Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
ITS
APPLICATIONS
index
1. Introduction 1.
3. Review of literature 4.
4. Methodology 7.
5. Conclusion 14.
6. References 16.
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF
THE
PROJECT
The laser has found its way into many uses in every day life.
The background of this project is to emphasize the application of
laser, and other advanced techniques, to scientific and engineering
investigations.
The major application areas for the laser are in communications,
materials processing, optical data storage, surgery, defense, and
scientific research.
This project contains the following:-
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE
In 1917, Albert Einstein, in his paper Zur Quantentheorie der
Strahlung (On the Quantum Theory of Radiation), laid the
foundation for the invention of the laser and its predecessor, the
maser, in a ground-breaking rederivation of Max Planck's law
of radiation based on the concepts of probability coefficients
(later to be termed 'Einstein coefficients') for the absorption,
spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of
electromagnetic radiation.
In 1928, Rudolph W. Landenburg confirmed the existence of
stimulated emission and negative absorption. In 1939, Valentin
A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify
"short" waves.
In 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent
stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and made the first
demonstration of stimulated emission.
In 1950, Alfred Kastler (Nobel Prize for Physics 1966)
proposed the method of optical pumping, which was
experimentally confirmed by Brossel, Kastler and Winter two
years later.
In 1957, Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard
Schawlow, at Bell Labs, began a serious study of the infrared
laser. As ideas were developed, infrared frequencies were
abandoned with focus on visible light instead. The concept was
originally known as an “optical maser”. At the same time
Gordon Gould, a graduate student at Columbia University,
made notes about his ideas for a "laser" in November 1957,
including suggesting using an open resonator, which became an
important ingredient of future lasers.
Since the early period of laser history, laser research has produced
a variety of improved and specialized laser types, optimized for
different performance goals, including:
Methodology
3D scanner
A 3D scanner is a device that analyzes a real-world object or
environment to collect data on its shape and possibly its
appearance (i.e. color). The collected data can then be used to
construct digital, three dimensional models useful for a wide
variety of applications.
Laser scanners can send trillions of light photons toward an object
and only receive a small percentage of those photons back via the
optics that they use. The reflectivity of an object is based upon the
object's color or terrestrial albedo. A white surface will reflect lots
of light and a black surface will reflect only a small amount of
light. Transparent objects such as glass will only refract the light
and give false three dimensional information.
Functionality:
The purpose of a 3D scanner is usually to create a point cloud of
geometric samples on the surface of the subject. These points can
then be used to extrapolate the shape of the subject (a process
called reconstruction).
Technology:
The two types of 3D scanners are contact and non-contact. Non-
contact 3D scanners can be further divided into two main
categories, active scanners and passive scanners. There are a
variety of technologies that fall under each of these categories.
Contact
Non-Contact Active
Active scanners emit some kind of radiation or light and detect its
reflection in order to probe an object or environment. Possible
types of emissions used include light, ultrasound or x-ray.
Time-of-flight
Handheld Laser
Structured light
Modulated light
Non-Contact Passive
Passive scanners do not emit any kind of radiation themselves, but
instead rely on detecting reflected ambient radiation. Most
scanners of this type detect visible light because it is a readily
available ambient radiation. Other types of radiation, such as
infrared could also be used. Passive methods can be very cheap,
because in most cases they do not need particular hardware.
Stereoscopic
Photometric
Silhouette
Reconstruction
The point clouds produced by 3D scanners are usually not used
directly. Most applications do not use point clouds, but instead use
polygonal 3D models. The process of converting a point cloud into
a polygonal 3D model is called reconstruction. Reconstruction
involves finding and connecting adjacent points in order to create a
continuous surface. Many algorithms are available for this purpose
(e.g. photomodeler, image model).
Applications
Material processing and production
Entertainment
Reverse engineering
Cultural Heritage
The combined use of 3D scanning and 3D printing technologies
allows the replication of real objects without the use of traditional
plaster casting techniques, that in many cases can be too invasive
for being performed on precious or delicate cultural heritage
artifacts. In the side figure the gargoyle model on the left was
digitally acquired by using a 3D scanner and the produced 3D data
was processed using MeshLab. The resulting digital 3D model,
shown in the screen of the laptop, was used by a rapid prototyping
machine to create a real resin replica of original object.
Dental CAD/CAM
Orthotics CAD/CAM
Quality Assurance
When lasers were invented in 1960, they were called "a solution
looking for a problem". Since then, they have become ubiquitous,
finding utility in thousands of highly varied applications in every
section of modern society, including consumer electronics,
information technology, science, medicine, industry, law
enforcement, entertainment, and the military.
references
• www.google.com
• www.answers.com
• en.wikipedia.org
• Gould, R. Gordon (1959). "The LASER, Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation".
• "Laser". Reference.com.
• Townes, Charles Hard. "The first laser". University of Chicago.
• "Schawlow and Townes invent the laser". Lucent Technologies
(1998).
• Dictionary.com - "lase"
• Charles H. Townes (2003). "The first laser". In Laura Garwin
and Tim Lincoln.