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This ocean has the largest ocean current, called the Antarctic Circumpolar
Current , and since it connects the basins of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian
oceans, influences the climate of the entire planet. It carries 135-145 million cubic
meters of water per second from west to east along 20,000 Antarctic kilometers at
a rate of 0.5 meters per second. This route distributes the heat and has
interference in the patterns of rains and temperatures.
It has an average depth of 4,000-5,000 meters and bathes around 17,968
kilometers of Antarctic coast. In its ground is located a Continental Platform of
about 260 kilometers of average width and a maximum of 2,600 kilometers.
Its temperature is between 10 ° and -2 ° Celsius but it has the strongest and largest
winds and waves in the world as the temperature of the ice contrasts with that of
the open ocean. During winter, the sea freezes at about 65 ° latitude south of the
Pacific and at about 55 ° latitude south in the sector of the Atlantic Ocean . Winter
is the month when coastal waters freeze except in some areas.
The salinity is lower to the north near the Antarctic Convergence, where the cold
waters sink under the less cold waters of the Convergence. This ocean is a large
deposit of carbon and contains about 50 times more than the atmosphere.
Its productivity is not very high due to the low levels of iron and sunlight, this last
result of the cloudiness. Yet it is rich in nutrients and in manganese nodules as well
as in potential oil and natural gas fields. It is also home to more than 10,000
species perfectly adapted to the weather conditions, such
as penguins , squids , whales , seals , Antarctic krill and a variety of fish.
> It is also known as the Southern Ocean or Southern Ocean.
Fishing is relatively fruitful, with hake and krill being the most exploited
species. Only in the period 2006-2007 were captured 126,976 metric tons of these
species.
In Antarctic territory there are two seaports: McMurdo and Palmer. Some anchor
points are installed on the high seas. Not all of its waters are navigable due to the
presence of ice blocks . Only a few boats for research purposes can cross 60 °
south, as passage is not allowed to private and commercial boats.
The increase in ultraviolet radiation as a result of its passage through the hole of
the ozone layer is of concern. The whiteness of the ice reflects the heat and brings
it back into space, which increases the cold. It is believed that ultraviolet radiation
is responsible for the reduction of phytoplankton, the primary link in the food
chain. In addition, there is an illegal level of fishing that affects the sustainability of
the sea and impairs the availability of food for other species.
Océano Antártico
Su productividad no es muy alta debido a los bajos niveles de hierro y de luz solar,
esto último resultado de la nubosidad. Aún así es rico en nutrientes y en nódulos
de manganeso así como en posibles yacimientos de petróleo y gas natural.
También es hogar de más de 10,000 especies perfectamente adaptadas a las
condiciones climatológicas, como pingüinos, calamares, ballenas, focas, krill
antártico y una gran variedad de peces.
› Es conocido también como océano Austral u océano Meridional.
Its cold conditions are not an impediment to the prosperity of several species. In its
waters inhabit narvales, walruses , belugas, seals, boreal whales and the medusa
lion mane, that grows until measuring 2.4 meters. Plankton, algae, various species
of fish and polar bears are also present.
In the soil there are deposits of oil, natural gas and gravel, important resources for
the countries. Its waters are navigable as long as you take care of the
icebergs; Between March and April the ice covers much of the ocean. It is of
greater relevance as it is believed to house more than 25 percent of the
undiscovered oil and gas fields.
It is a maritime link between the east and west of Russia and between this and
North America. However, the center of the ocean is disputed between Norway,
Denmark, the United States, Canada and Russia.
This ocean has a very visible affect of the climatic change since, due to the global
temperature increase, the layer of ice slims gradually. De-icing could lead to
serious flooding in the future, burial underwater in some countries, contamination
of territories due to their concentration of radioactive contaminants and altering the
direction of ocean currents.
Océano Ártico
The Atlantic is the most salty ocean in the world, however, surface salinity varies
according to latitude and season. Thus, the most salty waters are at 25 ° north and
south latitude and in tropical areas of sparse rains and high evaporation. The
lowest levels of salinity occur north of the equator.
Temperatures may vary depending on latitude and season, but are above -2 °
centigrade. Again, north of the equator the warmer temperatures are recorded
while the lower ones are concentrated in the polar regions. Between August and
November , hurricanes are common , which tend to develop on the coast of Africa
and move westward in the Caribbean Sea.
The bottom of the ocean is relatively flat but presents abyssal plains, ridges,
depressions, plateaus and canyons. In the Labrador Sea, the Strait of Denmark
and the shores of the Baltic Sea, the water is usually covered with lots of ice
between the months of October and June.
It is the main artery between Europe and America and has been navigated for
many centuries. It has a great transit of boats. At the same time, it has important oil
and natural gas deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves and
especially in the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea.
In addition to oil and gas, the Atlantic is exploited to obtain fishery resources, sand,
gravel, polymetallic nodules and precious stones. The fishing activity is very
abundant and the fish of major importance are the cod, the hake, the herring and
the mackerel.
The Atlantic Ocean presents pollution caused by oil spills, drainage of toxic waters
and garbage. Some international treaties are concerned about this and have joined
efforts to reduce the effects although many animal species such as the manatee ,
some whales and turtles , sea lions and seals are already in danger of extinction .
Océano Atlántico
The salinity of the waters of the Indian Ocean is between 3.2 and 3.7 percent. The
highest level of salinity occurs in the Arabian Sea and in a water belt located
between the South African continent and southwest Australia. By the way, it is
common to see icebergs at 65 ° south latitude throughout the year, but its limit is
45 ° south latitude.
Its surface temperature, at 20 ° latitude south, is about 22 ° centigrade, while in the
east it can exceed 28 ° Celsius. From 40 ° south latitude, water temperatures
decrease. Water circulation is controlled by flows from the Atlantic Ocean , Red
Sea, and Antarctic currents, but the ocean has two main flow patterns: the
northward current moving to the right, and another southward current Of the
equator that moves counterclockwise.
The climate is variable. To the north of the equator a monsoon climate
predominates, but in the southern hemisphere the winds are weaker, with sporadic
summer storms lashing the island of Mauritius. From October to April, there are
strong winds blowing in the northeast. The change of monsoons causes cyclones
that can affect the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.
This ocean is very young, reason why in its subsoil rises rises and mountain
ranges. To the south is located the plateau of Kerguelen, a small continent of
volcanic origin. To the west and near Madagascar, there is an underwater plateau
whose length is 2,000 kilometers.
The Indian Ocean contains a significant amount of oil and natural gas deposits,
and is also a source of fishery, sand and gravel resources, all important for
different industrial sectors. It has four main waterways: Bab-el-Mandeb, the Strait
of Hormuz, the Straits of Malacca and the Suez Canal.
The marine life of the Indian Ocean is relatively limited due to the low
concentrations of phytoplankton. However, the northern part of the ocean has more
species richness, which are important for exploitation and domestic
consumption. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, Taiwan and South Korea are
exploiting the ocean for shrimp and tuna .
On the other hand, it is a path of incessant oil traffic precedent of Indonesia and
the Persian Gulf, with an average of 17 million barrels of oil per day. In fact, 40
percent of the world's oil production, whose deposits are on the high seas,
originate in the Indian Ocean.
In the late 1990s a large amount of litter was found in the Indian Ocean suspended
on the surface of the water
In the late 1990s, a large amount of litter was found on the surface of the Indian
Ocean in the Indian Ocean. There are thousands of plastic particles, chemical
substances and other types of garbage deposited, which covers about 10 million
square kilometers. For its part, the Arabian and Red seas and the Persian Gulf are
contaminated by the presence of hydrocarbons.
Océano Índico
La salinidad de las aguas del océano Índico se encuentra entre 3.2 y 3.7 por
ciento. El nivel más alto de salinidad se presenta en el mar Arábigo y en un
cinturón de agua situado entre el sur del continente africano y el suroeste de
Australia. Por cierto, es común ver icebergs a 65°latitud sur durante todo el año,
pero su límite son 45° latitud sur.
Su temperatura superficial, a 20° latitud sur, es de unos 22° centígrados, mientras
que en el este puede sobrepasar los 28° Celsius. A partir de los 40° latitud sur, las
temperaturas del agua disminuyen. La circulación de las aguas es controlada por
flujos que provienen del océano Atlántico, el mar Rojo y las corrientes antárticas,
pero el océano tiene dos patrones de flujo principales: la corriente del hemisferio
norte que se mueve hacia la derecha, y otra corriente al sur del ecuador que se
mueve en sentido contrario a las agujas del reloj.
El clima es variable. Al norte del ecuador predomina un clima monzónico, pero en
el hemisferio sur los vientos son más débiles, con esporádicas tormentas
veraniegas que azotan la isla de Mauricio. De octubre a abril, hay fuertes vientos
que soplan en el noreste. El cambio de los monzones provoca ciclones que
pueden afectar la bahía de Bengala y el mar Arábigo.
Este océano es muy joven, por lo que en su subsuelo se erigen riscos y
cordilleras. Al sur se ubica la meseta de Kerguelen, un pequeño continente de
origen volcánico. Al oeste y cercana a Madagascar, existe una meseta submarina
cuya longitud es de 2,000 kilómetros.
In simple terms, the Pacific Ocean is twice as large as the Atlantic and contains
twice as much water as this: 714 million cubic kilometers. It occupies an area of
about 161,760,000 square kilometers and includes the Bali Sea, Bering Sea, Gulf
of Alaska, Gulf of Tonkin, Coral Sea, East China Sea, Philippine Sea, Sea of
Japan, The South China Sea and the Tasman Sea.
Its deepest point corresponds to the Trench of the Marianas, considered the
deepest zone of the world with its 11.3 km.
Its widest point is located about 5 ° north and its deepest point corresponds to the
Trench of the Marianas, that measures some 11.3 kilometers of depth.
The salinity of ocean water is highly variable, and depends on three factors: winds,
precipitation, and evaporation. High salinity values are considered to correspond to
more than 35 parts per thousand or 3.5 percent and low values, less than 3.5
percent, are low salinity levels. In this case, the lowest salinity is observed in the
areas of the extreme north of the ocean (3.2 percent) and the highest one occurs in
the southeast, where water reaches 3.7 percent. The greater the amount of
precipitation, the lower salinity and the greater evaporation, the higher the
concentration of salt.
The temperature of the Pacific Ocean is given in relation to the "layers" of the
water. Each one has a different temperature, since the lower ones are colder than
the upper ones, evidently. The surface layer, which is between 300 and 900 meters
wide, contrasts with the temperatures of the deepest layer, which may be near the
freezing point. Average temperatures are between -1.4 ° and 30 ° C, the latter
present in areas near the equator. In general, the North Pacific is warmer than the
South Pacific.
Within its area there is a great volcanic activity and it is place of violent
earthquakes, this is due to that is surrounded by the "Belt of Fire of the
Pacific". May to December is a common time of tropical cyclones in South Asia and
between June and October hurricanes often strike south and north of North
America and Central America, respectively. The surface currents of the North
Pacific move clockwise, while in the South Pacific the opposite happens.
The Pacific contains important oil and gas fields and its waters are home to
thousands of important edible species in the fishing industry. It is also a source of
minerals, sand and gravel for the construction industry. In 1996, approximately 60
percent of the fishery was made in the Pacific Ocean, and today the fuel reserves
contained therein play an essential role in the energy supply of countries bathed by
their waters.
Its navigable waters are used to provide transportation services from east to west,
and strategic shipping routes are in Taiwan, Singapore and the area known as the
Torres Strait, located in Oceania.
In its waters is lodged the Island of Garbage or the Great Spot of garbage, a
fraction of territory formed basically by wastes, mostly plastics.
This ocean is the subject of one of the most serious contaminations in history. In its
waters is lodged the Island of Garbage or the Great Spot of garbage, a sort of
territory conformed mainly by wastes, mostly plastics. The situation is dangerous in
view of the millions of animal and plant species that circulate around and the
environmental hazards involved.
OCÉANO PACÍFICO
La salinidad del agua del océano es muy variable, y depende de tres factores:
vientos, precipitación y evaporación. Se considera que los valores altos de
salinidad corresponden a más de 35 partes por mil o 3.5 por ciento y los valores
bajos, inferiores al 3.5 por ciento, son niveles bajos de salinidad. En este caso, la
salinidad más baja se percibe en las zonas del extremo norte del océano (3.2 por
ciento) y la más alta ocurre en el sureste, donde el agua alcanza hasta 3.7 por
ciento. A mayor cantidad de precipitaciones, menor salinidad y a mayor
evaporación, mayor concentración de sal.
La temperatura del océano Pacífico está dada en relación con las “capas” del
agua. Cada una tiene una temperatura distinta, pues las inferiores son más frías
que las superiores, evidentemente. La capa superficial, que tiene entre 300 y 900
metros de ancho, contrasta con las temperaturas de la capa más profunda, que
puede estar cerca del punto de congelación. Las temperaturas medias se sitúan
entre el rango -1.4° y 30° centígrados, esta última presente en zonas cercanas al
Ecuador. En general, el Pacífico Norte es más cálido que el Pacífico Sur.
Dentro de su área hay una gran actividad volcánica y es lugar de violentos
terremotos, esto se debe a que está rodeado por el “Cinturón de Fuego del
Pacífico”. De mayo a diciembre es época común de ciclones tropicales en el sur
de Asia y entre junio y octubre los huracanes suelen embestir el sur y el norte de
Norteamérica y América Central, respectivamente. Las corrientes superficiales del
Pacífico Norte se mueven en el sentido de las agujas del reloj mientras que en el
Pacífico Sur sucede al contrario.