VIKRAMA SIMHAPURI UNIVERSITY

NELLORE – 524 003

No.VSU/BOS/Syllabus/PG/2012 Date: 24.08.012

From To
Prof.V.Narayana Reddy The Principals of the Affiliated Colleges offering PG Courses
Registrar in V.S. University Area
Vikrama Simhapuri University SPSR Nellore Dist., A.P.
NELLORE-524 003

Sir/Madam,

Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore –

Affiliated Colleges offering PG Courses –
Sub:-
Syllabus, model questions and regulations for the
year 2012-13 – Communicated – Regarding.
Ref:- 1.Minutes of the Meeting of the Monitoring and
Development
Committee of V.S.University, Nellore held
on 09-08-2012.
* * 2.Vice-Chancellor’s
* Orders dated. 24.08.2012
I am by direction to enclose. one copy of the Syllabus pertaining to all the PG Courses along with Model questions
and regulations, scheme of examinations for the information and guidance of the faculty and students of your
College.

It is requested to make out the required number of copies of the above syllabi etc., at your end for the issuance of
the same to the students concerned for their information and guidance.

The receipt of this letter together with the receipt of enclosures may be acknowledged.

Yours faithfully,

REGISTRAR
Encl: As stated above
 VIKRAMA SIMHAPURI UNIVERSITY::NELLORE
M.Sc. DEGREE COURSE IN ZOOLOGY

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION AND SYLLABUS

CHOICE BASE CREDIT SYSTEM(CBCS)

(Effective from the batch of students admitted during the academic year 2012-14)

Semester Course Title of the Core/ No. of Credits Internal Semester Total
Code Course Elective Assessment End Marks
Exam

Theory:

ZOO-101 Invertebrata Core 4 30 70 100

& Chordata

ZOO-102 Cell Biology Core 4 30 70 100

and Genetics
ZOO-103 Chemistry of Core 4 30 70 100
Biomolecules
ZOO-104 Biophysical Core 4 30 70 100
and
Biochemical
Techniques
Practicals

ZOO-105 Practical-I: Core 4 --- 100 100

ZOO-101 &
-102
ZOO-106 Practical-II: Core 4 --- 100 100
ZOO-103 &
104
ZOO-107 Elementary Core -- 30 70 100
Soft Skills *
Theory:

II
 Core/ No. of IA SEE Total
Semes- Course Title of the Elective Credits Marks
ter Code Course

Theory:

III

ZOO-301 Environmental Core 4 30 70 100

Biology &
Evolution
ZOO-302 Neurobiology Core 4 30 70 100

ZOO-303 Enzymology Core 4 30 70 100

and
Metabolism
ZOO-304 Fishery Core 4 30 70 100
Biology and
Aquaculture
Practicals

ZOO-305 Practical -V: Core 4 --- 100 100

ZOO-301 &
302
ZOO-306 Practical -VI: Core 4 --- 100 100
ZOO-303 &
304
ZOO-307 Advanced Soft Core -- 30 70 100
Skills *
ZOO- 401 Toxicology Core 4 30 70 100

IV
Total Mandatory Credits: 96

Note: Seminar will be conducted only by internal staff.

(*) NOTE: For I & III Semesters Soft Skills course is offered to all the departments. Through the marks obtained
ZOO-
in the said 402 are notAnimal
course Core a pass mark 4in this examination
included in the total, 30 is required failing
70 which the student
100
is deemed to have failed Biotechnology
in the examinations.
ZOO- 403 Biostatistics Core 4 30 70 100
and
Bioinformatic
s
(*) NOTE: For II & IV Semesters Foundation course in Computer Applications course is offered to all the
ZOO-Through
departments. 404 theMicrobiology
marks obtained Core
in the said course4 are not included30in the total, a pass
70 mark in this 100
and
examination is required failing which the student is deemed to have failed in the examinations.
Aquaculture
Pathology
ZOO-405 Practical –VII: Core 4 -- 100 100
ZOO-401 &
402
ZOO-406 Practical Core 4 -- 100 100
–VIII: ZOO –
403 & 404
ZOO-407 Foundation Core -- 30 70 100
Course in
Computer
Applications

Total Marks 2400

 VIKRAMA SIMHAPURI UNIVERSITY::NELLORE
M.Sc. DEGREE COURSE IN ZOOLOGY

SCHEME OF EXAMINATION AND SYLLABUS

CHOICE BASE CREDIT SYSTEM(CBCS)

(Effective from the batch of students admitted during the academic year 2012-14)

Semester Course Title of the Core/ No. of Credits Internal Semester Total
Code Course Elective Assessment End Marks
Exam

Theory:

ZOO-101 Invertebrata Core 4 30 70 100

& Chordata

ZOO-102 Cell Biology Core 4 30 70 100

and Genetics
ZOO-103 Chemistry of Core 4 30 70 100
Biomolecules
ZOO-104 Biophysical Core 4 30 70 100
and
Biochemical
Techniques
Practicals

ZOO-105 Practical-I: Core 4 --- 100 100

ZOO-101 &
-102
ZOO-106 Practical-II: Core 4 --- 100 100
ZOO-103 &
104
Theory:

II
 Core/ No. of IA SEE Total
Semes- Course Title of the Elective Credits Marks
ter Code Course

Theory:

III

ZOO-301 Environmental Core 4 30 70 100

Biology &
Evolution
ZOO-302 Neurobiology Core 4 30 70 100

ZOO-303 Enzymology Core 4 30 70 100

and
Metabolism
ZOO-304 Fishery Core 4 30 70 100
Biology and
Aquaculture
Practicals

ZOO-305 Practical -V: Core 4 --- 100 100

ZOO-301 &
302
ZOO-306 Practical -VI: Core 4 --- 100 100
ZOO-303 &
304
ZOO- 401 Toxicology Core 4 30 70 100

IV

ZOO- 402 Animal Core 4 30 70 100

Biotechnology
ZOO- 403 Biostatistics Core 4 30 70 100
and
Bioinformatic
s
ZOO- 404 Microbiology Core 4 30 70 100
and
Aquaculture
Pathology
ZOO-405 Practical –VII: Core 4 -- 100 100
ZOO-401 &
402
ZOO-406 Practical Core 4 -- 100 100
–VIII: ZOO –
403 & 404

Total Marks 2400

 M.Sc. ZOOLOGY
(Effective from the batch of students admitted during the academic year 2012-14)

SEMESTER- I

ZOO 101: INVERTEBRATA & CHORDATA

INVERTEBRATA

UNIT -I: Taxonomy & Organizational Coelom, Nutrition & Digestion

1.1 Species concept, International code of Zoological nomenclature, Taxonomical procedures, New trends in
taxonomy
1.2 Acoelomata, Pseudocoelomata, Coelomata, Proterostornia and Dueterostornia
1.3 Patterns of feeding and digestion in lower metazoan. Feeding in polychaeta,
Mollusca, Echinodermata
1.4 Tortion in Mollusca, Water vascular system in Echinoderms

UNIT-II Respiration, Circulation, Nervous System And Larval Forms

2.1 Structure of Gill, Lungs and Trachea. Mechanism of Respiration

2.2 Circulatory system in Annelids, Arthropods & Mollusca
2.3 Advanced Nervous system- Annelida, Arthropoda & Mollusca
2.4 Larval forms of Crustaceans and Echinodermata, Phylogenetic significance of
larval forms.

CHORDATA

UNIT III :

3.1 Evolutionary time scale, Eras, Periods & Epoch major events in evolutionary
Time Scale
3.2 Vertebrate integument and derivatives, Skin structure and function, Glands,
Scales, Horns, Claws, Nails, Hoofs, Feathers, Hair
3.3 Comparative anatomy of Heart, Aortic arches and portal system
3.4 Comparative account of Excretory system.

UNIT IV :

4.1 Comparative Anatomy of Respiratory organs

4.2 Comparative anatomy of Brain and Spinal cord
4.3 Organs of vision : Structure and functional significance.
4.4 Organs of Hearing and tactile responses
SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:

1. Barrington, EJ. W. Invertebrate Structure and Function. Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd., London.

2. Jagerstein, G. Evolution of Metazoan life cycle, Academic Press, New York & London.

3. Hyman, L.H. The Invertebrates. Vol. 1-8. Mc Graw Hill Co., New York and London.

4. Barmes, R.D. Invertebrate Zoology, III edition. W.b. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
7. Russel-Hwlter, W.D. A Biology of Higher Invertebrates. The Mc Millan Co. Ltd., London.

8. Hyman, L.B. The Invertebrates Smaller Coelomate Groups, Vol. V. Mc.GrawHill, Co., New York

9. Sedwick, A. A Student Text Book of Zoology, Vol.II and III. Central Book Depot, Allahabad

11. Parker, TJ., Haswell, W.A. Text Book of Zoology, Mc Millan Co.,
London.
12. Alexander, R.M. The Chordata. Cambridge University Press, London
13. Barrington, EJ. W. The Biology of Hernichordata and Protochordata. Oliver
and Boyd, Edinbourgh.
14 Bourne, GH. The Structure and Functions of Nervous Tissue. Academic Press,
New York
14. Carter, GS. Structure and Habit Invertebrate Evolution Sedwick and Jackson,
London.
16. Eecles, J. C. The Understanding of the Brain. Mc Graw Hill Co., New York
and London.
17. Kingsley, J.S.Outlines of Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates. Central
Book Depot, Allahabad.
 ZOO 102: CELL BIOLOGY & GENETICS

CELL BIOLOGY :

UNIT-I

1.1 The Cytoskeleton : The Cytoskeletal elements, Microtubules, shaping of the cell
and mechanical support, Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, cytoskeletal
architecture .
(Red blood cells, platelets, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, endothelial cells)
Regulation of Cell cycle, Cyclins, Cyclin dependent kinases

1.2 Mitochondria and Cell energetics , Enzyme distribution in mitochondria

Bioenergetics: Molecular organization, biogenesis and functions of mitochondria,
Oxidative Phosphorylation, the chemical-conformational Hypothesis.
1.3 The development and causes of cancer, tumor viruses, oncogenes , Cancer
suppressor genes, prevention and treatment
1.4 Regulation of programmed cell death, caspases and apoptosis, cell death receptors
and caspase activation, signaling cell survival.

UNIT-II

2.1 Cell signaling: Models of cell-cell signaling (steroid receptors, nitric oxide and carbon monoxide)

2.2 Functions of cell surface receptors (G-protein coupled receptors, Tyrosine kinases, cytokine
receptors, receptors linked to other enzymatic activities)
2.3 Pathways of intracellular signal transduction (c-Amp pathways, cyclic
cGMP,phospholipids and Ca2+,
2.4 Signalling in development and differentiation (Ras, MAP kinase pathway
in Drosophila, notch signalling)

GENETICS :

UNIT III :

3.1. Concept of gene: Allelles, Multiple alleles (Characters, symbolism, ABO blood
grouping, Bombay phenotype and Rh factor), pseudoallelles; Interaction of genes
(lethal genes, complementary genes, duplicate genes)
3.2 Genome organization in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Microbial genetics
(Methods of genetic transfers- Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction and
sexduction), Human genome – Heirarchy and classification.
3.3 Gene mapping methods: Linkage-complete and Incomplete linkage; Linkage
maps, Recombination, mapping with molecular markers, somatic cell hybrids
3.4 Crossing over: Types (Somatic or mitotic crossing over and Germinal or meiotic
crossing over), theories about the mechanism of crossing over, tetrad analysis, and
cytological detection of crossing over.
UNIT IV:

4.1 Mutations: Types (Spontaneous and Induced), causes and detection, mutant types
(lethal, conditional, biochemical, loss of function, gain of function, germinal
versus somatic mutants), Molecular basis of mutations,
4.2 Chromosomal aberrations (deletion, duplication, inversion and translocation,
ploidy and their genetic implications); Autosomal abnormalities (Down’s
syndrome, Trisomy -13,- 18); Sex anomalies (Turner’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s
syndrome, Hemaphroditism)
4.3 Human genetics: Human traits, Human karyotyping (banding techniques),
Pedigree analysis, Genetic disorders due to mutant genes (PTC tasters,
Brachydactyly, Huntington’s chorea, Inborn errors of metabolism-
Phynylketonuria, alkaptonuria, Sickle cell anemia;
4.4 Eugenics (Positive eugenics-Artificial insemination and sperm banks; Negative
eugenics- consanguinity, genetic counseling); Euphenics (intake of missing
enzyme, cure for inherited anemia, Increasing role of genetics to medicine)

SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:

1. Cell Biology (Fundamentals and Applications ) By Gupta/ Jangir, 2001;

Agrobios, India.
2. Cell and Molecular Biology by EDR De Robertis and EMR De Robertis Jr, Indian
Edition, B.I. Publicaitons, Pvt. Ltd.
3. The Cell (A Molecular Approach) by Geoffrey M. Cooper, 2 nd Edn. 2000, ISBN.
4. Genetics - Monrve W. Strickberger. 3rd Ed., May, 2000.
5. Genetics-K.B.Allluwallia-1985.
6. Principles of Genetics - EJ. Gardner. MJ. Simmons & D.P. Snustad.
7. Molecular Biology of genes- Watson, J.D., N.H. Hopkins, J.W. Roberts, J.A.
Steitz &A.M.
Weiner. The Benjamin Cummings publishing company. Inc. Tokyo.
8. Basic Human Genetics- EJ. Mange, Arthur P. Mange. Indian Print, 1997.
9. Genetic disorders of Man by M.R. Goodman.
10. An introduction to modem genetics by Ch. Waddinsgton
11 Dobzhansky, Th. Genetics and origin of species, Columbia University press.
 ZOO 103: CHEMISTRY OF BIOMOLECULES

UNIT I:

1.1 Principles of Thermodynamics. pH, pKa, acids, bases, buffers, chemical bonding, properties of water.

1.2 Carbohydrates – Classification and properties of carbohydrates, monosaccharides, disaccharides ,

polysaccharides. Sugar acids, alcohols, deoxysugars and amino sugars. Structure and functions of
mucopolysaccharides.

1.3 Lipids – Classification. Structure and biological functions of fatty acids, glycoplipids, triacylglycerols,
phospholipids, terpenes and steroids. Physico-chemical properties and analysis of fats and oils.

1.4 Structure and functions of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromoboxanes. Types and function Porphyrins,
pigments, Growth regulators.

UNIT II:

2.1 Amino acids – Classification, Essential and Non essential amino acids, Isomerism.

2.2 Acid-base titrations of Amino acids. Physical and Chemical properties of Amino
acids.
2.3 Structure of peptides & Types –Properties of peptides.
2.4 Peptide synthesis by solid-phase technique.

UNIT III:
3.1 Proteins – Classification, isolation and purification of protein, criteria of
homogeneity.
3.2 Structure of Proteins - Primary , Secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of
Proteins, Protein folding – Anfinsen’s experiment on ribonuclease and Creighton’s
studies of BPTI. Forces responsible for protein stability.
3.3 Ramachandran Plot - Protein folding.
3.4 Denaturation and Renaturation of proteins – Effect of melting temperature, salts and
chaotropic agents. Structure and functions of glycoproteins and lipoproteins.

UNIT IV:

4.1 Nucleic Acids – Structure of purines, pyrimidine, nucleosides, and nucleotides.

Watson and Crick double helix structure.
4.2 Properties and functions of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA). Different forms of DNA
(A,B and Z forms), DNA base composition and Chargoff’s rule.
4.3 RNA Types (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA and snRNA). Three-dimensional structure of
tRNA.
4.4 Chemical difference of DNA, RNA and significance. Isolation of nucleic acids.
Denaturation and renaturation of nucleic acids, cot curves and chemical synthesis of
DNA.
SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:
1. Textbook of Biochemistry. West and Todd. 1968. MacMillan, New York.
2. Principles of Biochemistry. Lehninger, A. L. 1993. C. B.S., India.
3. Harper’s Biochemistry. Murray, R.K., D.K. Granner, P.A. Mayes and V.W. Rodwell. 2002. McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
4. Biochemistry. Voet, D and J. Voet.1995. 2 nd Edn.1995. John Wiley and Sons, USA.
5. Biochemistry. Berg, J.M., L.J. Tymcozko and L. Stryer 2002. 5 th Edn. W.H.Freeman and Company, New York.

6. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlation. Devlin, T.M.1997. 4 th Edn. Wiley-Liss, New York.

7. Introductory Practical Biochemistry. Sawhney, S.K and R. Singh. 2001. Narosa Publishing House. New Delhi.

8. Biochemistry. Lehninger. A.L. 1978. 2 nd Edn. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.

9. Practical biochemistry: Principles and Techniques. Wilson and Walker. 1986. Cambridge University
Press, New York.
10. Biochemistry by Garrett and Girisham, 2010, Cengage Learning.
 ZOO 104: BIOPHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES

UNIT I:
1.1 Measurement of pH, biochemical buffers, selection of biochemical buffer and oxygen
electrode.
1.2 Cell disruption methods – French press, sonication, freeze-thaw techniques,
enzymatic method, use of liquid nitrogen in cell disruption.
1.3 Centrifugation – Basic principles of sedimentation, types of centrifuges and rotors.
1.4 Preparative Ultracentrifugation – Differential centrifugation, density-gradient,
analytical ultracentrifugation and its applications .

UNIT II:

2.1 Separation methods – General principles and definitions.

Methods based on polarity , Chromatography &Types:Thin-layer chromatography,
Gas-liquid chromatography, and reverse-phase liquid chromatography.
2.2 Methods based on size – Principle of Gel filtration, methodology and applications.
Dialysis, ultra filtration, lyophilization.
2.3 Methods based on affinity – Principle of Affinity chromatography, methodology and
applications.
2.4 High-performance liquid chromatography and Ion-exchange chromatography –
Principle, instrumentation, practical procedure and applications.

UNIT III:

3.1 Electrophoresis – General principles and definitions. PAGE, 2D electrophoresis,

identification of novel proteins in 2D gels, capillary electrophoresis.
3.2 Agarose gel electrophoresis. Preparation, separation and determination of molecular
size of DNA, denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis and their applications, recovery
of DNA from agarose gels.
3.3 Pulse-field gel electrophoresis – Principle, methodology and applications in
separation of large DNA fragment.
3.4 Blotting techniques- Western, Southern and Northern.

UNIT IV:

4.1 Spectroscopy – Principles, laws of light absorption. Instrumentation and applications

of UV-visible spectrophotometer, fluorescence spectroscopy, NMR, ESR. Mass
spectroscopy.
4.2 Radioisotope techniques – Types of isotopes, radioactive decay. Detection and
measurement of radioactivity .
4.3 GM counter, autoradiography. Preparation of labelled compounds – Pulse chase
studies and tracer techniques, isotopes used in biology, safety methods in handling
radioisotopes.
4.4 Optical activity of biomolecules – CD and ORD: principles and applications. X-Ray
diffraction and Crystallography – Basic principle, applications in the determination
molecular structure of protein and nucleic acids.
SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:

1. Separation methods in biochemistry by S.J. Morris and P. Morris (Pitman)

2. The tools of Biochemistry by Terrance G. Cooper (Wiley)
3. Biochemical research technique (A practical introduction by Ed. John M. Wriggles worth

4. Analytical biochemistry by David J. Holmes and Hazel peck

5. A Biologist's guide to principles and techniques of practical biochemistry, 2 nd edition Ed. by BL. Williams and K.
Wilson (Edward Arnold)
6. Biophysical chemistry D. Freifelder, W.H. Freeman
7. Experimental techniques in biochemistry by Drewer, AJ. and Asworth, R.B.
8. Principles of Physical Biochemistry by K.E. Vanholdem W.C. Johnson, P.S. Ho, (Prentice Hall), 1998.

9. Manometer and biochemical techniques by W.W Umbrit and R.H. Burris (Burgens
10. The determination of Molecular Structure by P.J. Wheatly (Oxford Clarenders press) 1968

11. Molecular Biophysics – R.B. Setlow and E.C. Pollard (Addison Wiley publishing Co. USA)1962

12. Biophysics – Edited by W. Hoppe, W. Lehman Hi. Maskal and H. Ziegler (Springer-Verlag, Berlin) 1983

13. Practical biochemistry: Principles & Techniques – Edited by Wilson & Walker, Cambridge Univ. Press, New
York) 1986.
14. Biological Spectroscopy by Iain D. Campbell and Raymond A. Dwek, the Benjamin/Cumming Pub. Co.,
California, London.
15. Biophysical Chemistry by C.R. Cantor and P.R. Schimmel, W.H. Freeman & Co., NY.

16. Introduction to Biophysical Methods for Protein and Nucleic Acid Research, Ed. J.A. Glasel and M.P.
Deutscher, (Academics Press), 1995.
 M.Sc. ZOOLOGY

SEMESTER-II

ZOO 201: IMMUNOLOGY

UNIT I:

1.1 Phylogeny of immune system. Types of immunity – Innate and acquired. Cells of the immune system – B
cells, T cells, phagocytes, inflammatory cells, antigen presenting cells.

1.2 Organs – Primary, secondary and tertiary lymphoid organs.

1.3 Antigens – Nature, types, factors influencing antigenecity, haptens, adjuvants and superantigens.

1.4 Antibodies – Structure, types, classes and functions.

UNIT II:

2.1 T cell receptor – Structure and diversity. MHC – Types, structure, distribution, self-
restriction. T and B cell activation.
2.2 Maturation of lymphocytes – Positive and negative selection, process of maturation.
2.3 Antigen processing and presentation – Cytosolic and endosomal pathways, T cell-
and NK cell-mediated lysis of cells, ADCC.
2.4 Complement system – Components, cascades, MAC, outcomes. Cytokines –
Classification, properties and role as immunomodulators.

UNIT III:

3.1 Hypersensitivity – Classification, mediators, mechanism, consequences of

hypersensitive reaction.
3.2 Autoimmunity – Concept of tolerance of autoimmune disorders, basis and therapy for
autoimmune disorders.
3.3 Transplantation – Transplantation antigens, mechanism of graft rejection, graft versus
host reaction, immunosupressors.
3.4 Tumor immunity – Tumors of immune system, immune responses against tumors.
Immunodeficiency – Primary and secondary immunodeficiency, combined
immunodeficiency, complement deficiency, AIDS.

UNIT IV:
4.1 Antigen-antibody interactions – Principle, lattice hypothesis. Precipitation reaction –
Radial immunodiffusion, Ouchyterlony technique, immunoelectrophoresis, counter
current and rocket electrophoresis.
4.2 Agglutination reactions – Bacterial and hemeagglutination, passive agglutionation,
agglutination inhibitions assay. RIA and ELISA – Principle, methodology and
application. Immunofluorescence, FACS, immunoblotting.
4.3 Hybridoma technology – Polyclonals, monoclonals, HAT medium, selection,
production of monoclonal antibodies and applications.
4.4 Vaccines – Concept of immunization, routes of vaccination. Types of vaccines –
Whole organism (attenuated and inactivated) and component vaccines.
SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:

1. Roitts Essentials of Immunology. Riott, I.M and P.J. Delves. 2001. 10 th Edn. Blackwell Scientific
Publications. USA.
2. Elements of Immunology. Ratogi, S.C. 2002. CBS publishers, New Delhi.
3. Immunology understanding the immune system. Elgert, K.D. 1996. Wiley – Liss. USA.

4. Immunology biology the immune system in health and disease. Janeway, C.A., P. Travers, M. Walport and J.D.
Capra.1999. 4th Edn. Current biology Publications. USA.

5. Medical Immunology. Stites, D.P., A.I. Terr and T.G. Parslow. 1997. 9th Edn. Prentice-Hall International,
USA.
6. Immunology. Kuby, J. 2001. 2 nd Edn. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
7. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Abbas, A. K and A.H. Lichtman 2003. 4 th Edn. Saunders, China.

8. Immunology. Male, D., J. Brostoff, D.B. Roth and I. Roitt. 2006. Elsevier, Canada.
9. Immune modulating Agents. Kresina, T.F. 1998.Marcel Dekker, New York.
10. Kuby Immunology. Kindt, T.J., R.A. Goldsby and B.A. Osborne. 2007. 6 th Edn. W.H. Freeman and
Company, New York.
 ZOO 202: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

UNIT-I: Molecular nature of Genome

1.1 Properties of DNA (C- value paradox, Cot value)

1.2 Nuclear and mitochondrial genome
1.3 Structure of gene (Cistron, Muton, Recon, Cis-trans test)
1.4 DNA damage and repair: Biological induction of repair, photo reactivation, Excision repair, Recombination
repair, SOS repair, and Mismatch repair.

UNIT-II: Replication

2.1 Replication in Prokaryotes: Geometry of DNA replication, semi conservative

replication.
2.2 Enzymology of DNA replication: DNA Po1ymerases I, II and III; Replication of Eukaryotic Chromosomes;
Eukaryotic DNA polymerases; Multiple forks; Replication of Chromatin.

2.3 Discontinuous Replication: Fragments in Replication fork and detection of fragments; Events in the
replication fork; De novo initiation and covalent extension.

2.4 Bidirectional replication, Termination of replication

UNIT III: Transcription and Translation

3.1 Transcription, Enzymes and molecular mechanisms involved in transcription.

3.2 Processing of rRNA, tRNA and RNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes, Ribozyme
3.3 Translation: Genetic code, Polypeptide chain initiation, elongation and
termination
3.4 Post translational modifications, Role of antibiotics in protein synthesis

UNIT IV: Gene expression and Molecular Biology Techniques

4.1 Genetic regulation: Induction, Repression, Lac Operon, Lambda Operon

4.2 Tryptophan Operon, Britten and Davidson model for Eukaryotic regulation
4.3 DNA sequencing, DNA finger printing, Polymerase chain reaction
4.4 cDNA library, Genomic library, Micro arrays

SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:

1. Molecular Biology by David Freifelder, 1993

2. Molecular Biology of Gene-by lD.Watson, 1988
3. Harper's review of Biochemistry by D.W. Martin et al1990
4. Biochemistry by A.L. Lehniger
5. Cell and Molecular Biology-E.D.P. De Robertis and E.M.F.
6. Concepts in Molecular Biology-S.C. Rastogi, VN. Sharma and Ananda Tandon (1993)

Genes VII by Benjamin Lewin

 ZOO 203: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY

UNIT-I : Animal Physiology :

1.1 Aim and scope of physiology, Physiological functions and principles

1.2 Feeding mechanisms and regulation. Comparative physiology of digestion
1.3 Respiration and Metabolism. Circulation of body fluids
1.4 Patterns of nitrogen excretion among different animal groups. Osmoregulation
in different animal groups

UNIT-II ; Animal Physiology :

2.1 Thermoregulation, Homeothermic animals, Poikilothermic animals. Hibernation

& Aestivation
2.2 Biological Rhythms & Bioluminesence
2.3 Chromatophores and regulation of their function
2.4 Contractile elements, cell and tissues among different phylogenetic groups.
Muscle structure and function.

UNIT-III : Endocrinology :

3.1. Introduction to endocrinology- characteristic features of hormones

3.2 Anatomy, secretions and functions of endocrine organs pituitary, thyroid, adrenal and Pancreas, Gonads
and their hormones. Pheromones
3.3 Classification and chemical nature of hormones. Biosynthesis and secretion of
hormones. Corticosteroid hormones-peptide hormones- Catecholamines
3.4 Hormones in female sexual cycle. Hormonal control of spermatogenesis

UNIT-IV : Endocrinology :
4 .1 Mechanism of hormone action. Hormone receptors receptor structure and signal
transduction mechanism-G-protein family. Structure and function of nuclear
receptors, organ receptors. Termination of hormone action.
4.2 Growth hormones and factors-somatotropin and somatomedin-insulin, prolactin placental lactogen
Neurotrophic growth factors-hematopoietic growth factors.
4.3 Hormones and homeostasis (Ca2+, glucose, P04, water, temperature).
4.4 Hormonal regulation of carbohydrate, nitrogen and lipid metabolism.

SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:

1. C.L. Prosser. Comparative Animal Physiology. W.B. Saunders & Company

2. R. Eckert. Animal Physiology. Mechanisms and Adaptation. W. H. Freeman & Company

3. W.S. Hoar. General and Comparative Animal Physiology

4. Schiemdt-Nielsen. Animal Physiology. Adaptation and Environment. Cambridge
5. C.L. Prosser. Environment and Metabolic Physiology Wiley-Liss, New York.
6. Barrington. EJ.W. General and comparative Endocrinology Cambridge Press, Oxford.
7. Bentley, PJ. Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology, Cambridge Press, Oxford
8. Williams, R.H. Text Book of Endocrinology, W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia.
9. Martin, C.R. Endocrine Physiology. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
10. Prakash S. Lohar. Endocrionology-Hormones and human health-2005. MJP Publishers-Chennai
 ZOO 204: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

UNIT I:

1.1: Origin of germ line cells, Mechanism of cell lineage, migration of

germ cells to genital ridges, embryonic stem cells, Nuclear transplantation
experiments.
1.2: Production of gametes and establishment of polarity and symmetry.
1.3: Leydig cells function; Endocrine regulation of spermatogenesis and vitellogenesis.
1.4: Fertilization: Cell surface molecules in sperm egg recognition molecular events
of post fertilization.

UNIT II:

2.1: Cleavage, Blastula, Gastrulation in different animals, Molecular mechanisms

determining germ layers formation; fate maps.
2.2: Induction, competence, determination and differentiation.
2.3: Developmental gradients in Hydra
2.4: Cell aggregation and differentiation in Dictyostelium.

UNIT III:
3.1: Axes and Pattern formation in Drosophila, amphibia and chick.
3.2: Organogenisis – Vulva formation in Caenorhabditis elegans; Eye lens induction,
limb development.
3.3: Regeneration – Types of regeneration, Axial patterning during regeneration.
3.4: Metamarphosis – Hormonal regulation of metamorphosis in insects and amphibians.

UNIT IV:
4.1: Environmental regulation of normal development.
4.2: Sex determination in animals (The mechanism of mammalian primary sex
determination – Secondary sex determination: Hormonal regulation of the sexual
phenotype).
4.3: Apoptosis during animal development; Apoptosis in metamorphosis and
morphogenesis; Apoptosis during limb development.
4.4: Aging, Reactive oxygen and cell scnescence, Dietary restriction and anti aging
action., Genetic control of longevity, Age related diseases.

SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:

1. Austen, C.R. and Short, R.V. Reproduction in Animals

2. Schatten and Schatten. Molecular Biology of Fertilization.
3. F.T. Longo, Fertilization, Chapman & Hall
4. R.G. Edwards, Human Reproduction
5. S.F. Gillbert, Developmental Biology, Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts
6. Ethan Bier The Coiled Spring Harlsor Laboratory Press, NewYork
7. Molecular Developmental Biology – 2008, T. Subramonian, Narosa Publishing House.
 M.Sc. ZOOLOGY
(Effective from the batch of students admitted during the academic year 2013-14)

SEMESTER- III

ZOO 301: ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY & EVOLUTION

UNIT I: Biology of different environments:

1.1 A general account on Biomes and their environments. Fresh water: Classification & Characteristics,
eutrophication, seasonal changes.
1.2 Marine: Classification & Characteristics. Terrestrial: Forests- Grass lands - Tundra –Desert.

1.3 Energetics of Ecosystems : Tropic Dynamic view of ecosystem and Energy

Flow. Estimation of Energy Budget and Methods for different Ecosystems.
1.4 Impact of Environmental Factors on Energy Flow. Biological magnification.

UNIT II: Environmental Pollution, health hazards and Epidemiology:

2.1 Air Pollution: Criteria and Standards in India, Health hazards and Toxicology - Green House gases and Green
House effect. Water Pollution: Criteria and Standards in India, Health hazards and Toxicology.

2.2 Role of environmental epidemiological studies and health indices in evaluation of environmental health
hazards environmental epidemiological episodes in India and abroad. Environmental Laws: Environmental Laws in
India- Legislation and Execution

2.3 Environmental monitoring and Bioremediation : Biomonitoring, Biological

monitoring programme. Bio indicators and environmental monitoring, Environmental impact assessment.

2.4 Bioremediation : Need and scope of bioremediation, Environmental applications of bioremediation.

Phytoremediation,- Biotechnological cleaning up of the environment by plants using Biotechnological methods.

UNIT III: A Brief account on theories of organic evolution

3.1 Emphasis on Darwinism

3.2 Neo-Darwinism
3.3 Role of isolating mechanisms
3.4 Models of speciation (Allopatric, sympatric and parapatric)

UNIT IV: Population genetics and Molecular evolution

4.1 A detailed account on destabilizing forces (i) Natural Selection (ii) Mutation
(iii) Genetic drift
4.2 Phylogenetic gradualism & punctuated equilibrium
4.3 Micro & Macro evolution
4.4 Gene evolution and phylogeny
SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:

1. Practical methods in Ecology & Environmental Science, RK. Trivedy, Goel, Trisal, 1997.

2. Environmental Physiology of desert organism. Ed.by N.F. Hadley - Dowden Huchinson and Ross,
Inc.Penn.USA.
3. The Ecology of waste water treatment - H.A. Hawkes pergoman press, 1963.
4. Biochemical ecology and water pollution - PR Dugan, plenum press, London, 1972.

5. Pesticides in the environment - R White Stevenns, MarcelDekker Inc. New York, 1971.

6. Environmental Science Research Volumes: Vol.1. Indicators of environmental quality - W.A. Thomas, 1972.
Vol.3. Environmental pollution by pesticides - C.A. Edwards, 1974.

Vol.5 Environmental dynamics of pesticides - R. Hague and V.H. Preed, 1975.

7. Ecology & Environment - P.D. Sharma, 1991.
8. Field Biology & Ecology - Allen H Benton & E. Werner, JR, 1980.
9. Encyclopedia of environmental pollution and control, enviromedia, Karad, Vol. 1 &2, R.K Trivedi.

10. Ecotechnology for pollution control and environmental management, enviromedia, Karad, RK.
Trivedi.
11. Health hazards and human environment, World Health Organization (WHO) 1972.

12. Current pollution researches in India - RK. Trivedy and P.K. Goel. Karad.
13. Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studiesR.K. Trivedy and P.K. Goel, 1984.

14. Industrial Pollution - VP. Kudesia, 1990.

15. Animal Physiology - Adaptation & Environment. 4th EditionKnut Schmidt - Nielsen - Cambridge
University Press.

16. Environmental Biology and Toxicology-P.D. Sharma, Rastogi Publications, Meerut (India), 1998.

17. Biodegradation & Bioremediation - 2nd editon, Martein Alexander - Academic Press, 1999 USA.

18. Water Treatment and purification technology - W.J. Ryan, Agrobios (India), Jodhpur, 2002.

19. Methods in Environmental Analysis - Water soil and air by P.K. Gupta - Agrobios (India), Jodhpur, 2001

20. Genetics - Monrve W. Strickberger. 3rd Ed., May, 2000.

21 Genetics-K.B.Allluwallia-1985.
22 Principles of Genetics - EJ. Gardner. MJ. Simmons & D.P. Snustad.
23 Molecular Biology of genes- Watson, J.D., N.H. Hopkins, J.W. Roberts, J.A. Steitz &A.M.

Weiner. The Benjamin Cummings publishing company. Inc. Tokyo.

24 Basic Human Genetics- EJ. Mange, Arthur P. Mange. Indian Print, 1997.
25 Genetic disorders of Man by M.R. Goodman.
26 An introduction to modem genetics by Ch. Waddinsgton
27 Dobzhansky, Th. Genetics and origin of species, Columbia University press.
28 Dobzhansky, Th., F.J. Ayala, GL. Stebbins and J .M. Valentine Evolution: Surjeet
publications, New Delhi latest edition.
29 P.A. Moody Introduction to Evolution II ed/latest: Kalyani publishers, New Delhi.
30 Hartl, D.L. A primer of population genetics, sinauer Associatesm Inc., Massachusetts.

31 Peter Volpe E. Understanding Evolution, University Book stall, New Delhi.

32 An introduction to genetic analysis. Griffiths, A.J .F., J.B. Miller, D.T. Suzuki, R.C. Lewontin &
W.M. Gelbark, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.

ZOO 302: NEUROBIOLOGY

UNIT-I: Neuronal Organization and Functional neuro anatomy of mammals:

1.1 Neurons and the associated structures

1.2 Anatomy of neurons and types of nerve cells.
1.3 Organization of the central nervous system (spinal cord; brain stem; cerebral
cortex)
1.4 Autonomous nervous system.

UNIT-II : Neurophysiological mechanisms:

2.1 Bioelectrical properties of neurons -Neuronal excitability; The resting membrane potential, The sodium and
potassium pump; Propagation of the nerve impulse, generation of the action potentials

2.2 Molecular mechanism of excitation carrier proteins; Membrane channels; Gating mechanisms

2.3 Synapses: Structure and Integration; Morphology of the synapse; Types of synapses; Ultra structure of
synapse, Chemical transmission; Electrical transmission.

2.4 Second messenger systems: Cyclic AMP and GMP; Calcium and calmodulin

UNIT-III: Neurochemistry:Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators:

3.1 Chemical composition of the nervous system-cerebrospinal fluid-CNS barriers-

Nerve growth factor.
3.2 Synthesis -storage-release and inactivation mechanisms and functions of neurotransmitters.

3.3 Aminoacid Neurotransmitters-Glutamate and GABA.

3.4 Neuropeptides (Oxytocin, Vasopressin, Thyrotropin releasing hormone substance-P,
Cholecystokinin).

UNIT-IV

4.1 Major drug c1asses-briefhistory-absorption-binding-tolerance excretion-

physiological and behavioural effects of the drugs.
4.2 Hipnotic and anxyolytic drugs. (Barbiturates & Benzodiazepines); Mind altering drugs
(Marijuana, LSD)
4.3 Drug abuse and treatment programs.
4.4 Symptoms-diagnosis-Etiology and pathology of the following disorders (Schizophrenia;
Affective disorders (depression); Parkinson's disease; Alzheimer's disease.
SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:

1. Neurobiology. Shepherd, G.M. Oxford University press, London.

2. Basic Neurochemistry-G.J. Siegal, RW. Albers, B.W. Agranoff, R Katzman (1981) Little, Brown and
company. Boston.
3. Introduction to Nervous system- T.H. Bullock, R Cork, A. Granner (1977); W.H
Free-man&Co.
4. Principles of Neural Science -E.R Kandel and J.H. Schwertz. (1981); Elsevierl
North Holland. NY. Oxford.
5. Mechanism of Drug Action on the Nervous SystemM.A.B. Brazil, RW. Ryall.
(1979); Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, London and New York.
6. The Bio Chemical basis ofNeuropharmacology-J.R Cooper, F.E. Bloom, &RH.
Roth. (1982); Oxford University Press, NY and London.
7. Principles of Neuro Phychopharmacology- Robert S. Feldman, Jerrold S. Meyer and
Lind F. Quenzer. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers. Sunderland. Massachusetts

ZOO 303 : ENZYMOLOGY & METABOLISM

UNIT I: General Properties of Enzymes:

1.1 Classification of enzymes and nomenclature. Enzyme specificity (optical specificity,
group specificity)
1.2 Quantitative measurement of enzyme activity. Isolation of enzymes, Intracellular
distribution of enzymes
1.3 Kinetic Properties of Enzymes : Kinetic theory and collision theory. Effect of reactant
concentration (Rate constant, First order, Second order and Zero order reactions)
1.4 Effect of enzyme concentration, pH and temperature. Effect of substrate concentration,
Determination of kinetic constants (Km and Vmax)

UNIT II: Regulation of enzyme activity:

2.1 Inhibition of enzyme activity (competitive, non-competitive, uncompetitive and

mixed inhibition). Kinetics of Allosteric enzymes
2.2 Regulation of enzyme activity (Metabolic regulation), Catalytic efficiency of enzymes
(Feed back inhibition, covalent modification). Mechanism of enzyme action (Lock and key; Induced
fit model), catalytic site, Role of metal ions.
2.3 Applications of enzymes : Enzymes in clinical diagnosis. Immobilized enzymes
and their applications.
2.4 Isozymes. Enzyme engineering.

UNIT III:
Intermediary Metabolism:
3.1 Glycolysis, TCA cycle and their Biomedical importance. Pentose phosphate
pathway, Gluconeogenesis. Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.

3.2 Redox Potentials, Mitochondrial electron transport system, High energy

Phosphates in energy capture and transfers.
3.3 Beta-oxidation of palmitic acid; Biosynthesis of long chain fatty acids.
3.4 Oxidative deaminaiton, decarboxylation and transamination of amino acids.
Biosynthesis of Urea and detoxification of Ammonia. Biosynthesis of
polyamines
UNIT IV: Metabolism of Nucleotides & Porphyrins

4.1 Biosynthesis of Nucleotides

4.2 Degradation of Nucleotides
4.3 Clinical disorders of purine metabolism
4.4 Types and function of Porphyrins, Pigments Growth regulation.

SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:

1. Robert K.Murrey, D.K. Granner, P.A. Mayes and V.W. Rodwell; Harper's Biochemistry,
Lange Medical
2. D. Voet and J.G Voet, Biochemistry, 1. Wiley & Sons.
3. David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox, Lehninger; Principles of Biochemistry, McMillan
Worth Publishers.
4. Enzyme kinetics by D.V Roberties, Cambridge University Press.
5. Enzyme Kinetics by 1. W. Segil.
6. Biochemical calculations by I.H. Segel 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons.
7. Biochemistry by D. Voet and J.G. Voet, J.Wiley & Sons.

ZOO 304 : FISHERY BIOLOGY AND AQUACULTURE

UNIT I : Taxonomy

1.1 History of Aquaculture

Taxonomy and Identification of Cultivable Fishes and Prawns
1.2 General Biology of Fish and Prawns
1.3 Freshwater Resources –
Rivers, Lakes and Reservoirs -Zonations,
Characteristics and Morphometry.
1.4 Brackishwater Environment-
Importance of Coastal Aquaculture,
Present status of Coastal Aquaculture.

UNIT II : Common Fishes of India

2.1 Classification
Distribution and Diagnostic features

2.2 Selection of site and species for aquaculture

Qualities of culturable indigenous and exotic species
Site selection and construction of farms for carp and prawn culture

2.3 Culture of Indian Major Carps

Concepts and economic principles of farm management
Culture system, preparation and management of ponds for culture
Spawning and fry production, grow out, Transportation and polyculture
2.4 Aquaculture of Freshwater and Brackishwater prawns
Major cultivated species of prawns
Reproduction and larval rearing of prawns, grow out
UNIT III :

3.1 Water quality

Requirements and Aquaculture generated changes in water quality.
Water quality management, (Effluent analysis and Treatment)
3.2 Integration of aquaculture
Rationale of integrated farming of fish and livestock
Rice field aquaculture

3.3 Techniques of stock improvement

Induced breeding and bundh breeding
Cryopreservation, hybridization, polyploidy and transgenesis
Modern hatcheries and management
3.4 Non-conventional aquaculture system
Raceways, Cages and Pen enclosures
Waste water recycling through aquaculture

UNIT IV :

4.1 Marine Fishery Resources

Exclusive economic zone- Potentialities and Exploitations
Modern Devices of exploitation
Major Fisheries of Indian coasts

4.2 Mariculture
Coastal culture practices and consequences
Culture of edible oysters, Lobsters and Prawns

4.3 Processing and preservation

Fish spoilage and methods of preservations
Fish byproducts
Shrimp processing technology

4.4 Conservation of Fishery resources

Sustainability of Fisheries Development
Open water stocking and ranching programmes

.
 M.Sc. ZOOLOGY

(Effective from the batch of students admitted during the academic year 2013-14)
SEMESTER–IV

ZOO 401: TOXICOLOGY

UNIT-I:
1.1. Introduction and Scope of toxicology
1.2. Classification of pesticides
1.3. Environmental toxicology (Toxicants present in food, atmosphere and hydrosphere).
1.4. Toxicity evaluation (Dose response relationships; concept and mechanism of
selective toxicity).

UNIT-II:
2.1. Factors affecting toxicity (factors pertaining to chemical, exposure,
surrounding medium and organisms).
2.2. Exposure of Toxicants (Routes and sites of exposure, duration and frequency
of exposure).
2.3. Mechanism of toxic action of pesticides (Receptor concept, nature of
receptors, theory of Toxicant-receptor interactions and mechanism of action
of some pesticides).
2.4. Toxic effects of pesticides (Local and systematic effects, immediate and
delayed effects, reversible and irreversible effects, blockade of oxygen
transport).

UNIT-III:
3.1. Translocation of toxicants (Membranous barriers, absorption of toxicants,
sites of absorption, distribution of toxicants, storage depots and execretion of
toxicants).
3.2. Biotransformation of Xenobitics (Biotransformation sites, biotransformation
enzymes, biotransformation reaction and bioactivition).
3.3. Bioaccumulation of Xenobiotics (Bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and
Biomagnification; Biomagnification of lipophilic and recalcitrant
substances).
3.4. Toxicity of heavy metals like Mercury, Lead, Cadmium, Arsenic, Chromium,
Copper and Zinc.

UNIT-IV:
4.1. Xenobiotic effect on basic metabolisms (carbohydrates & proteins)
4.2. Teratogens and teratology
4.3. Antidotal Therapy (Types of antidotes and antidotal procedures).
4.4. Safety evaluation of chemicals (Process of risk assessment and safety
evaluation programme).
 References:
1. Toxic interactions – R.S.Goldstein, W.R.Hewitt and J.B.Hook. Academic Press – 1990.

2. Pesticides and Human Welfare – D.L.Gunn and J.G.R.Stevens. Oxford University Press – 1978.

3. Pesticides action and Metabolism – O’Brien.

4. Environmental toxicology of Pesticides – F.Mastimura, G.M.Boush and T.Misato.
5. The encyclopedia of Americana – Vol.15.
6. Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology – E.Hodgson & F.E.Gutherie.
7. Casarett & Doul’s – Toxicology – The basic science of poisons – C.D.Klassen, Mary, O.D.& John Doull.

8. Concepts of Toxicology Dr.Omkar, Vishal Publishing C. 2003.

ZOO 402: ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

UNIT I:

1.1 History and development of animal tissue culture. Equipment and materials (culture vessels, CO 2
incubator, inverted microscope, cell counters). Principles of sterile techniques. Sources of tissues. Types of
tissues – Epithelial, muscle, connective, nerve and blood. Introduction to balanced salt solutions.

1.2 Cell culture media – Components of the medium, physical, chemical and metabolic functions of media.
Role of serum and supplements, serum-free media, features and specifications of MEM, DMEM, RPMI and
Ham’s medium.

1.3 Role of antibiotics in media. Cell count – Hemocytometer, coulter counter. Cell viability and cytotoxicity.
Dye exclusion and inclusion tests, colonigenic assay, macromolecular estimation, MTT based assay.

1.4 Measuring growth – Growth curves, PDT, Plating efficiency and factors influencing growth.

UNIT II:

2.1 Primary culture – Mechanical and enzymatic mode of disaggregation, establishment

of primary culture. Subculture - Passage number, split ratio, seeding efficiency,
criteria for subculture.

2.2 Cell lines – Definite and continuous cell lines, characterization, authentication, maintenance and preservation of
cell lines. Contamination – Bacterial, viral, fungal and mycoplasma,, detection and control, cell transformation.
Normal vs. transformed cells, growth characteristics of transformed cells.

2.3 Scale-up of animal cell culture – Roller bottles, Nunc cell factory, microcarrier cultures. Factors affecting
culture.

2.4 Application of animal cell culture – Vaccine production, specialized cell types. Concepts of tissue engineering
– Skin, liver, kidney, balder and heart.
UNIT III:

3.1 In vitro fertilization – Concept of superovulation, collection, maintenance, and maturation of oocytes,
fertilization of oocytes. Maintenance and assessment of embryos. Embryo transfer – Artificial insemination,
preparation of foster mother, surgical and non-surgical methods of embryo transfer, donor and recipient aftercare.

3.2 Cloning – Concept of nuclear transfer, nuclear reprogramming and creation of Dolly. Transgenic animals –
Retroviral, microinjection, and engineered embryonic stem cell method of transgenesis.

3.3 Application of transgenic animals – Biopharming, disease models, functional knockouts. Gene therapy – Ex
vivo and in vivo gene therapy methods, and their applications.

3.4 Stem cells – Isolation and culture, embryonic and adult stem cells, plasticity and concept of regenerative
medicine.

UNIT IV:

4.1 General principles of aquaculture. Species of Indian major carps and prawns suitable for aquaculture in India.
Maintenance of culture stocks. Techniques for production of all male, all female and sterile populations in fish and
their significance.

4.2 Hypophysation in fishes and prawns. Types, molecular tools of identification and treatment of diseases in fish
and prawns.

4.3 Pearl culture – Physical and chemical nature of pearl, pearl producing mollusks, rearing of oysters, nucleation
for pearl formation and harvesting of pearls, Status of pearl production in India.

4.4 Sericulture – Species of silkworm, artificial rearing, seed production, biochemistry of silk synthesis, technology
of silk production and recent advances. Biotechnology in Apiculture.

SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:

1. Culture of Animal Cells A Manual of Basic Technique. Freshney, R .I. 2006. 5 th Edn. John Wiley and Sons,
USA.
2. Cell Culture. Yadav, P.R and R. Tyagi. 2005. Discoery Publishing House, New Delhi.
3. Cell Growth and Division: A Practical Approach . Basega, R. IRL Press, New Delhi.
4. Cell Culture Lab Fax. Butler, M. and M. Dawson. Bios Scientific Publications Ltd.
5. Animal Cell culture and Technology. Butler, M.2004. Bios Scientific Publishers, New York.

6. Principles of Cloning. Jose Cibelli, Robert P. Lanza. Keith H.S. Campbell. 2002. Academic Press,
London.
7. Feed Management in intensive Aquaculture. Goddard, S. 1996. Chapman and Hall, New York.

8. A text book of Fish Fisheries and Technology. Biswas, K.P. 1996. 2 nd Edn. Narendra Publishing House, Delhi.
9. Animal Cell Technology – Principles and practices. Butter, M. 1987. Oxford Press, USA.

10. Animal Cell Biotechnology. Spier, RE and J.B. Griffith. 1990. Academic Press, London

11. A Manual of freshwater aquaculture. Santhanam, R., N. Sukumkaran and P. Natarajan.1990. Oxford and
IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi.
12. Applied Science series – A Text book of Aquaculture. Srinivasula Reddy, M., K.R.S. Sambasiva Rao and
D. Bhaskara Rao. 1999. Discovery Publishing House, New Delhi.

ZOO 403: BIOSTATISTICS AND BIOINFORMATICS

UNIT I: BIOSTATISTICS

Data – Data types, collection of data, classification and tabulation. Measures of central tendencies – Mean,
median and mode. Measures of variation - Range, quartile deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation.
Coefficient of variation. Probability – Addition and multiplication theories, conditional probability and probability
distributors – Binomial, poisson and normal distribution.

UNIT II: BIOSTATISTICS

Correlation and linear regression – Scatter diagram method – Karnal Pearson’s Rank correlation methods.
Regression lines – fitting of regression lines by least squares method – Regression coefficients and properties. Small
sample tests – t, F and chi square tests. ANOVA – one way and two way classifications. CRD, RBD, LSD,
Duncan’s multiple range (DMR) test. Statistical basis of biological assyas-LD50, ED50, TCID50, PD50.

UNIT III: BIOINFORMATICS

Introduction – Origin of bioinformatics biological data (genome projects), computer and information technology
contributions. Disciplines of bioinformatics – Genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, functional genomics,
structural genomics, metabolomics, pharmacogenomics, structure prediction and drug design.

Genome projects - General introduction to genome projects (rice genome project and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
genome project). Special emphasis on Human Genome Project (HGP) – Science behind HGP, benefits of HGP,
ELSI of HGP in use of genetic information, genetic testing standard, quality and commercialization.

Biological database - Introduction of database (DB), need, organization, search of DB. An over view of biological
databases - NCBI, EMBL, DDBJ, SWISS-PROT, PDB, and KEGG.

UNIT IV: BIOINFORMATICS

Database querying with NCBI using key words, sequences (proteins and genes), finding similarities, identifying
genes and proteins from different organisms.
Sequence alignment - Introduction, significance of sequence alignments and use of dot matrices. Pair wise and
multiple sequence alignment (MSA) using Clustal programs.
Sequence analysis - concepts of sequence analysis and their importance. BLAST – blastn, blastp, blastx, tblastx,
output analysis matrix BLOSSUM, PAM, e-value.
Proteomics - Introduction, principle, technique, 2-D database. Gel analysis software, post gel analysis,
MALDI-TOF. Significance and applications of proteomics in modern biology.

SUGGESTED READING MATERIAL:

1. Statistical methods. S.P. Gupta

2. Fundamentals of mathematical statistics. S.C Gupta & Kapoor
3. Statistical methods in biological and Health Science. J. S. Milton & J.O. Tsokan.
4. Principles of Genome Analysis: a guide to mappingand sequencing DNA from different organisms. Primrose SB.
2nd Ed. 1998.Blackwell Science: Oxford. ISBN 0-632-04983-9.

5. Genome Mapping: A practical approach. Dear P (Editor). 1st Ed.2000. Oxford University Pr
New York.
6. Developing Bioinformatics Skills. Alfonso Valencia and Blaschke. L (2005)Oreille’s Publication.

7. Bioinformatics sequence, structure and data banks ed. By Des Higgins Willie Taylor.(2006).

8. Statistics made simple- Do it yourself on PC. 2001By K.V.S.Sarma, Printice Hall.

9. Introduction to Bioinformatics,2001by T.A.Attwood and D.J.Parrysmith. Pearson Education Asia Publ.

10. Principle of Biostatistics.2000, Marello Pagno. Published by Duxbury, USA.

ZOO 404: MICROBIOLOGY & AQUACULTURE PATHOLOGY

UNIT I :
1.1 History and Scope of Microbiology.General chracterists of Protozoa, Fungi, Micoalgae, Cyanobacteria. Out
line classification of Bacteria as per Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology. Nomenclature of Bacteria.
Chemotaxonomy of Bacteria. Nucleic Acid based classification of Bacteria.

1.2 Nutritional Groups in Bacteria - Photoautotrophs, Chemotrophs, Photoheterotrophs, Organotrophs,

Methyltrophs, Moxotrophs, Auxotrophs.
1.3 Microbial Growth – Growth curves, measurement of growth and yeilds. Synchronous growth, Continuous
culture by Chemostats and Turdostats. Growth as effected by Environmental factors including Temperature,
Acidity, Alkanity, Water availability and Oxygen.

1.4 Soil Microbiology – Outlines of Micribial flora of Soil. Interaction among Soil Organisms. Role of Soil
Microorganisms in Biogeochemical cycles. Water pollution. Pathogens – Distribution. Probiotics – Water
probiotics, Gut probiotics and Soil probiotics.
UNIT II

2.1 Pathology and diseases

2.2 General principles of diseases in aquaculture
2.3 Major diseases in aquaculture, control and management
2.4 Immune protection in fish systems and Stress response.
Transformation of infection into diseases

UNIT III : Pathology and Disease Management :

3.1 Viral Diseases- Causes, Symtoms, Dignosis and Prophylactic and Therapeutic
measures.
3.2 Bacterial Diseases - Causes, Symtoms, Dignosis and Prophylactic and Therapeutic
measures.
3.4 Protozoan and Fungal Diseases - Causes, Symtoms, Dignosis and Preventive
measures. Crustacean Parasites – Isopods, Lingual, Learnea.

UNIT IV : Pathology
4.1 Examination of Diseased Fish and Prawns, Fish Diseases and Prawn diseases.
4.2 Diseases caused by Bactylogyrus and Monocoelium. Diseases produced by Trematode larvae. Diseases caused
by Nematodes. Fish leech – Clinical picture syntoms and prophylaxis.

4.3 Nutritional defeciency diseases. Metabolic disturbances. Vitamin defeciencies, Bone degeration, Gastritis
andEnteritis, Thyroid disturbances and Fish – Leech and Aflotoxins in Feed.

4.4 Environmental Stress Diseases – Gas Bubble disease, pH Acidosis and Alkalosis, Intoxications, Hydrocyanic
acid, Free chlorine, Metals, Phenol and Temperature disturbances.
 VIKRAMA SIMHAPURI UNIVERSITY::NELLORE
M.Sc ZOOLOGY
PAPER :
MODEL QUESTION PAPER

TIME:3 HRS MAX MARKS: 70

I Answer any Five of the Following. 5 X 4 = 20M

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

II Answer any Four of the following. 4 X 12.5 = 50M

9. (a)

(OR)

(b)

10. a)
(OR)
b)

11. a)

(OR)
b).

12. a)
(OR)
b)