CHAPTER 2: CELL STRUCTURE, FUNCTION & CELL

ORGANIZATION

• Cells are basic units of all living things

• Cells vary in shape, sizes and content depending on their function.

• Cells carry out life process such as movement, reproduction,

excretion, body growth and respiration

• A light microscope is usually used to help us observe

microscopic cells.

Skin cells Moss cells

DIVISION OF CELL

 Cell undergo cell division to increase the number of cells

 A parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells then continue to produce
4 daughter cell,8 cells, and until millions of cells are produced in
our body
 The increasing number of cells causes our body size to increase
 Cancer cells are formed when cell continue to divide uncontrolled
to form abnormal cells(tumour)

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Division of normal cells

Division of abnormal cells

MICROSCOPE

 Optical instrument used for viewing cells

 A light microscope can magnify an object up to 400 times than its
actual size
 A light microscope has 2 types of lens:

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 i. Eyepiece lens
ii. Objective lens

Total Magnification = Power of eyepiece X Power of Objective lens

Coarse
Focus Knob Body tube

Fine focus
knob

Microscope Part Function

Eyepiece lens To observe & magnify the image of the specimen
around 10x
Objective lens To increase the magnification od the specimen
Stage Place the slide of specimen
Diaphragm Control the amount of light enter objective lens
Body tube Fix the distance between eyepiece and objective lens

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Coarse focus knob To control the power of objective lens
Fine focus knob To obtain a sharp image of the specimen
Arm To hold & support the microscope

FUNCTION & STRUCTURE OF ANIMAL CELLS & PLANT CELLS

Part of the cell Function

Cell membrane Control the movement of substances in and out of the cell

Cytoplasm Medium for biochemical reaction in cell

Nucleus Control all the activities in cell
contain genetic material called chromosomes
 Chromosomes consist of DNA
 DNA carries genetic information that determines the
characteristic of each organism

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Vacuole Contain water, organic subtances and waste products
Maintain turgidity of cells in plants

Mitochondria Generate energy for the cell

Chloroplast Absorbs light for photosynthesis
Cell wall Provide support & maintain the shape of plant cell

Comparison of an animal cell and plant cell

Animal cell Similarities Plant cell

 nucleus,
 cytoplasm,
 mitochondria
 cell membrane,

Animal cell Differences Plant cell

Irregular SHAPE Fixed
X CELL WALL √
Small vacoule VACOULE Large vacoule
X CHLOROPLAST √

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 TYPE OF ORGANISMS

Unicellular Multicellular
(Have one ( Have many cells
cell,small size) ,large size)

Plant Plant
eg : Euglena, Eg: Hydra ,
chlamydomonas
ferns ,mucor
,pleurococcus
spirogyra
Animal
Animal
eg: Amoeba,
Eg: Tiger,cow
paramecium

Chlamydomonas Euglena

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MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS (PLANT)

Spirogyra

Fern

Mucor

TYPE OF CELLS & THEIR FUNCTIONS

a) Human cells

RED BLOOD CELL

 Transport oxygen to the cell

WHITE BLOOD CELL

 Protect body against

infection of bacteria

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 EPITHELIAL CELL

 Form a layer to protect the

organ

MUSCLE CELL

 Contracts and relaxes to

produce movement

NERVE CELL

 Transmit the nerve signal to

the brain for body activities

BONE CELL

 Give a support to form

strong bone

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 REPRODUCTIVE CELL

Ovum Sperm

 Carry the genetic  Carry the genetic materials

materials of female of male

CELL ORGANIZATION IN HUMANS

All the systems

work together to
form complex
organisms

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CELL TISSUE ORGAN SYSTEM

• Basic • A group • A group • A group

units to of cell of of
form with different organs
different same tissue to which
tissues structure have work
& specific together
specific function in same
function function

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Type of tissues form the stomach

Muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Nervous
tissue Epithelial
Blood
tissue tissue

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TYPE OF HUMAN BODY SYSTEM

Organs: Skeletal Organs: mouth,

Organs: Bone, cartilage, muscle,smooth muscle & stomach, small intestine,
ligament & tendon cardiac muscle

Organs: Trachea ,
nose , lungs,
diaphragm Organs : Heart,
Organs: Brain, spinal
artery, vein & blood
cord & peripheral
capillary
nerves 12
 Type of plant cells

Epidermis cell

 Outermost layer of
the leaf to protect the
leaf from mechanical
injury

Palisade cell

 Contain many
chloroplasts to
absorb light for
photosynthesis

Control the opening

& closing of stoma

Transport
food from
leave to
all part of
plant

Absorb water and

mineral salts from soil

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 CELLULAR RESPIRATION & PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Photosynthesis Respiration

A process of green plant make food from A process of breakdown glucose in

carbon dioxide,and sunlight to produce presence of oxygen to form carbon
glucose and oxygen dioxide, water and energy

Glucose is stored in form of starch Energy is use for cell function

Oxygen is released Carbon dioxide is excreted through
exhalation

Occurs in presence of light only Occurs at all the times

Equation: Equation:
CO2 + H2O  O2 +Glucose Glucose + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O

Need chlorophyll in chloroplast to absorb Not need chlorophyll

light

occur in chloroplast Occurs in mitochondria

Happen in green plant and certain Happen in all living organisms

microorganisms

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESPIRATION &
PHOTOSYNTHESIS

• Photosynthesis absorbs energy to produce glucose &

oxygen
• O2 from photosynthesis is used up during respiration
• Cellular respiration release energy to produce carbon
dioxide
• CO2 from respiration is used in photosynthesis
• Without photosynthesis oxygen & glucose cannot be
produced. Organisms cannot exist without these basic
products.

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