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PART I
JULIO MARCOS-
MARCOS-FILHO SILVIO MOURE CICERO
DEPTO. DE PRODUÇ
PRODUÇÃO VEGETAL – USP/ESALQ
THE SPECIES
Perennial dicot
Euphorbiaceae
Hevea brasiliennsis
Photo IAC
1
PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Figure IAC
IAC
Photo IAC
8 9
LATEX EXTRACTION
Possible from the sixth year
Proceeds for 25 to 30 years
Crop longevity:
Genotype, climate and crop management
10 11
2
IAC
14 15
IAC
3
IAC Seedling selection 18 IAC Transferring to the nursery 19
SEEDLING PRODUCTION
B) Clonal gardens
IAC
IAC Transferring to the nursery 20 Seedlings from direct sowing in plastic bags 21
iac
Buds can be collected in an adult clonal garden 22 23
4
SEEDLING PRODUCTION
C) Grafting
Harvest
Mature seeds shed from dehiscent fruits
Seed production
SEED TECHNOLOGY 29
histodifferentiation reserve transfer desiccation
fres
ORTHODOX
h we
ight
TIME
Relationship between seed fresh weight, dry weight and moisture content during the
28 development of orthodox and recalcitrant seeds (Adapted from Berjak & Pammenter,
Pammenter, 2000).
5
Types of Recalcitrance
SEED STORAGE
Mínimum Moderate High
Fair amount of water Moderate amount of Little water loss Seed moisture content and lipid content
loss tolerated water loss tolerated tolerated
Germination slow in Moderate germination Fast germination in
absence of additional rate in absence of absence of additional
water additional water water
Lower temperature Most species are Most species are
Seed packaging
tolerated temperature sensitive temperature sensitive
Temperate / tropical Tropical forests and
distribution Tropical distribution wetlands
Ex.: Theobroma,
Theobroma, Hevea
Ex.: Quercus, Araucaria Ex.: Avicennia marina Factors affecting seed storability
Table 1. The continuum proposed to account for varying degrees of
of recalcitrance
(Farrant et al., 1988)
30 31
Table 2. Seedling emergence (%) from rubber tree seeds (35% m.c.) m.c.) with or without fungicide
treatment and stored in plastic bags placed in three different environments
environments (Cicero et al., Table 3. Percentage seedling emergence from rubber tree seeds
1986). (24.8% m.c.)
m.c.) with or without fungicide treatment and stored
with in plastic bags placed in three different environments
Storage period (days) (Cicero et al., 1986).
Environments Treatments
0 64 127 187 249 510 Storage period (days)
Environments Treatments
T1(‡) 66 70 11 10 01 00 0 70 145 204 285
Cold chamber
(10oC/80% RH) Cold chamber T1(‡) 66 08 01 05 03
T2 88 76 19 12 04 01
(10oC/80% RH) T2 88 12 08 02 01
Dry chamber T1 66 77 44 34 30 10 T1 66 23 05 06 01
Dry chamber
(22oC/35% RH) T2 88 82 60 42 27 17 (22oC/35% RH) T2 88 27 10 04 04
T1 66 85 59 46 24 15 T1 66 32 11 05 03
Laboratory Laboratory
T2 88 33 15 09 03
T2 88 80 68 61 34 15
(‡) T1 =: seeds treated with 0.1% Benomyl;
Benomyl; T2 = control 33
(‡) T1 =: seeds treated with 0.2% Captan;
Captan; T2 = control 32
Germination test
Storage period (days)
Material / environment
0 30 60 90 120 135 150
Plastic / laboratory 52 56 77 63 62 64 23
Plastic / 10oC 52 22 36 18 15 08 12
Multiwall paper/
52 00 00 00 00 00 00
laboratory
Multiwall paper / 10oC 52 00 00 00 00 00 00
34 35
6
SEED QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Tetrazolium test
CONCLUSION
Non-
Non-viable
Viable
36 37