 3 5 2
95
Exercise 2
Calculations &Applications
96
Chapter 4: Integration Exercise 2: Calculations & Applications
1) Calculate the following definite integrals
ଵ
a) ∫଴ ‫ ݔ‬+ 1 ݀‫ݔ‬
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
‫ݔ‬ଶ 1 3
න = + ‫ = ݔ‬൬ + 1൰− (0) =
2 2 2
ଶ
b) ∫ଵ − 2‫ ݔ‬+ 4 ݀‫ݔ‬
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
∫ = − ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫( = ݔ‬− 4 + 8) − (− 1 + 4) = 1
97
ଷ
c) ∫ିଵ ‫ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
‫ݔ‬ଷ 1 28
න = = (9) − ൬− ൰ =
3 3 3
ଶ
d) ∫଴ ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3 ݀‫ݔ‬
x
-1 1 2 3 4
௫య
∫ = − 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3‫ݔ‬
ଷ
98
ଵ ଵ ଵ ଵ ଼
Area = ∫଴ + ∫ଶ = ൬ቀଷ − 2 + 3ቁ− (0)൰ ݀‫ ݔ‬+ ൬ቀଷ − 2 + 3ቁ− ቀଷ − 8 + 6ቁ൰ ݀‫ݔ‬
= 2
2) Calculate the area bounded by the y axis, x axis, the line ‫ = ݔ‬3, and the line
‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬+ 2
x
-1 1 2 3 4
-1
ଶ ଶ
Area = ቀ∫଴ − ‫ ݔ‬+ 2ቁ+ ቀ∫ଷ − ‫ ݔ‬+ 2ቁ ݀‫ݔ‬
௫మ
∫ = − ଶ
+ 2‫ ݔ‬dx
ଷ ହ
Area = ൫(2) − (0)൯+ ൬(2) − ቀଶቁ൰ = ଶ
99
3) Calculate the area between the x axis and the equation ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬− 6
x
-1 1 2 3
ଷ ௫య ହ
Area = ∫ଶ − ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 5‫ ݔ‬− 6 ݀‫ = ݔ‬− + ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
ଷ ଶ
45 8
= ൬− 9 + − 18൰− ൬− + 10 − 12൰
2 3
1
=
6
4) Calculate the area bounded by the curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 5 and the line ‫ = ݕ‬2
x
-1 1 2 3
-1
-2
-3
100
Area = ∫ 2 − ∫ ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 5 ݀‫ ∫ = ݔ‬2 − ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬− 5 ݀‫ ∫ = ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬− 3 ݀‫ݔ‬
௫య
∫ = − + 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3‫ ݔ‬dx
ଷ
ଵ ସ
Area = (− 9 + 12 − 3) − ቀ− ଷ + 2 − 3ቁ = ଷ
5) Calculate the area bounded by the curves ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 8 and ‫ = ݕ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 2
x
-1 1 2 3 4
2 ଷ
න = න − ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 2 − (‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 8) ݀‫ = ݔ‬න − 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 8‫ ݔ‬− 6 = − ‫ ݔ‬+ 4‫ݔ‬ଶ − 6‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬
3
ଶ ଶ ଼ ଼
Area = ቀ− ଷ × 27 + 36 − 18ቁ− ቀ− ଷ + 4 − 6ቁ = 0 + =
ଷ ଷ
6) Calculate the volume generated when the area bounded by the lines ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬, ‫ = ݔ‬2,
and the ‫ ݔ‬axis is rotated about the ‫ ݔ‬axis
101
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
ଶ ଶ ଶ
4 ଷ
ܸ = න ߨ‫ = ݔ݀ ݕ‬න ߨ(2‫ ߨ = ݔ݀ )ݔ‬න 4‫ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫= ݔ‬
ଶ ଶ
ߨ‫ݔ‬
଴ ଴ ଴ 3
ସ ଷଶగ
Volume = ߨ(2ଷ − 0) =
ଷ ଷ
7) Calculate the volume generated when the area bounded by the semicircle
‫√ = ݕ‬4 − ‫ݔ‬ଶ and the ‫ ݔ‬axis is rotated about the ‫ ݔ‬axis
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
102
ଶ ଶ
ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଷ ଶ
ܸ = න ߨ‫ ߨ = ݔ݀ ݕ‬න 4 − ‫ ߨ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬ቆ4‫ ݔ‬− ቇ
ିଶ ିଶ 3
8 −8 16 32ߨ
ܸ = ߨ ቆ൬8 − ൰— (− 8 − )ቇ = ߨ ൬16 − ൰=
3 3 3 3
8) Calculate the volume produced by rotating the area between ‫ = ݕ‬3‫ݔ‬ଶ and
‫ ݔ = ݕ‬+ 2 with ‫ ≥ ݔ‬0 around the ‫ ݔ‬axis
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
Point of intersection is where ‫ = ݔ‬1
ଵ ଵ
‫ݔ‬ଷ 9‫ݔ‬ହ
ܸ = ߨ න (‫ ݔ‬+ 2) ଶ − (3‫ݔ‬ଶ) ଶ ݀‫ ߨ = ݔ‬න ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 4 − 9‫ݔ‬ସ ݀‫= ݔ‬ + 2‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬−
଴ ଴ 3 5
ଵ ଽ ଻଼గ
Volume = ߨ ቀଷ + 2 + 4 − ହቁ− (0) = ଵହ
103
9) Find the volume generated by rotating the curve ‫ݔ = ݕ‬ଷ between ‫ = ݕ‬0 and ‫ = ݕ‬3
about the ‫ ݕ‬axis
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
ଷ ଷ
ଶ
ଶ 3 ହ
ܸ = න ߨ‫ = ݕ݀ ݔ‬න ߨ(‫ )ݕ‬ଷ = ߨ (‫ )ݕ‬ଷ
଴ ଴ 5
3 ହ ߨ ଼
ܸ= ߨ(3) ଷ = (3) ଷ
5 5
10) Find the volume generated by the curve ‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ and ‫ = ݕ‬0 about the ‫ ݔ‬axis
x
-2 -1 1 2
-1
-2
-3
104
ଶ ଶ
ଶ) ଶ ଶ ଷ
4‫ݔ‬ଷ
ସ ସ
‫ݔ‬ହ
ܸ = න ߨ(2‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ ߨ = ݔ‬න 4‫ ݔ‬− 4‫ ݔ‬+ ‫(ߨ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬ − ‫ ݔ‬+ )
଴ ଴ 3 5
ଷଶ ଷଶ ଵ଺గ
Volume = ߨ ቀ ଷ − 16 + ቁ=
ହ ଵହ
105
Year 12 Mathematics
Applications of
Calculus
106
Exercise 1
Rates of Change
107
Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 1: Rates of Change
1) A tap is slowly opened such that the volume flow rate R varies in time according to
the equation ܴ = ݇‫ݐ‬, where ݇ is a constant and ‫ >ݐ‬0. Calculate the total volume
that flows through the tap in the first 12 seconds if ݇ = 1.5݉ ଷ‫ିݏ‬ଶ
ܴ = 1.5‫ݐ‬
3 3
ܸ = න 1.5‫ =ݐ݀ݐ‬න ‫ݐ =ݐ݀ݐ‬ଶ
2 4
ଷ
Volume in first twelve seconds = × 144 − 0 = 108 ݉ ଷ
ସ
2) The number of bacteria in a dish after t hours is given by ܾ = 3‫ݐ‬ଶ + 5‫ݐ‬+ 2. How
fast is the population growing after 3 hours?
ௗ௕
Rate of growth = = 6‫ݐ‬+ 5
ௗ௧
ௗ௕
At ‫ =ݐ‬3, ௗ௧ = 23 ‫ݎ݁݌‬ℎ‫ݎݑ݋‬
3) The rate of change of profit from sales of x beds per week is given by the equation
ௗ௉
= 50 − 2‫ݔ‬. What is the profit when 20 beds are sold?
ௗ௫
Profit = ∫ 50 − 2‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬50‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ଶ
When ‫ = ݔ‬20, ‫ =ݐ݂݅݋ݎ݌‬$60
4) A ladder 5 meters long is resting against a wall. If the bottom of the ladder begins
sliding away from the wall at the rate of 1 metre per second, how fast is the top of
the ladder moving down when the bottom of the ladder is 3 meters from the wall?
5m
‫ݔ‬
‫ݕ‬
1 ݉ ‫ିݏ‬ଵ
108
‫ݔ‬ଶ + ‫ݕ‬ଶ = 5ଶ
‫ݔ‬ଶ = 25 − ‫ݕ‬ଶ
‫ = ݔ‬ඥ25 − ‫ݕ‬ଶ
݀‫ݔ‬ 1 2‫ݕ‬
= −
݀‫ݕ‬ 2 ඥ25 − ‫ݕ‬ଶ
݀‫ݕ݀ ݔ݀ ݔ‬ −‫ݕ‬
= × = × (− 1)
݀‫ ݐ݀ ݕ݀ ݐ‬ඥ25 − ‫ݕ‬ଶ
ௗ௫ ଷ
When ‫ = ݕ‬3, ௗ௧ = ݉ ‫ିݏ‬ଵ
ସ
5) In 2005, the population of a town was 1000. Since 2005 the rate of change in the
ௗ௉
population is modelled by the equation ௗ௧ = 4‫ݐ‬+ 100, where t is the number of
years from 2005. What was the population of the town in 2009?
݀ܲ
ܲ= න ݀‫ =ݐ‬න 4‫ݐ‬+ 100 ݀‫ =ݐ‬2‫ݐ‬ଶ + 100‫ݐ‬+ ܿ
݀‫ݐ‬
When ‫ =ݐ‬0, ܲ = 1000, ‫ = ܿ ݋ݏ‬1000
ܲ = 2‫ݐ‬ଶ + 100‫ݐ‬+ 1000
When ‫ =ݐ‬4, ܲ = 1432
6) A tank is being drained of water at a rate of ‫ = ݎ‬1 + 2‫ݐ‬− 12‫ݐ‬ଶ in litres per minute.
After 4 minutes there are 802 litres in the tank. What was the initial volume of the
tank, and how much will be left in the tank after 6 minutes?
ܸ = න ‫ =ݐ݀ݎ‬න 1 + 2‫ݐ‬− 12‫ݐ‬ଶ ݀‫ݐ =ݐ‬+ ‫ݐ‬ଶ − 4‫ݐ‬ଷ + ܿ
When ‫ =ݐ‬4, ܸ = 764
4 + 16 − 4 × 64 + ܿ = 802
ܿ = 1000
109
ܸ = ‫ݐ‬+ ‫ݐ‬ଶ − 4‫ݐ‬ଷ + 1000
‫ =ݐ‬6
ܸ = 6 + 36 − (4 × 216) + 1000 = 178 ݈݅‫ݏ݁ݎݐ‬
7) The number of fish that a seal can eat per hour (t) is given by ܴ = 32 − 2‫ݐ‬ଶ
a) At what rate does the seal initially consume fish?
When ‫ =ݐ‬0, ܴ = 32
b) How many fish did it eat in the second hour? (To nearest whole number)
2‫ݐ‬ଷ
ܰ = න ܴ ݀‫ =ݐ‬න 32 − 2‫ݐ‬ଶ ݀‫ =ݐ‬32‫ݐ‬−
3
ଶ
When ‫ =ݐ‬1, (that is during second hour), ܰ = 32 − ≅ 31
ଷ
c) When will the seal be full?
When the rate of consumption is 0; that is 32 − 2‫ݐ‬ଶ = 0, ‫ =ݐ‬4 hours
8) In 1970 a rare painting was valued at $50,000. The rate of change in its value is
ௗ௏
given by the equation: ௗ் = 200‫ݐ‬+ 500.
a) What rate will the value be changing by in the year 2020?
ௗ௏
When ‫ =ݐ‬50, ௗ௧ = 200 × 50 + 500 = $1050 ‫ݎܽ݁ݕݎ݁݌‬
b) If an investor purchased the painting in 1970 for $50,000 how much profit
will they have made by the year 2020?
ܸ݀
ܸ= න ݀‫ =ݐ‬න 200‫ݐ‬+ 500 ݀‫ =ݐ‬100‫ݐ‬ଶ + 500‫ݐ‬+ ܿ
݀‫ݐ‬
When ‫ =ݐ‬0, ܸ = 50,000
110
Therefore ܸ = 100‫ݐ‬ଶ + 500‫ݐ‬+ 50,000
When ‫ =ݐ‬50, ܸ = 100 × (50ଶ) + 500 × (50) + 50,000 = $325,000
Profit will be $275,000
111
Exercise 2
Exponential Growth & Decay
112
Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 2: Exponential Growth & Decay
1) Graph the following over an appropriate range and domain
a) ‫݁ = ݕ‬௫
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
b) ‫݁ = ݕ‬ଶ௫
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
113
భ
c) ‫݁ = ݕ‬మ௫
y
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
d) ‫݁ = ݕ‬ଷ௫
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
e) ‫ି݁ = ݕ‬௫
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
114
f) ‫ି݁ = ݕ‬ଶ௫
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
2) What effect does the value of ݇ have on graphs of the form ‫݁ = ݕ‬௞௫?
The higher the value of k, the broader the graph; a negative value of k reflects the
graph around the y axis
3) Graph the following over an appropriate range and domain
a) ‫ = ݕ‬2݁௫
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
115
b) ‫ = ݕ‬10݁௫
y
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
c) ‫ = ݕ‬0.5݁௫
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
d) ‫ = ݕ‬− 2݁௫
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
x
-2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1
-2
-3
116
4) What effect does the value of A have on graphs of the form ‫݁ܣ = ݕ‬௫?
The graph is moved up or down the y axis by A units. A negative value of A reflects
the graph around the x axis
5) The growth rate per hour of a population of bacteria is 5% of the population. The
initial population was 100,000 bacteria. Sketch the curve of the population after 40
hours
695
Thousands
595
495
395
295
195
Hours x
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
6) The initial population of a town is 2000, and it grows at the rate of 2.5% per annum.
Graph the curve of the population after 50 years
y
6700
6200
Population
5700
5200
4700
4200
3700
3200
2700
2200
Years x
-5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
117
7) A mining town is suffering a net population decline due to lack of work. In 1990 the
population was 2,000 the decline rate thereafter was 4.5% per annum.
a) What will the population be at the end of 2001?
ܲ = 2000(0.955௡ )
݊ = 11, ܲ = 2000(0.955ଵଵ) ≅ 1205
b) When will the population drop below 100?
100 = 2000(0.955௡ )
ଵ଴଴
When ݊ log 0.955 = log ଶ଴଴଴
݊ = 65 ‫ݏݎܽ݁ݕ‬
If the population drops at the same rate, it will be less than 100 in 2055
8) The number of mites in a pond was 1500 on January 1st. Each day the size of the
colony grows by 8%
a) What will the population be on January 10th?
ܲ = 1500(1.08௡ )
When ݊ = 9, ܲ = 1500(1.999) ≅ 3000
b) When will the population reach 5000?
5000 = 1500(1.08௡ )
ହ଴଴଴
When log ଵହ଴଴ = ݊ log 1.08
݊ = 15.64
The population will reach 5000 during the 16th day; that is January 17th
118
c) The pond can only support 7500 mites. When will this limit be reached?
7500 = 1500(1.08௡ )
଻ହ଴଴
When log ଵହ଴଴ = ݊ log 1.08
݊ = 20.9
The maximum will be reached during the 21st day; that is on January 22nd
9) In the year 1990 there was $3500 in a bank account In the year 2000, the account
held $5500. If there had been no deposits or withdrawals in that time, what was the
rate of interest on the account? In what year will there be double the original
amount? (Assume compound interest)
5500 = 3500(1 + ‫)ݎ‬ଵ଴
5500
log = 10 log(1 + ‫)ݎ‬
3500
0.196
= log(1 + ‫)ݎ‬
10
10଴.଴ଵଽ଺ = 1 + ‫ݎ‬
1 + ‫ = ݎ‬1.046
‫ ≅ ݎ‬4.6%
10) A radioactive particle has a half life of 90 seconds; that is the amount present will
reduce by half every 90 seconds. How much of a 1 kg sample would remain after 5
minutes?
‫ܣ = ܣ‬଴݁ି௞௧
‫ܣ‬
= ݁ିଽ଴௞ = 0.5
‫ܣ‬଴
ln(݁ିଽ଴௞) = ln 0.5
− 90݇ = − 0.693
119
݇ = 0.0077
‫ܣ = ܣ‬଴݁ି଴.଴଴଻଻௧
When ‫ =ݐ‬300, ‫ = ܣ‬1 × ݁ି଴.଴଴଻଻× ଷ଴଴ ≅ 0.099
Approximately 100 grams will be left
11) The population of a town in the year 2000 was approximately 16,500 and ten years
later it was approximately 27,200. Assuming a constant growth rate, what was that
rate, and what was the population of the town in 1990?
27200 = 16500(1 + ‫)ݎ‬ଵ଴
27200
= (1 + ‫)ݎ‬ଵ଴
16500
(1 + ‫)ݎ‬ଵ଴ ≅ 1.648
10 log(1 + ‫ = )ݎ‬log 1.648
log(1 + ‫ = )ݎ‬0.0217
1 + ‫ = ݎ‬10଴.଴ଶଵ଻
‫ = ݎ‬0.051
Rate was 5.1%
ܲଵଽଽ଴ × 1.051ଵ଴ = 16500
16500
ܲଵଽଽ଴ = ≅ 10036
1.051ଵ଴
The population in 1990 was just over 10000
120
Exercise 3
Velocity & Acceleration
121
Chapter 5: Applications of Calculus Exercise 3: Velocity & Acceleration
1) The displacement of a car in 2) The velocity of a particle t seconds

kilometres from a given point is after it starts moving from the
given by the equation point ‫ = ݔ‬0 is given by the
‫ = ݔ‬2‫ݐ‬ଶ + 10‫ݐ‬ equation ܸ = 10‫ݐ‬+ 4.
a) What will be the a) What is the equation

displacement after 3 describing the
hours? displacement of the
particle after t seconds?
When ‫ =ݐ‬3, ‫ = ݔ‬48 ݇݉
‫ =ݔ‬න ܸ
b) What will the velocity and
acceleration of the car be
after 4 hours? = න 10‫ =ݐ‬4 = 5‫ݐ‬ଶ + 4‫ݐ‬
݀‫ݔ‬
ܸ=
݀‫ݐ‬
= 4‫ݐ‬+ 10 b) What is the rate of
acceleration of the
When ‫ =ݐ‬4, particle?
ܸ = 26 ݇݉ ‫ݎ݁݌‬ℎ‫ݎ‬ ‫ = ܣ‬10 (constant)
݀ଶ‫ݔ‬ 3) The acceleration of a particle at

‫=ܣ‬ = 4
݀‫ݐ‬ଶ time t is described by the equation
ܽ = 10 − 2‫ݐ‬, where t is in
Acceleration is constant at seconds, and a is in ݉ ‫ିݏ‬ଶ. At
4 ݇݉ ℎ‫ିݎ‬ଶ ‫ =ݐ‬0 the particle was at the origin
with a velocity of 5 metres per
c) After how many hours will second
the car be travelling at the
speed limit (30 km per a) What is the equation that
hour)? describes velocity of the
particle at any time?
݀‫ݔ‬
ܸ= = 30 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊
݀‫ݐ‬
ܸ= නܽ
4‫ݐ‬+ 10 = 30
= න 10 − 2‫ =ݐ‬10‫ݐ‬− ‫ݐ‬ଶ + ܿ
‫ =ݐ‬5 ℎ‫ݏݎݑ݋‬
When ‫ =ݐ‬0, ܸ = 5
122
ܿ= 5
No; if a particle is accelerating its
ଶ
ܸ = 10‫ݐ‬− ‫ ݐ‬+ 5 velocity must be increasing
b) What is the equation that 6) Can a particle have negative

describes the displacement acceleration and a positive
of the particle at any time? velocity? Explain
‫ = ݔ‬න 10‫ݐ‬− ‫ݐ‬ଶ + 5 Yes; a particle can have a positive

velocity, but the rate of velocity
increase (acceleration) can be
‫ݐ‬ଷ getting smaller
= 5‫ݐ‬ଶ − + 5‫ݐ‬+ ܿ
3
At ‫ =ݐ‬0, ‫ = ݔ‬0, ‫ = ܿ ݋ݏ‬0 7) The velocity of a particle at time t

is described by the equation
ଷ
‫ݐ‬ଷ ‫ = ݒ‬− ଶ ‫ݐ‬ଶ + 8. At ‫ =ݐ‬0, the
ଶ
‫ = ݔ‬5‫ ݐ‬− + 5‫ݐ‬
3 particle is at position ‫ = ݔ‬0
c) What will be the a) What is the initial velocity

displacement and velocity of the particle?
of the particle when the
acceleration is zero? When ‫ =ݐ‬0, ܸ = 8
‫ = ܣ‬0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ ‫ =ݐ‬5 b) Describe the acceleration

of the particle at any time
325 1
‫=ݔ‬ = 108 ݉ t.
3 3
‫ = ܣ‬− 3‫ݐ‬ଶ
ܸ = 30 ݉ ‫ିݏ‬ଵ
The rate of velocity

4) The velocity of a particle is − 3
increase is slowing
meters per second. Describe what
this means in physical terms.
c) After how many seconds
will the particle return to
The particle is slowing down at
its original position?
that rate.
3 ଶ
5) Can a particle have positive ‫ =ݔ‬න −
2
‫ ݐ‬+ 8 ݀‫ݐ‬
acceleration and a negative
velocity? Explain When ‫ =ݐ‬0, ‫ = ݔ‬0
123
1 ଷ
‫ =ݔ‬− ‫ ݐ‬+ 8‫ݐ‬
2 d) What will be its velocity at
this time?
1 ଷ
‫ = ݔ‬0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ 8‫=ݐ‬ ‫ݐ‬
2
3 ଶ
‫ =ݐ‬4, ܸ = − (4 ) + 8
2
‫ =ݐ‬0 ‫ =ݐݎ݋‬4
ܸ = − 16݉ ‫ିݏ‬ଵ
The particle returns to the
origin after 4 seconds
e) Graph the displacement of the particle as a function of time
y
Distance From Origin
14
12
10
2
x
-1 1 2 3 4
-2 Seconds
8) The acceleration of a particle at When ‫ =ݐ‬0, ܸ = 6

any time t (in seconds) is given by
the equation ܽ = 10 − 6‫ݐ‬. At time ܿ= 6
‫ =ݐ‬0 the particle is at the position
‫ = ݔ‬0 and has velocity 6 meters ܸ = 10‫ݐ‬− 3‫ݐ‬ଶ + 6
per second.
When ‫ =ݐ‬4, ܸ = − 2 ݉ ‫ିݏ‬ଵ
a) What will the velocity be at
‫ =ݐ‬4 seconds? b) At what time will the
particle return to the point
‫ = ݔ‬0?
ܸ = න 10 − 6‫ݐ݀ݐ‬
‫ = ݔ‬න 10‫ݐ‬− 3‫ݐ‬ଶ + 6 ݀‫ݐ‬

ܸ = 10‫ݐ‬− 3‫ݐ‬ଶ + ܿ
124
‫ = ݔ‬5‫ݐ‬ଶ − ‫ݐ‬ଷ + 6‫ݐ‬+ ܿ 10 10 ଶ

ܸ = 10 × − 3× ൬ ൰ + 6
6 6
When ‫ =ݐ‬0, ‫ = ݔ‬0

ܸ = 86 ݉ ‫ିݏ‬ଵ
‫ = ݔ‬5‫ݐ‬ଶ − ‫ݐ‬ଷ + 6‫ݐ‬

9) The distance a particle is from a
fixed point is described by the
‫ = ݔ‬0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊
equation ‫ = ݔ‬4 − 2 sin 2‫ݐ‬
5‫ݐ‬ଶ − ‫ݐ‬ଷ + 6‫ =ݐ‬0
Find the times when the particle is
‫ =ݐ‬0 ‫ݎ݋‬ at rest, when acceleration is zero
and when it returns to the fixed
‫ݐ‬ଶ − 5‫ݐ‬− 6 = 0 point.
(‫ݐ‬− 6)(‫ݐ‬+ 1) = 0 ܸ = − 4 cos 2‫ݐ‬
‫ =ݐ‬6 ߨ 3ߨ 5ߨ
ܸ = 0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ 2‫=ݐ‬ , , , ….
2 2 2
The particle returns to the
ߨ 3ߨ 5ߨ
origin at 6 seconds ‫=ݐ‬ , , , ….
4 4 4
c) What will the velocity be ‫ = ܣ‬8 sin 2‫ݐ‬

when the acceleration is
zero? ‫ = ܣ‬0 ‫ݓ‬ℎ݁݊ 2‫ =ݐ‬0, ߨ, 2ߨ, … ..
When ܽ = 0, 6‫ =ݐ‬10 ߨ 3ߨ
‫ =ݐ‬0, , ߨ, , ….
2 2
10 Graph the displacement as a
‫=ݐ‬ function of t
6
125
Distance From Origin

y
18
16
14
12
10
2
x
-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-2 Seconds
126
Year 12 Mathematics
Exponential &
Logarithmic
Functions
127
Exercise 1
Review of Index Laws
128
Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise 1: Review of Index Laws
1) Convert the following to index

ర
ඥ ‫ݔ‬ଷ
notation
య
d) (‫)ݔ‬ర
a) √2
ర
ଵ ඥ ‫ݔ‬ଷ
2ଶ
మ
b) √‫ݔ‬ e) (‫)ݔ‬ఱ
ଵ ఱ
‫ݔ‬ଶ ඥ ‫ݔ‬ଶ
ఱ
c) య
√3ଶ f) (‫)ݔ‬మ
ଶ
3ଷ ඥ ‫ݔ‬ହ
d) య
√‫ݔ‬ 3) Complete the following index laws
ଵ
‫ݔ‬ଷ a) ܽ௫ܽ௬ = ܽ௫ା௬
௔ೣ
e) ర
√‫ݔ‬ଷ b) = ܽ௫ି௬
௔೤
ଷ
‫ݔ‬ସ c) ܽ଴ = 1
2) Convert the following to surd form d) (ܽ௫) ௬ = ܽ௫௬
భ
a) (‫)ݔ‬మ e) (ܽ × ܾ) ௫ = ܽ௫ × ܾ௫
௔ ௫ ௔ೣ
√‫ݔ‬ f) ቀ௕ቁ = ௕ೣ
భ
b) (‫ݔ‬ଷ)ర 4) Use index laws to simplify the
following
ర
ඥ ‫ݔ‬ଷ
a) ܽଶܾଷܿଶ × ܾଶܿଶ
భ ଷ
c) ቀ‫ ݔ‬ቁ ర
= ܽଶܾହܿସ
129
b) ‫ݔ‬ଶ‫ݕ‬ସ‫ݖݔ ×ݖ‬ଷ ‫ݔ‬௔

=
‫ݕ‬௕
= ‫ݔ‬ଷ‫ݕ‬ସ‫ݖ‬ସ
௔షమ௕య௖షభ
d) ௔మ௕షమ௖య
c) ‫ݔ‬௔ ‫ݕ‬௕ × ‫ݔ‬௖‫ݕ‬ௗ
ܾହ
= ‫ݔ‬௔ା௕ × ‫ݕ‬௕ାௗ =
ܽସܿସ
௔ర௕య௖మ
d) ௔మ௖
e) ܽିଷܾଶܿଷ × ܽଷܾିଶܿିଷ
= ܽଶܾଷܿ = 1
௔య௕షయ௖
e)
௔మ௕మ௖మ f) ௔షయ௖మ
௔య௕௖
ܾܿ ܽଶ
= =
ܽ ܾଷܿ
௔షమ௕య௖మ
௫ೌ ௬್ g)
f) ௫೎௬೏
௔షమ௕య௖మ
= 1
‫ݔ‬௔ି௖ × ‫ݕ‬௕ିௗ
5) Use index laws to simplify the

6) Use index laws to simplify the
following leaving your answers in
following: express your answers
positive index form
with positive indices
a) ܽିସܾଶܿିଵ × ܽଶܾିହܿିଶ
a) (ܽଶ) ଷ
1 = ܽ଺
= ଶ ଷ ଷ
ܾܽܿ భ
b) (ܽଶܾଶ)మ
b) ܽିଶܾିଷ × ܽିଵܾସܿିଵ
= ܾܽ
ܾ
= ଷ
ܽܿ భ భ ିଶ
ష
௔మ௕ మ
c) ቆ భ ቇ
c) ‫ିݔ‬௔ ‫ݕ‬௕ × ‫ݔ‬ଶ௔ ‫ିݕ‬ଶ௕ ௖మ
130
ܾܿ
=
ܽ
d) (ܽଷܾିଶܿିଷ) ଴
= 1
e) ‫ݔ‬ସ − ‫ݔ‬ଷ
= ‫ ݔ(ݔ‬− 1)
7) Simplify the following using index

laws
a) (ܽିଷܾଶ) ିଶ ÷ (ܽଷܾଶ) ଶ
= ܽ଺ܾିସ ÷ ܽ଺ܾସ
1
=
଼ܾ
భ
b) (ܽଶ ÷ ܾିଶ) మ ×
భ భ ଶ
ቀܽమ ÷ ܾି మቁ
= (ܽ ÷ ܾିଵ) × (ܽ ÷ ܾିଵ)
ܽଶ
=
ܾଶ
భ
c) (ܾܽ)ିଵ ÷ (ܽଶܾଶ)ି మ
= (ܽିଵܾିଵ) ÷ (ܽିଵܾିଵ)
= 1
d) (2ܽଶ) ଴ − 2
= 1− 2 = −1
ସ௔బ
e) (ସ௔) బ
= 1
131
Exercise 2
Logarithms & Exponents
132
Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise2: Logarithms & Exponents
1) Convert the following to log ହ ‫ = ݕ‬2

exponential form
d) ܽଶ = ‫ݎ‬
a) logଵ଴ 100 = 2
log ௔ ‫ = ݎ‬2
10ଶ = 100
e) ‫ݔ‬௬ = 10
b) logଵ଴ ‫ܿ = ݔ‬
log ௫ 10 = ‫ݕ‬
10௖ = ‫ݔ‬
f) ܽ௕ = ܿ
c) log ௬ 10 = ‫ݔ‬
log ௔ ܿ = ܾ
‫ݕ‬௫ = 10
3) Prove log ௔ (‫ = )ݕݔ‬log ௔ ‫ ݔ‬+ log ௔ ‫ݕ‬
d) log ଶ ‫ݎ = ݌‬
Let ‫ = ݎ‬log ௔ ‫ =ݐ ݀݊ܽ ݔ‬log ௔ ‫ݕ‬
2௥ = ‫݌‬
Then ‫ܽ = ݔ‬௥, ‫ܽ = ݕ‬௧
e) log ௫ 5 = 12
‫ܽ = ݕݔ‬௥ × ܽ௧ = ܽ௥ା௧
‫ݔ‬ଵଶ = 5
log ௔ ‫ = ݕݔ‬log ௔ ܽ௥ା௧ = (‫ݎ‬+ ‫ )ݐ‬log ௔ ܽ
f) log ௫ ‫ܽ = ݕ‬ log ௔ ‫ݎ = ݕݔ‬+ ‫ݐ‬
‫ݔ‬௔ = ‫ݕ‬ log ௔ ‫ = ݕݔ‬log ௔ ‫ ݔ‬+ log ௔ ‫ݕ‬
2) Convert the following to 4) Prove log ௔ ‫ݔ‬௕ = ܾlog ௔ ‫ݔ‬

logarithmic form
Let ‫ =ݐ‬log ௔ ‫ݔ‬
a) ଶ
10 = 100
‫ܽ = ݔ‬௧
logଵ଴ 100 = 2
‫ݔ‬௕ = ܽ௕௧
b) ‫ݔ‬ଷ = 20
log ௔ ‫ݔ‬௕ = ܾ‫ܾ =ݐ‬log ௔ ‫ݔ‬
log ௫ 20 = 3
c) 5ଶ = ‫ݕ‬
133
5) Prove that log ௫ 1 = 0 ܾ

= logଵ଴ ൬ ൰
ܿ
ܽ
log ௫ 1 = log ௫ = logଵ଴ ܾ − logଵ଴ ܿ
ܽ
= log ௫ ܽ − log ௫ ܽ = 0 e) logଵ଴ 16
6) Prove that log ௫ ‫ = ݔ‬1 = logଵ଴ 2ସ
‫ ݐ݁ܮ‬log ௫ ‫ݐ = ݔ‬ = 4 logଵ଴ ܽ
‫ݔ‬௧ = ‫ݔ‬ = ܽଶ logଵ଴ ܽ
‫ =ݐ‬1 f) logଵ଴ 30
7) If ܽ = 2, ܾ = 3, ܽ݊݀ ܿ = 5, express = logଵ଴(ܽ × ܾ × ܿ)

the following in terms of a, b and c
= logଵ଴ ܽ + logଵ଴ ܾ + logଵ଴ ܿ
a) logଵ଴ 6 ଵ
g) logଵ଴ ቀ଼ቁ
= logଵ଴(ܽ × ܾ)
= logଵ଴ 2ିଷ
logଵ଴ ܽ + logଵ଴ ܾ
= − 3 logଵ଴ 2
ଵ
b) logଵ଴ ቀଶହቁ
= − ܾlogଵ଴ ܽ
= logଵ଴ 5ିଶ
h) logଵ଴ 10
− ܽlogଵ଴ ܿ
= logଵ଴(2 × 5)
ଶ
c) logଵ଴ ቀଷቁ
= logଵ଴ ܽ + logଵ଴ ܿ
ܽ
= logଵ଴ ቀ ቁ
ܾ 8) Rewrite the following in terms of
log10
= logଵ଴ ܽ − logଵ଴ ܾ
a) log ହ ‫ݔ‬
ଷ
d) logଵ଴ ቀହቁ
logଵ଴ ‫ݔ‬
=
logଵ଴ 5
134
b) log ௫ 5 b) log ଶ 10
logଵ଴ 5 logଵ଴ 10 1
= = ≅ ≅ 3.22
logଵ଴ ‫ݔ‬ logଵ଴ 2 0.301
c) log ௫ ‫ݕ‬ c) log ସ 64
logଵ଴ ‫ݕ‬ logଵ଴ 64 1.806

= = = = 3
logଵ଴ ‫ݔ‬ logଵ଴ 4 0.602
d) logଵ଴଴ 10 d) log ହ 5
logଵ଴ 10 1 = 1
= ൬= ൰
logଵ଴ 100 2
e) logଵ 10
e) log ௫ ‫ݔ‬
Undefined
logଵ଴ ‫ݔ‬
= (= 1)
logଵ଴ ‫ݔ‬ f) logଵ଴ 5
f) logଵ ‫ݔ‬
=
logଵ଴ 5
≅ 0.699
logଵ଴ 10
logଵ଴ ‫ݔ‬
=
logଵ଴ 1 10) Solve the following
Undefined మ ଵ
a) 3ି௫ = ଶ଻
g) log ௫ 1
మ
3ି௫ = 3ିଷ
logଵ଴ 1
= = 0
logଵ଴ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ଶ = 3
9) Calculate the following correct to 3 ‫ = ݔ‬± √3

decimal places
b) 5(2.5ଶ௫ାଵ) = 150
a) log ଷ 7
2.5ଶ௫ାଵ = 30
logଵ଴ 7 0.845
= ≅ ≅ 1.771
logଵ଴ 3 0.477 (2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) log 2.5 = log 30
135
1.477
2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 ≅
0.398 a) ݁௫ = 10
‫ ≅ ݔ‬1.356
ln ݁௫ = ln 10
c) 6ଷ௫ = 32 ‫ ≅ ݔ‬2.3
3‫ݔ‬log 6 = log 32 b) 100݁ଶ௫ = 50
1.505
3‫≅ ݔ‬ ݁ଶ௫ = 0.5
0.778
ln ݁ଶ௫ = ln 0.5
‫ ≅ ݔ‬0.645
2‫ ≅ ݔ‬− 0.693
d) 20 = 10(4) ௫ାହ
‫ ≅ ݔ‬− 0.347
4௫ାହ = 2
2(ଶ௫ାଵ଴) = 2ଵ c) 25݁଴.ହ௫ = 12
2‫ ݔ‬+ 10 = 1 12
ln ݁଴.ହ௫ = ln
25
9
‫ =ݔ‬− 0.5‫ ≅ ݔ‬− 0.734
2
‫ ≅ ݔ‬− 1.468
e) 1000 ଴.ଵହ௫
= 12,000
d) ln ‫ = ݔ‬4
0.15‫ ݔ‬log 1000 = log 12000
݁୪୬ ௫ = ݁ସ
log 12000
0.15‫= ݔ‬
3 ‫ ≅ ݔ‬54.6
‫ ≅ ݔ‬9.06 e) 4 + 2 ln ‫ = ݔ‬14
2 ln ‫ = ݔ‬10
11) What is the value of ln ݁௫?
ln ‫ = ݔ‬5
= ‫ݔ‬
‫݁ = ݔ‬ହ
12) Solve the following
136
‫ ≅ ݔ‬148.41
f) ln(‫ ݔ‬− 4) + ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 3) = ln 8
ln൫(‫ ݔ‬− 4)(‫ ݔ‬+ 3)൯= ln 8
‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬− 12 = 8
‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ ݔ‬− 20 = 0
‫ = ݔ‬5 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 4
g) 0.05‫ = ݔ‬ln 5
1.609
‫≅ݔ‬ = 32.19
0.05
137
Exercise 3
Differentiation & Integration
138
Chapter 6: Exponential & Logarithmic Functions Exercise 3: Differentiation &
Integration
1) Differentiate the following

b) ‫ = ݕ‬ln(2‫)ݔ‬
a) ‫݁ = ݕ‬௫
݀‫ ݕ‬2
=
݀‫ݕ‬ ݀‫ݔ ݔ‬
= ݁௫
݀‫ݔ‬
c) ‫ = ݕ‬ln(3‫ ݔ‬+ 1)
b) ‫݁ = ݕ‬ଶ௫
݀‫ݕ‬ 3
=
݀‫ݕ‬ ݀‫ ݔ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 1
= 2݁ଶ௫
݀‫ݔ‬
d)
మ
‫ = ݕ‬ln ݁௫
c) ‫݁ = ݕ‬ଷ௫ିସ
݀‫ݕ‬
= 2‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
= 3݁ଷ௫ିସ
݀‫ݔ‬
e) ‫( = ݕ‬ln ‫ )ݔ‬ଶ
d) ‫݁ = ݕ‬௫
మ ݀‫ ݕ‬2 ln ‫ݔ‬
=
݀‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ మ
= 2‫݁ݔ‬௫ f) ‫ = ݕ‬ln(‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬− 3)
݀‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2
= ଶ
e) ‫݁ = ݕ‬௫
మାଶ௫ିଵ ݀‫ ݔ ݔ‬+ 2‫ ݔ‬− 3
݀‫ݕ‬ మ
g) ‫ = ݕ‬ln(sin ‫)ݔ‬
= (2‫ ݔ‬+ 2)݁௫ ାଶ௫ିଵ
݀‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ cos ‫ݔ‬
=
f) ‫݁ = ݕ‬ୱ୧୬ ௫ ݀‫ ݔ‬ln(sin ‫)ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ 3) Perform the following integrations

= cos ‫݁ݔ‬ୱ୧୬ ௫
݀‫ݔ‬
a) ∫ ݁௫݀‫ݔ‬
2) Differentiate the following
= ݁௫ + ܿ
a) ‫ = ݕ‬ln ‫ݔ‬
b) ∫ ݁ଶ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
݀‫ ݕ‬1
=
݀‫ݔ ݔ‬ ݁ଶ௫
+ ܿ
2
139
Integration
ೣ
න = 2 න ‫ݑ݀ ݑ‬
c) ∫ ݁ ݀‫ݔ‬ మ
= 2(‫ ݑ‬ln ‫ ݑ‬− ‫ )ݑ‬+ ܿ

௫
= 2݁ଶ + ܿ
‫ݔ ݔ ݔ‬
= 2 ቀ ln − ቁ+ ܿ
2 2 2
d) ∫ 2݁ଶ௫݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬
ଶ௫ = ‫ݔ‬ln − ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
݁ + ܿ 2
e) ∫ ܽଶ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬ d) ∫ ln(3‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ݀‫ݔ‬
ܽଶ௫ Let ‫ = ݑ‬3‫ ݔ‬+ 1

+ ܿ
2
݀‫ݑ‬
݀‫= ݔ‬
4) Perform the following integrations 3
1
a) ∫ ln ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬ න =
3
න ln ‫ݑ݀ ݑ‬
= ‫ݔ‬ln ‫ ݔ‬− ‫ݔ‬ 1

= (‫ ݑ‬ln ‫ ݑ‬− ‫ )ݑ‬+ ܿ
3
b) ∫ ln 2‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
1
= ൫(3‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ln(3‫ ݔ‬+ 1)
3
Let ‫ = ݑ‬2‫ݔ‬
− 3‫ ݔ‬+ 1൯
+ ܿ
ௗ௨
Then = ݀‫ݔ‬
ଶ
1
= ൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰ln(3‫ ݔ‬+ 1) − ‫ݔ‬
3
ଵ 1
∫ = ଶ
∫ ln ‫ݑ݀ ݑ‬ + + ܿ
3
From above
e) ∫ (ln ‫ )ݔ‬ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
1
= (2‫ݔ‬ln 2‫ ݔ‬− 2‫ )ݔ‬+ ܿ
2 Let ‫ = ݑ‬ln ‫ݔ‬
= ‫ݔ‬ln 2‫ ݔ‬− ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ܵ‫݁ = ݔ ݋‬௨
௫
c) ∫ ln ଶ ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ݀ = ݑ݀ ݔ‬
௫
Let ‫= ݑ‬ ଶ
݁௨ ݀‫ݔ݀ = ݑ‬
2 ݀‫ݔ݀ = ݑ‬
140
Integration
‫ݑ‬ସ
න = න ‫ݑ‬ଶ݁௨ ݀‫ݑ‬ = + ܿ
4
Noting that ݁௨ = (݁௨ )' (݈݊‫ )ݔ‬ସ

= + ܿ
4
We can integrate by parts
to obtain 5) Perform the following integrations
ସ
න = ‫ݑ‬ଶ ݁௨ − න 2‫݁ ݑ‬௨ ݀‫ݑ‬ a) ∫ ௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
= 4 ln ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
Again noting that
݁௨ = (݁௨ )' ଷ
b) ∫ ଷ௫ାଶ
݀‫ݔ‬
And integrating by parts
again
= ln(3‫ ݔ‬+ 2)+c
ଶ௫
= ‫ݑ‬ଶ݁௨ − [2‫݁ ݑ‬௨ − ∫ 2݁௨ ݀‫]ݑ‬ c) 2∫ ௫మିଷ
݀‫ݔ‬
= ‫ݑ‬ଶ݁௨ − 2‫݁ݑ‬௨ + 2݁௨

= 2 ln(‫ݔ‬ଶ − 3) + ܿ
(Substituting ‫݁ = ݔ‬௨ ܽ݊݀ ‫ = ݑ‬ln ‫)ݔ‬
ଵଶ௫
ଶ
= ‫(ݔ‬ln ‫ )ݔ‬− 2‫ݔ‬ln ‫ ݔ‬+ 2‫ݔ‬ d) ∫ ଷ௫మାଵ
݀‫ݔ‬
(୪୬ ௫)య
f) ∫ ௫
݀‫ݔ‬ = 2 ln(3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1) + ܿ
Let ‫ = ݑ‬ln ‫ݔ‬ e) ∫

௫ିଶ
݀‫ݔ‬
௫మିସ௫ାଶ
‫݁ = ݔ‬௨
ଵ
= ln(‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬+ 2)+c
ଶ
݀‫ ݑ‬1
=
݀‫ݔ ݔ‬
f) ∫ cot ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
1
݀‫= ݑ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬
cos ‫ݔ‬
cot ‫= ݔ‬
sin ‫ݔ‬
න = න ‫ݑ‬ଷ ݀‫ݑ‬
Let ‫ = ݑ‬sin ‫ݔ‬
141
Integration
݀‫ = ݑ‬cos ‫ݔ݀ ݔ‬ 2(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) 1

= −
(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ 1
cos ‫ݔ‬
න cot ‫ = ݔ݀ ݔ‬න ݀‫ݔ‬
sin ‫ݔ‬ 2 1 1
= − =
‫ݔ‬+ 1 ‫ݔ‬+ 1 ‫ݔ‬+ 1
1
= න ݀‫ݑ‬
‫ݑ‬
e) ‫ = ݕ‬ln(sin ‫ )ݔ‬− ln(cos ‫)ݔ‬
= ln ‫ ݑ‬+ ܿ
݀‫ ݕ‬cos ‫ ݔ‬− sin ‫ݔ‬
= −
න cot ‫ = ݔ‬ln(sin ‫ )ݔ‬+ ܿ ݀‫ ݔ‬sin ‫ݔ‬ cos ‫ݔ‬
cosଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ sinଶ ‫ݔ‬

=
6) Differentiate the following and sin ‫ݔ‬cos ‫ݔ‬
1
simplify your answers where =
sin ‫ݔ‬cos ‫ݔ‬
possible
a) ‫ = ݕ‬ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) − ln(‫ ݔ‬− 3) f) ‫ = ݕ‬ln(‫ݔ‬ଶ − 1) + ln(‫ ݔ‬− 1)
݀‫ݕ‬ 1 1 ݀‫ݕ‬ 2‫ݔ‬ 1

= − = ଶ +
݀‫ ݔ ݔ‬+ 2 ‫ ݔ‬− 3 ݀‫ ݔ ݔ‬− 1 ‫ ݔ‬− 1
2‫ݔ‬ (‫ ݔ‬+ 1)
= +
(‫ ݔ‬− 1)(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) (‫ ݔ‬+ 1)(‫ ݔ‬− 1)
b) ‫ = ݕ‬ln(‫ ݔ‬− 4) + ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 1)
3‫ ݔ‬+ 1
=
݀‫ݕ‬ 1 1 ‫ݔ‬ଶ − 1
= +
݀‫ ݔ ݔ‬− 4 ‫ ݔ‬+ 1
7) Differentiate the following and
c) ‫ = ݕ‬ln ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) simplify your answers where
possible
݀‫ ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ 1 ௘ೣି௘షೣ
= ଶ+ a) ‫= ݕ‬
݀‫ݔ ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬+ 1 ௘ೣା௘షೣ
d) ‫ = ݕ‬ln(‫ݔ‬ଶ + 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) − ln(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) ݂(‫݁ = )ݔ‬௫ − ݁ି௫
݀‫ݕ‬ 2‫ ݔ‬+ 2 1 ݂ᇱ(‫݁ = )ݔ‬௫ + ݁ି௫

= ଶ −
݀‫ ݔ ݔ‬+ 2‫ ݔ‬+ 1 ‫ ݔ‬+ 1
݃(‫݁ = )ݔ‬௫ + ݁ି௫
142
Integration
݀‫ݕ‬
ᇱ(‫)ݔ‬ ௫ ି௫ ݀‫ݔ‬
݃ = ݁ − ݁
(݁௫ + ݁ି௫) ଶ − (݁௫ − ݁ି௫) ଶ
=
݃ଶ(‫݁( = )ݔ‬௫ + ݁ି௫) ଶ (݁௫ + ݁ି௫) ଶ
By the quotient rule 2

=
(݁௫ + ݁ି௫) ଶ
௘ೣ
b) ‫= ݕ‬ ௘ೣିଵ
݀‫݁( ݕ‬௫)(݁௫ − 1) − ݁௫݁௫

=
݀‫ݔ‬ (݁௫ − 1) ଶ
− ݁௫
= ௫
(݁ − 1) ଶ
c) ‫(ݔ = ݕ‬cos(ln ‫ )ݔ‬+ sin(ln ‫))ݔ‬
Differentiate each part by the product rule
݀‫ݕ‬ ‫ݔ‬sin ln ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬cos(ln ‫)ݔ‬

= cos(ln ‫ )ݔ‬− + sin(ln ‫ )ݔ‬+
݀‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
= 2 cos(ln ‫)ݔ‬
d)
మ
‫ = ݕ‬ln൫‫ݔ‬ଶ݁ି௫ ൯
Simplify expression using log laws
మ
‫ = ݕ‬ln ‫ݔ‬ଶ + ln ݁ି௫ = ln ‫ݔ‬ଶ − ‫ݔ‬ଶ
݀‫ ݕ‬2‫ݔ‬ 2
= ଶ − 2‫ = ݔ‬− 2‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ ݔ‬ ‫ݔ‬
e) ‫ = ݕ‬ln[(‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1)(‫ݔ‬ଷ + 1) ଶ]
Simplify
143
Integration
‫ = ݕ‬ln(‫ݔ‬ଶ + 1) + 2 ln(‫ݔ‬ଷ + 1)
݀‫ݕ‬ 2‫ݔ‬ 6‫ݔ‬ଶ

= ଶ + ଷ
݀‫ ݔ ݔ‬+ 1 ‫ ݔ‬+ 1
144
Year 12 Mathematics
Trigonometry
145
Exercise 1
Radian Measurement
146
Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 1: Radian Measurement
1) Convert the following to exact

radians i) 10°
ߨ
a) 30°
18
ߨ
6 j) 130°
b) 40° 13ߨ
18
2ߨ
9 k) 165°
c) 120° 11ߨ
12
2ߨ
3 l) 60°
ߨ
d) 70°
3
7ߨ
18 2) Convert the following radians to
degrees
e) 170°
గ
a) ସ
17ߨ
18 45°
f) 160° b) ସగ
ଽ
8ߨ
80°
9
ଵଵగ
g) 150° c) ଵ଼
5ߨ 110°
6
଻గ
d) ଵଶ
h) 75°
105°
5ߨ
12
147
e) ଻గ 7ߨ
ଽ
6
140°
b) 240°
గ
f) ଶ 4ߨ
3
90°
c) 270°
గ
g) ଽ
3ߨ
20° 2
d) 320°
h) ߨ
16ߨ
180°
9
ହగ
i) ଵ଼ e) 360°
50° 2ߨ
గ
j) ଵଶ
4) Convert the following radians to
degrees
15°
ଷగ
a) ଶ
ଷగ
k) ସ
270°
135°
ହగ
b) ସ
ହగ
l) ଽ
225°
100°
଻గ
c) ଺
3) Convert the following degrees to
exact radians 210°
a) 210° d) ଻గ
ସ
315°
148
70
݈= 2ߨ × 1.5 ×
e) ଵଷగ 360
ଽ
7ߨ
260° =
12
ଵ଻గ
f) ଵହ e) Radius of 33cm, subtended
angle of 100°
204°
100
݈= 2ߨ × 33 ×
5) Find the length of the following 360
arcs in terms of π
55ߨ
=
3
a) Radius 2cm, subtended
angle of 30° f) Radius of 2.25cm,
subtended angle of 135°
30
݈= 2ߨ × 2 ×
360 135
݈= 2ߨ × 2.25 ×
ߨ 360
=
3
27ߨ
=
16
b) Radius 10cm, subtended
angle of 90°
6) Calculate the areas of the
following sectors in terms of π
90
݈= 2ߨ × 10 ×
360
a) Radius 10cm, subtended
= 5ߨ angle of 220°
220
c) Radius of 12cm, subtended ‫ߨ = ܣ‬10ଶ ×
angle of 120° 360
550ߨ
120 =
݈= 2ߨ × 12 × 9
360
= 8ߨ b) Radius 4cm, subtended

angle of 10°
d) Radius of 1.5m, subtended

10
angle of 70° ‫ߨ = ܣ‬4ଶ ×
360
149
4ߨ 1
= sin ‫ = ݔ‬−
9 2
c) Radius 15cm, subtended 11ߨ

‫=ݔ‬
angle of 135° 12
135 b) √3 cos ‫ ݔ‬− 1 = 0, [0, 2ߨ]

‫ߨ = ܣ‬15ଶ ×
360
1
cos ‫= ݔ‬
675ߨ √3
=
8
ߨ 5ߨ
‫=ݔ‬ ,
d) Radius 8cm, subtended 3 3
angle of 110°
ଵ
c) sin 2‫= ݔ‬
√ଶ
, [0, ߨ]
110
‫ߨ = ܣ‬8ଶ ×
360 ߨ 3ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ
2‫= ݔ‬ , , ,
4 4 4 4
176ߨ
=
9 ߨ 3ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ
‫=ݔ‬ , , ,
8 8 8 8
e) Radius 1cm, subtended
angle of 180° d) tan 4‫ ݔ‬− 1 = 0, [ߨ, 2ߨ]
180 tan 4‫ = ݔ‬1

‫ߨ = ܣ‬1ଶ ×
360
ߨ 5ߨ 9ߨ 13ߨ
ߨ 4‫= ݔ‬ , , , ,…
= 4 4 4 4
2
ߨ 5ߨ 9ߨ 13ߨ
f) Radius 10cm, subtended ‫=ݔ‬ , , , ,…
16 16 16 16
angle of 360°
In the interval:
360
‫ߨ = ܣ‬10ଶ ×
360 17ߨ 21ߨ 25ߨ 29ߨ
‫=ݔ‬ , , ,
16 16 16 16
= 100ߨ
e) 4 cos 4‫ = ݔ‬2, [0, ߨ]
7) Solve the following equations for ‫ݔ‬
in the interval stated 1
cos 4‫= ݔ‬
2
a) 2 sin ‫ ݔ‬+ 1 = 0, [0, 2ߨ]
150
ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ 11ߨ
4‫= ݔ‬ , , ,
3 3 3 3 (sin ‫ ݔ‬− 2)(sin ‫ ݔ‬+ 1) = 0
ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ 11ߨ sin ‫ = ݔ‬− 1

‫=ݔ‬ , , ,
12 12 12 12
3ߨ
‫ = ݔ‬− ߨ,
8) Solve the following in the interval 2
stated
f) sin ‫ ݔ‬+ cos ‫ = ݔ‬1, [0, 2ߨ]
a) 2 cos 3‫ = ݔ‬1, [0,
2ߨ)
ߨ
‫ = ݔ‬0, , 2ߨ
1 2
cos 3‫= ݔ‬
2
ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ 11ߨ
3‫= ݔ‬ , , , ,…
3 3 3 3
ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ 11ߨ 15ߨ
‫=ݔ‬ , , , ,
9 9 9 9 9
గ గ
b) sin 2‫ = ݔ‬sin ‫ݔ‬, ቒ− , ቓ
ଶ ଶ
‫ =ݔ‬0
c) sin ‫ ݔ‬− cos ‫ = ݔ‬1, [0, 2ߨ]
tan ‫ = ݔ‬1
ߨ 5ߨ
‫=ݔ‬ ,
4 4
d) 2 sin 2‫ݔ‬cos 2‫ = ݔ‬cos 2‫ݔ‬, [− ߨ, ߨ]
2 sin 2‫ = ݔ‬1
ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ
2‫= ݔ‬ , ,−
6 6 6
ߨ 5ߨ 7ߨ
‫=ݔ‬ , ,−
12 12 12
e) sinଶ ‫ ݔ‬− sin ‫ = ݔ‬2, (− 2ߨ, 2ߨ)
151
Exercise 2
Graphing Trigonometric Functions
152
Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 2: Graphing Trigonometric Functions
1) Graph the following in the range 0 to 2π, and state the domain for each
a) sin ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
-1 to 1
b) sin 2‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
c) sin ଶ ‫ݔ‬
153
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
d) cos ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
e) cos 3‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
154
ଷ
f) cos ଶ ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
2) From your graphs in question 1, what effect on the range is produced by the varying
of B in the general equations
‫ = ݕ‬sin ‫ݔܤ‬, and ‫ = ݕ‬cos ‫ݔܤ‬
What general effect does the value of “B” have on such graphs?
The period of the curve increases or decreases with the value of B
a) 2 sin ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
b) ଶ
sin ‫ݔ‬
155
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
c) ଶ
cos ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
d) 3 cos ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
156
4) From your graphs in question 3, what effect on the range is produced by the varying
of A in the general equations
‫ ܣ = ݕ‬sin ‫ݔ‬, and ‫ ܣ = ݕ‬cos ‫ݔ‬
What general effect does the value of “A” have on such graphs?
The amplitude of the curve changes with the value of A
a) ‫ = ݕ‬1 + sin ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
b) ‫ = ݕ‬2 − sin ‫ݔ‬
157
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
c) ‫ = ݕ‬2 + cos ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
d) ‫ = ݕ‬1 − cos ‫ݔ‬
158
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
6) From your graphs in question 5, what effect is produced by the varying of “C” in the
general equations
‫ ܥ = ݕ‬± sin ‫ݔ‬, and ‫ ܥ = ݕ‬± cos ‫ݔ‬
The curve moves up or down the y axis C units
7) Solve the following by drawing graphs of the functions
a) sin ‫ݔ = ݔ‬
‫ =ݔ‬0
b) cos 2‫ ݔ = ݔ‬+ 1
‫ =ݔ‬0
௫
c) sin 2‫= ݔ‬ ଶ
2ߨ
‫ = ݔ‬0,
5
d) 2 cos ‫ ݔ = ݔ‬− 1
7ߨ
‫=ݔ‬
16
e) 1 − sin ‫ = ݔ‬cos ‫ݔ‬

159
ߨ
‫ = ݔ‬0, , 2ߨ
2
8) Graph the following in the range 0 to 2π, state the domain, and any values in the
range for which the function is undefined
a) y = tan ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
b) ‫ = ݕ‬tan 2‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
c) ‫ = ݕ‬tan ଶ ‫ݔ‬
160
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
d) ‫ = ݕ‬2 tan ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
e) ‫=ݕ‬ ଶ
tan ‫ݔ‬
161
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
9) What effect does varying the values of A and B have on the graph and the range and
domain of functions of the type
‫ ܣ = ݕ‬tan ‫ݔܤ‬
10) Graph the following in the range 0 to 2π
a) ‫ = ݕ‬cot ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
b) ‫ = ݕ‬sec ‫ݔ‬
162
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
c) ‫ = ݕ‬csc ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
d) ‫ = ݕ‬2 sec ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
e) ‫ = ݕ‬cot 2‫ݔ‬
163
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
f) ‫ = ݕ‬csc ଶ ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
11) Draw a rough sketch of the following in the range 0 to 2π, and then graph formally
to check your sketch
164
a) ‫ = ݕ‬2 cos 2‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
b) ‫=ݕ‬ ଶ
sin 2‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
c) ‫ = ݕ‬3 cos 2‫ݔ‬
165
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
d) ‫ = ݕ‬2 sin 3‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
e) ‫ = ݕ‬2 tan ଶ ‫ݔ‬
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
ଵ
f) ‫=ݕ‬ ଶ
tan 2‫ݔ‬
166
1
x
-π/4 π/4 π/2 3π/4 π 5π/4 3π/2 7π/4 2π

-1
-2
-3
-4
167
Exercise 3
Differentiation & Integration
168
Chapter 7: Trigonometry Exercise 3: Differentiation & Integration
1) Find the derivatives of the 2) Find the derivatives of the

following following
a) ‫ = ݕ‬sin ‫ݔ‬ a) ‫ = ݕ‬cos ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ ݀‫ݕ‬
= cos ‫ݔ‬ = − sin ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
b) ‫ = ݕ‬sin 2‫ݔ‬ b) ‫ = ݕ‬− cos 2‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ ݀‫ݕ‬
= 2cos 2‫ݔ‬ = 2 sin 2‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ ଵ
c) ‫ = ݕ‬sin ସ ‫ݔ‬ c) ‫ = ݕ‬cos ଶ ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ ݕ‬1 1 ݀‫ݕ‬ 1 1
= cos ‫ݔ‬ = − sin ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ ݔ‬4 4 ݀‫ݔ‬ 2 2
d) ‫ = ݕ‬sin 3‫ݔ‬ d) ‫ = ݕ‬tan ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ ݀‫ݕ‬
= 3 cos 3‫ݔ‬ = sec ଶ ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
e) ‫ = ݕ‬sin(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) e) ‫ = ݕ‬tan 2‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ ݀‫ݕ‬
= cos(‫ ݔ‬+ 2) = 2 sec ଶ ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
f) ‫ = ݕ‬sin(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) f) ‫ = ݕ‬sin(2‫ ݔ‬− 1)
݀‫ݕ‬ ݀‫ݕ‬
= cos(‫ ݔ‬+ 1) = 2 cos(2‫ ݔ‬− 1)
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
g) ‫ = ݕ‬− sin(‫ ݔ‬− 3) g) ‫ = ݕ‬cos(3‫ ݔ‬+ 2)
݀‫ݕ‬ ݀‫ݕ‬
= − cos(‫ ݔ‬− 3) = − 3 sin(3‫ ݔ‬+ 2)
݀‫ݔ‬ ݀‫ݔ‬
ଵ
h) ‫ = ݕ‬sin ቀ− ଶ ‫ ݔ‬− 1ቁ
169
݀‫ݕ‬ 1 1
= − cos ൬− ‫ ݔ‬− 1൰
݀‫ݔ‬ 2 2 ݀‫ݕ‬ 1
= − 2 sec ଶ ൬‫ ݔ‬+ ൰
݀‫ݔ‬ 2
ଵ
i) ‫ = ݕ‬cos ቀ2‫ ݔ‬− ଶቁ
ଵ ଵ
h) ‫=ݕ‬ ଶ
tan ଶ ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ 1
= − 2 sin ൬2‫ ݔ‬− ൰
݀‫ݔ‬ 2 ݀‫ ݕ‬1 1
= sec ଶ ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ ݔ‬4 2
3) Find derivatives of the following
4) Perform the following integrations
a) ‫ = ݕ‬2 sin ‫ݔ‬
a) ∫ sin ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬
= 2 cos ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ ‫ = ݕ‬− cos ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
ଵ
b) ‫ = ݕ‬2 sin ଶ ‫ݔ‬ b) ∫ cos ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ 1 ‫ = ݕ‬sin ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ

= cos ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ 2
c) ∫ sin(− 2‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
c) ‫ = ݕ‬4 cos 2‫ݔ‬
1
݀‫ݕ‬ ‫=ݕ‬ cos(− 2‫ )ݔ‬+ ܿ
= − 8 sin 2‫ݔ‬ 2
݀‫ݔ‬
ୡ୭ୱଶ௫
ଵ
d) ∫ ଶ
݀‫ݔ‬
d) ‫ = ݕ‬3 cos ଶ ‫ݔ‬
sin 2‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ 3 1 ‫=ݕ‬ + ܿ
4
= − sin ‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݔ‬ 2 2
௦௜௡ଶ௫
e) 2∫ ଶ
݀‫ݔ‬
e) ‫ = ݕ‬2 sin(2‫ ݔ‬+ 1)
cos 2‫ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬ ‫ =ݕ‬− + ܿ
= 4 cos(2‫ ݔ‬+ 1) 4
݀‫ݔ‬
5) Perform the following integrations
f) ‫ = ݕ‬3 cos(‫ ݔ‬− 1)
ଵ ଵ
݀‫ݕ‬ a) ଶ
∫ cos ቀଶ ‫ ݔ‬+ 1ቁ݀‫ݔ‬
= − 3 sin(‫ ݔ‬− 1)
݀‫ݔ‬
1
‫ = ݕ‬sin ൬ ‫ ݔ‬+ 1൰+ ܿ
g) ‫ = ݕ‬− 2 tan ቀ‫ ݔ‬+ ଶቁ
ଵ 2
170
b) 2 ∫ sin(2‫ ݔ‬− 3) ݀‫ݔ‬

e) ∫ ൫cos ‫݁ݔ‬ୱ୧୬ ௫൯݀‫ݔ‬
‫ = ݕ‬− cos(2‫ ݔ‬− 3) + ܿ
Let ‫݁ = ݕ‬ୱ୧୬ ௫
c) ∫ cos 4‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
݀‫ݕ‬
= cos ‫݁ݔ‬ୱ୧୬ ௫
1 ݀‫ݔ‬
‫=ݕ‬ sin 4‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
4
න = න 1 ݀‫ ݕ = ݕ‬+ ܿ
d) ∫ 2 − cos 2‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
1 = ݁ୱ୧୬ ௫ + ܿ
‫ = ݕ‬2‫ ݔ‬− sin 2‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
2
ଵ
e) ∫ ቀsin ଶ ‫ݔ‬ቁ+ 1 ݀‫ݔ‬
1
‫ = ݕ‬− 2 cos ‫ ݔ‬+ ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
2
6) Integrate the following
a) ∫ sec ଶ ‫ݔ݀ݔ‬
‫ = ݕ‬tan ‫ݔ‬
ୱୣୡమ ௫
b) ∫ ଶ
݀‫ݔ‬
1
‫=ݕ‬ tan ‫ݔ‬
2
c) ∫ (3 sin ‫ ݔ‬− 2 sec ଶ ‫ݔ݀ )ݔ‬
‫ = ݕ‬− 3 cos ‫ ݔ‬− 2 tan ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
d) ଵ
∫ ቀ2 cos ଶ ‫ ݔ‬− sin 2‫ ݔ‬+ sec ଶ ‫ݔ‬ቁ݀‫ݔ‬
1 1
‫ = ݕ‬4 sin ‫ ݔ‬+ cos 2‫ ݔ‬+ tan ‫ ݔ‬+ ܿ
2 2
171
172

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Year 12 Mathematics

©2009 Ezy Math Tutoring | All Rights Reserved www.ezymathtutoring.com.au

©2009 Ezy Math Tutoring | All Rights Reserved www.ezymathtutoring.com.au

CHAPTER 1: Series & Sequences 5

CHAPTER 3: Geometric Applications of Differentiation 64

CHAPTER 5: Applications of Calculus 106

CHAPTER 7: Trigonometry 145

1) Calculate the value of d in the c) ____, ____, 22, ____, ____,

a) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... 3݀ = 43 − 22 = 21, ݀ = 7

݀= 2 d) ____, ____, ____76, 68, ...

݀= 3 e) ____, ____, ____, 7, ____,

ܽଶହ = 6 + (25 − 1)7 = 174

b) ____, ____, 15, 18, ...

5) Find the common difference of the

݀ = 4.8 c) List the first 3 terms of the

7) An arithmetic sequence has a third

gives the same value for both

ܽଶ଴ = ܽଵ + (19)4 = 102 ܽଶ଴ = − 20 + 19݀ = 56

9) There are two arithmetic ܽହ = 40 + 4݀ = 8

ܽଶ଼ = 13 + 27݀ = 40 Term 6 with a value of 0 will be

10) Arithmetic sequence A has a first

1) Calculate the value of r in the a) ___, ___, 8, 16, 32

b) 3, 4.5, 6.75, ... b) ___, ___, 9, ____, 20.25, ...

4.5 6.75 9‫ݎ‬ଶ = 20.25

d) 1000, 200, 40, ... c) ____, ____, 25, ____, 6.25

200 40 25‫ݎ‬ଶ = 6.25

f) ___, ___, 100, ___, 9, ...

ܽଶ଴ = 0.5 × 4ଵଽ 8) A geometric sequence has a first

10) A geometric sequence has a first 1

11) The fifth term of geometric ‫ =ݎ‬− 4

5) The sum of the first twelve terms

ܽଵହ = 64 + 14 × ݀ = 92 2ܽଵ = 58 − 11݀

2ܽଵ = 9 − 7݀ So: ‫ݔ‬ଶ + 4‫ ݔ‬+ 3 = 0

100 ‫ = ݔ‬− 3 ‫ = ݔݎ݋‬− 1

2ܽଵ = 285 − 99݀

3‫ݔ‬ଶ + 3ܽ଺ = 2‫ݔ‬ଶ − 4‫ ݔ‬− 3

c) ____, 5, ____, 20, ...

d) 675, ____, ____, 200, ...

e) ____, − 500, ____, − 125, ..

‫ = ݎ‬± 1 gives unreal solutions for a, so ‫ = ݎ‬± 2

40, − 20, 10, − 5, … ….

40(1 − ‫ = )ݎ‬1 − ‫ݎ‬ସ

By trial and error, graphing or logarithms

ܽ(1 − ‫ݎ‬ଽ) = 1 − ‫ݎ‬

‫ = ݎ‬1, ܽ = 0 which does not lead to a geometric series

Series Notation; Convergence & Divergence

1) Determine if the following sequences converge, diverge or oscillate. If the sequence

Geometric sequence with ‫ < ݎ‬1, so sequence converges

4) Write the following series in summation notation

Series is arithmetic with ܽ = 1, ݀ = 2

Series is geometric with ܽ = 2, ‫ = ݎ‬2

Series is neither geometric nor arithmetic

Series is neither geometric nor arithmetic

By inspection, 60 represents the 20th term

5) List the first four terms of the following series

7) A Find the 40th term of the series generated by the notation

Which is an arithmetic series with ܽ = 4, ݀ = 2

Series is arithmetic with ܽ = 1, ݀ = 2

1) Calculate the sum to infinity of the following sequences

b) 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, ….

c) 12, 3, 0.75, ....

e) 6.4, 0.8, 0.1, ....

Sum to infinity cannot be calculated as ‫ > ݎ‬1

2) Calculate the following

1) Calculate the value of d in the c) , , 22, , ,

݀= 2 d) , , 76, 68, ...

݀= 3 e) , , , 7, ,

b) , , 15, 18, ...

1) Calculate the value of r in the a) _, _, 8, 16, 32

b) 3, 4.5, 6.75, ... b) _, _, 9, ____, 20.25, ...

d) 1000, 200, 40, ... c) , , 25, , 6.25

f) _, _, 100, ___, 9, ...

c) , 5, , 20, ...

d) 675, , , 200, ...

e) , − 500, , − 125, ..

d) √6, _, ,2√6