DC Component (Average Value) and AC Component: Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals
Contents DC Component (Average Value) and AC

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters
Properties of Electrical Signals
Component
DC Component (Average Value) and AC Component
Eective Value (RMS Value) I Every (periodic) signal has a DC component and an AC component, i.e.,
Half-Wave Rectier v(t) = VDC + vac (t)
Full-Wave Rectier
where VDC is the DC component and vac (t) is the AC component.
Center-Tapped Transformer Full-Wave Rectier
Full-Wave Bridge Rectier I DC component VDC is dened as the time-average or mean of the signal within one
Rectier Summary period, i.e.,
Voltage Regulation and Ripple Factor T
Z
1
VDC = Vmean = v(t)dt
Voltage Regulation T 0
Ripple Factor where T is the period of the signal.
Capacitor Filter
Ripple Factor of Capacitor Filter VDC is the voltage value displayed for v(t) on a DC voltmeter.
Diode Conduction Period and Peak Diode Current I AC component vac (t) is the zero-mean time-varying component of the signal given by
Additional RC Filter
DC Operation vac (t) = v(t) − VDC
AC Operation
π -Filter
Dr. U. Sezen & Dr. D. Gökçen (Hacettepe Uni.) ELE230 Electronics I 28-Feb-2017 1 / 57 Dr. U. Sezen & Dr. D. Gökçen (Hacettepe Uni.) ELE230 Electronics I 28-Feb-2017 2 / 57
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals
IMPORTANT: In this course, we are going to use Example 1: Let us calculate the DC component of the half-wave rectier output shown
below.
1. capital letters for both quantity symbols and subscripts of DC components, e.g., IDQ ,
2. small letters for both quantity symbols and subscripts of AC components, e.g., id ,
3. small letters for quantity symbols and capital letters for subscripts of AC+DC signals,
e.g., iD where iD = IDQ + id .
Solution: DC component of the signal given by its time-average in one period. However
in the case of the half-wave rectier output shown in the gure above, second half-cycle
of the signal is zero. So, we only need to integrate rst half-cycle of the signal.
Z T /2
1
VDC = Vm sin(2πt/T )dt
T 0
Z π
1 2πt
= Vm sin θ dθ . . . using change of variables θ =
2π 0 T
Vm
= [− cos θ]π
0
2π
Vm
=
π
∼
= 0.318 Vm
Example 2: Let us calculate the DC component of the full-wave rectier output shown Example 3: Let us calculate the DC component of the triangular waveform shown below.
below.
Solution: DC component of the signal given by its time-average in one period. However
in the case of the full-wave rectier output shown in the gure above, the period of the
output signal is T2 . Solution: DC component of the signal given by its time-average in one period. In this
Z T /2 case the integral of the waveform in one period is the area of the triangle present
VDC =
2
Vm sin(2πt/T )dt (Vm T /2) in one period as seen in the gure above.
T 0 Z T
1
Z π
2πt 1
= Vm sin θ dθ . . . using change of variables θ = VDC =
T 0
v(t)dt
π 0 T
Vm 1 Vm T
= [− cos θ]π =
π 0 T 2
2Vm Vm
= =
π 2
∼
= 0.636 Vm
Example 4: Let us nd the AC component of the triangular waveform shown below. Eective Value (RMS Value)
I Average power or mean power is dened as the time-average of the instantaneous power
over a period, i.e., Z
1 T
Pmean = p(t)dt
T 0
where p(t) is the instantaneous power and T is the period of p(t).

Solution: AC component of the signal is obtained by subtracting the DC component, i.e.,
Vm
I The idea of eective current and voltage values comes from the need for writing the
vac (t) = v(t) − VDC = v(t) − . average power as a multiple of voltage and current values just like the Watt's law, i.e.,
2
Thus, the AC component of the triangular waveform is plotted as shown below. Pmean = Veective Ieective
where Veective and Ieective are the eective voltage and current values, respectively.
Eective Voltage Value Eective Current Value

I Let us obtain the eective voltage value Veective by dening average power over a resistor I Let us obtain the eective current value Ieective by dening average power over a resistor
R R
1
Z T
v 2 (t) 1
Z T
Pmean = dt Pmean = i2 (t)Rdt
T 0 R T 0
Z T Z T
1 1 1
= v 2 (t)dt = i2 (t)dt R
R T 0 T 0
| {z } | {z }
V2 I2
eective eective
2
Veective 2
= Ieective R
=
R
I Thus, eective current value Ieective is given as the root-mean-square (RMS) of the
I Thus, eective voltage value Veective is given as the root-mean-square (RMS) of the current signal, i.e.,
voltage signal, i.e., s
Z T
s
T 1
Ieective = Irms = i2 (t)dt
Z
1
Veective = Vrms = v 2 (t)dt T 0
T 0
Irms is the voltage value displayed for i(t) on an AC ammeter.
Vrms is the voltage value displayed for v(t) on an AC voltmeter.
Example 5: Calculate the RMS value Vrms of the mixed signal I We can generalize the result of Example 5 for the RMS value Vrms of a general AC+DC
signal v(t) where
v(t) = A + B cos ωt. v(t) = VDC + vac (t),
Solution: Let us nd Vrms rst

2
as the combined RMS equation given below

1
Z T
2
Vrms = (A + B cos ωt)2 dt
T
q
0 2 +V2
Vrms = VDC ac(rms)
1
Z T
= 2
A +(
2AB
((cos
( + B 2 cos2 ωt2 dt
(ωt
T 0
B2 T
Z
1 T
A2 t 0 +

= (1 + cos 2ωt) dt
T 2 0 Example 6: Calculate the RMS value of the triangular waveform shown below.
T
B2 B 2 sin 2ωt

= A2 + +
2 2T T 0
B2
= A2 +

2V
2  m t,
 0 ≤ t < T /2
T
So, s v(t) = 2Vm
B2 2Vm −
 t, T /2 ≤ t < T
Vrms = A2 + T
2
Solution: Let us calculate Vrms

2 by using integration by parts Example 7: Calculate the RMS value of the ideal half-wave rectier output given below.
!
2Vm 2
T /2 2Vm 2
Z Z T
2 1
Vrms = t dt + 2Vm − t dt
T 0 T T /2 T
2 Z T /2 Z T !
1 4Vm 2 1
= t2 dt + 4Vm2
1 − t + 2 t2 dt
T T2 0 T T
T /2
Solution: Let us rst calculate the Vrms
2
4Vm 2 t3 T /2 4Vm 2 t2 t3
T
Z T /2
= + t − + 2 1 2
T 3 3 0 T T 2
3T T /2 Vrms = Vm sin2 (2πt/T )dt
T 0
4Vm 2 T 3 4Vm 2 T Z π
− 3 T 7T 1 2 2πt
. . . using change of variables θ =

sin2 θ dθ
=
+ + = V
3
T 24 T 2 4 24 2π m 0 T
2
Vm 2 Z π
V 1
= = m (1 − cos2θ )dθ
. . . using trigonometric identities
3 2π 0 2
V2
So, the RMS value of the triangular waveform is given by = m
4
Vm
Vrms = √
So, the RMS value of the ideal half-wave rectier output is given by
3 Vm
Vrms =
2
Example 8: Calculate the RMS value of the ideal full-wave rectier output given below. Example 9: Calculate the RMS value Vac(rms) of the AC component of the triangular
waveform.
Solution: We are going to use the combined RMS equation with the already calculated
DC and RMS values of the triangular waveform as follows
2 2 2
Vac(rms) = Vrms − VDC
Solution: Let us rst calculate the Vrms
2
Vm 2

Vm 2

Z T /2 = √ −
2 2 2 3 2
Vrms = Vm sin2 (2πt/T )dt
T 0 V2 V2
Z π = m − m
1 2 2πt 3 4
= Vm sin2 θ dθ . . . using change of variables θ =
π 0 T V2
π 1
= m.
V2 12
Z
= m (1 − cos2θ )dθ
. . . using trigonometric identities
π 0 2
2
So, the RMS value of the AC component of the triangular waveform is given by
Vm
=
2
Vm
So, the RMS value of the ideal full-wave rectier output is given by Vac(rms) = √
2 3
Vm
Vrms = √ ∼= 0.707 Vm
2
Example 10: Calculate the RMS value Vac(rms) of the AC component of the ideal Example 11: Calculate the RMS value Vac(rms) of the AC component of the ideal
half-wave rectier output. full-wave rectier output.
Solution: We are going to use the combined RMS equation with the already calculated Solution: We are going to use the combined RMS equation with the already calculated
DC and RMS values of the ideal half-wave rectier output as follows DC and RMS values of the ideal full-wave rectier output as follows
2 2 2 2 2 2
Vac(rms) = Vrms − VDC Vac(rms) = Vrms − VDC
Vm 2 Vm 2 Vm 2 2Vm 2

= − = √ −
2 π 2 π
Vm2 V2 Vm2 4V 2
= − m = − 2m
4 π2 2 π
So, the RMS value of the AC component of the half-wave rectier output is given by So, the RMS value of the AC component of the full-wave rectier output is given by
r r
1 1 1 4
Vac(rms) = Vm − 2 ∼
= 0.386 Vm Vac(rms) = Vm − 2 ∼
= 0.308 Vm
4 π 2 π
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Half-Wave Rectier Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Half-Wave Rectier
Half-Wave Rectier I Sample input and ideal output waveforms for an half-wave rectier are given in the gure
below.
I Generating a waveform with a non-zero mean value, i.e., non-zero DC component, from
an AC waveform (i.e., a zero-mean time-varying signal) is called rectication. The circuits
which perform rectication are called rectiers. This is a crude AC to DC conversion.
I A half-wave rectier recties only half-cycle of the waveform, i.e., circuits conducts only
for one-half of the AC cycle, maintaining the average of the output signal non-zero.
I A half-wave rectier circuit is the same as the series clipper circuit shown below.
I The DC voltage output of the half-wave rectier is the DC component of the output
waveform and as calculated before it is given by
1
VDC(half-wave) = Vm ∼
= 0.318 Vm
π
where Vm is the peak voltage of the input sinusoidal signal.
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Half-Wave Rectier Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier
I The output of the half-wave rectier for VD(ON ) = 0.7 V is shown below Full-Wave Rectier
I A full-wave rectier recties both cycles of the waveform producing a higher DC output
as shown below
When VD(ON ) 6= 0, the DC voltage output of the half-wave rectier is approximately

equal to
1 1
VDC(half-wave) ∼
= Vm − VD(ON ) = 0.318 Vm − 0.5 VD(ON )
π 2
I When the diode is OFF, maximum negative voltage between the terminals of the diode I The DC voltage output of the full-wave rectier is the DC component of the output
is the negative peak value −Vm . So, the peak-inverse-voltage for the half-wave rectier is waveform and as calculated before it is given by
given by
2
PIV(half-wave rectier) = Vm VDC(full-wave) = Vm ∼
= 0.636 Vm
π
Thus, we need to select a diode with a PIV rating greater than Vm , i.e., PIVdiode > Vm , where Vm is the peak voltage of the input sinusoidal.
to use in our half-wave rectier circuit.
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier
Full-Wave Rectier Circuits

Center-Tapped Transformer Full-Wave Rectier
There are two types of full-wave rectier circuits: Center-tapped transformer full-wave rectier shown below requires a center-tapped (CT)
transformer to establish the replica of the input signal across each section of the
1. Center-Tapped Transformer Full-Wave Rectier secondary of the transformer and then combining two half-wave rectiers together where
2. Full-Wave Bridge Rectier the two half-wave rectiers operate on opposite cycles of the input signal.
Here, D1 operates on the positive half-cycle and D2 operates on the negative half-cycle of
input vi .
I Using the ideal diode model, operation of the center-tapped transformer full-wave rectier
are shown for positive and negative cycles in the top and bottom gures below, I When the diodes are not ideal, i.e., VD(ON ) 6= 0, the DC voltage output of the
respectively. center-tapped transformer full-wave rectier is approximately equal to
2
VDC(center-tapped) ∼
= Vm − VD(ON ) = 0.636 Vm − VD(ON )
π
I When the diodes are OFF, maximum negative voltage between the terminals of the
diodes are twice the negative peak value. So, the peak-inverse-voltage for the
center-tapped transformer full-wave rectier is given by
PIV(center-tapped) = 2Vm
Full-Wave Bridge Rectier I Using the ideal diode model, operation of the full-wave bridge rectier are shown for
positive and negative cycles in the top and bottom gures below, respectively.
The most popular circuit to achieve full-wave rectication is four diodes in a bridge
conguration as shown below. The popularity of the rectier comes from the fact that it
eliminates the need for a transformer.
Here, D2 and D3 operate on the positive half-cycle, and D4 and D1 operate on the I When the diodes are OFF, maximum negative voltage between the terminals of the
negative half-cycle of input vi . diodes are equal to the negative peak value. So, the peak-inverse-voltage for the full-wave
bridge rectier is given by
PIV(bridge) = Vm
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Full-Wave Rectier Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Rectier Summary
I The positive half-cycle operation and full output of the full-wave bridge rectier for
Rectier Summary
VD(ON ) = 0.7 V is shown below Summary of the rectier circuits is given in the table below.
Rectier Ideal Output Realistic Output PIV
Half-Wave Rectier VDC = 0.318 Vm VDC = 0.318 Vm − 0.5 VD(ON ) Vm
Center-Tapped Transformer VDC = 0.636 Vm VDC = 0.636 Vm − VD(ON ) 2Vm

Full-Wave Rectier
Full-Wave Bridge Rectier VDC = 0.636 Vm VDC = 0.636 Vm − 2VD(ON ) Vm
Note: Vm is the peak value of the sinusoidal input voltage.

When the diodes are not ideal, i.e., VD(ON ) 6= 0, the DC voltage output of the full-wave
bridge rectier is approximately equal to
2
Homework 1: Compare the center-tapped transformer rectier and bridge rectier listing their
VDC(bridge) ∼
= Vm − 2VD(ON ) = 0.636 Vm − 2VD(ON )
π advantages and disadvantages. Which one is more preferable and why?
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Voltage Regulation and Ripple Factor Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Voltage Regulation and Ripple Factor
Voltage Regulation and Ripple Factor Voltage Regulation

I An important factor in a power supply is the amount the DC output voltage changes over
a range of loads. The voltage provided at the output under no-load condition (no current
drawn from the supply) is reduced when load current is drawn from the supply (under
load). The amount the DC voltage changes between the no-load (NL) and full-load (FL)
conditions is described by a factor called voltage regulation (VR) given by
VN L − VF L
%VR = × 100
A block diagram containing the parts of a typical power supply and the voltages at various VF L
points in the unit is shown in shown above.
1. The mains AC voltage (120 Vrms 60 Hz in USA, and 230 Vrms 50 Hz in Europe), is
connected to a transformer, which steps that AC voltage down to the level for the Example 12: A DC voltage supply provides 60 V when the output is unloaded. When
desired DC output. connected to a load, the output drops to 56 V. Calculate the value of voltage regulation.
2. A diode rectier then provides a full-wave rectied voltage.
3. Full-wave rectied voltage is then ltered by a simple capacitor lter to produce a Solution: %VR =
VN L − VF L
× 100 =
60 − 56
× 100 = 7.1%.
DC voltage. This resulting DC voltage usually has some ripple or AC voltage VF L 56
variation. I The smaller the voltage regulation, the better the operation of the voltage supply circuit.
4. Finally, obtained DC voltage is regulated to obtain a desired xed DC voltage. The
regulation circuit takes a DC voltage and provides a somewhat lower DC voltage,
which remains the same even if the input DC voltage varies or the output load
changes. Although one of the simplest regulators is a Zener regulator, usually an
integrated circuit (IC) voltage regulator unit is used for voltage regulation.
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Voltage Regulation and Ripple Factor Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Voltage Regulation and Ripple Factor
Ripple Factor Example 13: Calculate the ripple factor of the ideal half-wave rectier output below.
Vac(rms)(half-wave) 0.386 Vm
Solution: %r(half-wave) = × 100 = × 100 = 121%.
VDC(half-wave) 0.318 Vm
Example 14: Calculate the ripple factor of the ideal full-wave rectier output below.
I The ltered output shown above has a DC value and some AC variation (ripple). The
smaller the AC variation with respect to the DC level, the better the lter circuit's
operation (or the better the power supply). This ratio is called the ripple factor (r)
expressed by
Vr(rms)
%r = × 100
VDC
Vac(rms)(full-wave) 0.308 Vm
where Vr(rms) the RMS value of the AC ripple voltage vr (t) uctuating around the DC Solution: %r(full-wave) = × 100 = × 100 = 48%.
value VDC at the output. VDC(full-wave) 0.636 Vm
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Capacitor Filter Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Capacitor Filter
Capacitor Filter
I A very popular lter circuit is the capacitor-lter circuit shown above. A capacitor is
connected at the rectier output, and a DC voltage is obtained across the capacitor.
Figure on the left above shows the output voltage of the ideal full-wave rectier before
the signal is ltered,
while gure on the right above shows the resulting waveform after the lter capacitor is
connected at the rectier output.
Notice that the ltered waveform is essentially a DC voltage with some ripple (or AC
variation).
I So, a full-wave rectier integrated with a capacitor lter is shown above.
Ripple Factor of Capacitor Filter
Let us derive the expression for the ripple factor of the capacitor lter output shown above
1. Charging period T1 and discharging period T2 together constitute the whole period T /2.
I When we analyse the capacitor lter output shown on the left above, Thus,
Time T1 is the time during which diodes of the full-wave rectier conduct, charging the T2 =
T
− T1
capacitor up to the peak rectier voltage, Vm . 2
Time T2 is the time interval during which the rectier voltage drops below the peak 2. Peak-to-peak ripple voltage Vr(p-p) is given by
voltage, and the capacitor discharges through the load.
Vr(p-p) = 2 (Vm − VDC )
Since the charge-discharge cycle occurs for each half-cycle for a full-wave rectier, the
period of the rectied waveform is T /2 (one-half the input signal frequency). 3. We can express discharge current (i.e., load current) IDC as follows
I The ripples of the ltered voltage can be approximated by a triangular waveform as
shown on the right above, where the output waveform has a DC level VDC and a IDC = C
∆V
=C
Vr(p-p)
triangular ripple voltage Vr(rms) as the capacitor charges and discharges. ∆t T2
6. We can obtain Vr(p-p) from Step 3 and Step 5
IDC VDC IDC VDC

Vr(p-p) = =
2f C Vm fripple C Vm
where fripple = 2f and f = 1/T is the frequency of the input AC voltage.

7. Similarly, we can obtain Vr(rms) from Step 6 by using the RMS value of an AC triangular
4. Using similar triangles we can obtain an expression for T1 waveform
Vr(p-p) Vm Vr(p-p) √
∼
= Vr(rms) = √ . . . i.e., Vr(p) = 3Vr(rms)
T1 T /4 2 3
Vr(p-p) T IDC VDC
T1 ∼
= = √
Vm 4 2 3fripple C Vm
2 (Vm − VDC ) T
∼ . . . from Step 2
=
Vm 4 8. Thus, ripple factor r is given by
∼ T VDC T
= − Vr(rms)
2 2Vm r=
VDC
5. We can obtain T2 from Step 1 and Step 3 1 VDC
VDC T = √ . . . as VDC = IDC RL
T2 = 2 3fripple CRL Vm
2Vm
√
Due to Vr(p) = 3Vr(rms) and Vm = VDC + Vr(p) , we obtain VDC
Vm
as Diode Conduction Period and Peak Diode Current
VDC VDC 1 1 1 Larger values of capacitance provide less ripple and higher average voltage, thereby
= = = √ = √ providing better lter action. From this, one might conclude that to improve the
1 + Vr(p)
Vm VDC + Vr(p) V 3Vr(rms) 1+ 3r
DC
1+ VDC performance of a capacitor lter it is only necessary to increase the size of the lter
capacitor. The capacitor, however, also aects the peak current drawn through the
rectifying diodes, and as will be shown next, the larger the value of the capacitor, the
V 1 V larger the peak current drawn through the rectifying diodes.
9. For light load (i.e., r < 6.5%), DC = √ ratio approaches to one, i.e., DC =
∼ 1.
Vm 1 + 3r Vm
So, expression for the ripple factor r reduces to Recall that the diodes conduct during period T1 , during which time the diode must
provide the necessary average current to charge the capacitor. The shorter this time
1 interval, the larger the amount of the charging current. Figure on the next slide shows
r∼
= √ this relation for a half-wave rectied signal (it would be the same basic operation for
2 3fripple CRL
full-wave). Notice that for smaller values of capacitor, with T1 larger, the peak diode
current is less than for larger values of lter capacitor.
10. Hence when VDC
Vm = 1,
∼ peak-to-peak ripple voltage Vr(p−p) becomes
IDC
Vr(p-p) ∼
=
fripple C
Thus, the larger the capacitor the smaller the ripple voltage and ripple factor.
Example 15: (2004-2005 MI) A power-supply circuit is needed to deliver 0.1 A and an
average of 15 V to a load. The AC source available is 230 Vrms with a frequency of 50 Hz.
Assume that a full-wave rectier circuit is to be used with a smoothing capacitor in
parallel with the load as shown in the gure above. The peak-to-peak ripple voltage is to
be 0.4 V. Allow VD(ON ) = 0.7 V for the forward diode voltage drop.
Since the total discharge must equal to total charge, the following relation can be used
(assuming constant diode current during charging period):
Find
IDC T2 = Ipeak T1 a) The turns-ratio n = N1 /N2 that is
Ipeak =
T2
IDC
needed,
T1 b) The load resistor RL , and
T
where T2 ∼= T for a half-wave rectier as shown above. Similarly, T2 ∼ = for a full-wave c) The approximate value of the smoothing
2 capacitor C .
rectier.
I Note that fripple = f for a half-wave rectier, and fripple = 2f for a full-wave rectier.
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Capacitor Filter Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Additional RC Filter
Additional RC Filter
Solution: For a full-wave bridge rectier, DC voltage drop due to the diodes is 2VD(ON ) .
a) As VDC = 15 V and Vr(p-p) = 0.4 V, peak value Vm of the AC voltage at the
secondary terminal of the transformer is given by
Vm = VDC + Vr(p-p) /2 + 2VD(ON ) = 15 + 0.4/2 + 2(0.7) = 16.6 V.
Thus the turns ratio n is given by
√ √
VAC(p) 2VAC(rms) 2(230)
n=
Vm
=
Vm
=
16.6
= 19.6. It is possible to further reduce the amount of ripple across a lter capacitor by using an
additional RC lter section as shown above.
b) As VDC = 15 V and IDC = 0.1 A, RL is given by
VDC 15
The purpose of the added RC section is to pass most of the DC component while
RL = = = 150 Ω. attenuating (reducing) as much of the AC component as possible. Figure on the next slide
IDC 0.1 shows a full-wave rectier with capacitor lter followed by an RC lter section.
c) As VDC
= 15
= 1,
∼ then Vr(p-p) ∼
=
IDC
. So, capacitor C is given by
VDC +Vr(p) 15.2 fripple C Thus, adding an RC section will further reduce the ripple voltage and decrease the surge
IDC IDC 0.1 current through the diodes.
C= = = = 2.5 mF.
fripple Vr(p-p) 2f Vr(p-p) 2(50)(0.4)
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Additional RC Filter Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Additional RC Filter
DC Operation
DC equivalent circuit, where both capacitors are open-circuit for DC operation, of the
additional RC lter stage is shown above.
As ripple component of the capacitor lter is much smaller than the DC component, the Thus, DC output of the RC lter stage is given by
operation of the lter circuit can be analysed using superposition for the DC and AC
components of signal. 0 RL
VDC = VDC
I So, we are going to rst use the DC equivalent circuit (i.e., DC analysis) in order to R + RL
obtain VDC 0 .
where VDC is the DC output of the capacitor lter.
I Then, we are going to use the AC equivalent circuit (i.e., AC analysis) in order to obtain
rms) .
0
Vr(
AC Operation Simplication
I If RL XC , e.g., RL ≥ 5XC , then |Z 0 | ∼

= XC .
Consequently, Vr(0 rms) could be written as
0 ∼ 1 XC
Vr( rms) = s Vr(rms) = q Vr(rms)
R2 2
R2 + XC
1+ 2
XC
So, AC output of the RC lter stage is given by

R2

1 Additionally if 1, then the above expression further reduces to

0
Vr( = Vr(rms) I
rms)

2
XC
R
1 +

Z0

XC
where Z 0 is the parallel impedance of the capacitor C2 and the load RL , i.e., 0
Vr( rms) ≈ Vr(rms)
R
Z 0 = ZC ||RL , Z = q RL XC
0
RL2 + X2
C
1
and ZC = −jXC with XC = and ω = 2πfripple .
ωC2
Example 16: Consider the circuit above with fripple = 50 Hz, C2 = 10 µF and RL = 2 kΩ.
Let us calculate XC and |Z 0 |
Example 17: Consider the circuit above with fmains = 50 Hz.
XC =
1
=
1
= 318 Ω, a) Find the DC and AC voltages over the load,
2πfripple C2 2π(50)(10µ) b) Find the ripple factors, %r and %r0 values,
c) Find the voltage regulation factor %VR.
Z = q RL XC (2k)(318)
0
= p = 314 Ω.
RL2 + X2
C
(2k)2 + (318)2 Solution: As a full-wave rectier is used fripple = 2fmains = 100 Hz.
a) Let us nd VDC 0 rst
Thus, the assumption |Z 0 | ∼
= XC holds when RL ≥ 5XC .
RL 5k
0
VDC = VDC = 150 = 136.4 V.
R + RL 0.5k + 5k
We see that DC voltage value dropped by 13.6 V.
Now, let us nd XC c) Voltage regulation %VR is given by

1 1 VN L − VF L 150 − 136.4
XC = = = 159 Ω %VR = × 100 = × 100 = 9.97%.
2πfripple C2 2π(100)(10µ) VF L 136.4
As RL XC ,
XC 159
0
Vr( rms) = q Vr(rms) = √ 15 = 4.55 V
2
R2 + XC 5002 + 1592
I If we want the DC voltage drop to be smaller but AC ripple drop to be higher, we can
achieve it by replacing the resistor R with a component such that its DC resistance is
We see that ripple voltage reduced by a factor of 3.3 times. small while its AC resistance is high. Such a component is an inductor.
b) Ripple factors before %r and after %r0 are given by
Vr(rms) 15
%r = × 100 = × 100 = 10%
VDC 150
0
Vr( rms) 4.55
%r0 = 0
× 100 = × 100 = 3.34%
VDC 136.4
We see that ripple factor reduced by a factor of 3 times.
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters π -Filter Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters π -Filter
π -Filter Solution: As VDC

0 = 200 V and IDC
0 = 50 mA, the load RL is given by
0
RL = VDC 0
/IDC = 200/50m = 4 kΩ.
We know that VDC

0 = RL
V
R` +RL DC
, so R` is given by
0 0
R` = (VDC − VDC )RL /VDC = (210 − 200)/200 = 200 Ω.
By replacing resistor R in the RC lter with inductor L, we obtain a π-lter as shown Let us nd the ripple voltage requirement as Vr(0 rms) ≤ (2%)VDC
0 = (2%)(200) = 4 Vrms
above.
While DC resistance R` of the coil is small and is AC reactance XL is high. rms) ≤ 4 Vrms.
0
Vr(
Example 18: For the π-lter shown in the gure above, the output DC voltage and
current are given as 200 V and 50 mA. Also VDC(C1 ) = 210 V, Vr(C1 ) = 12 Vrms and the
frequency of the ripple voltage fripple = 100 Hz. In order to satisfy r0 ≤ 2%, determine Let us select XC RL as XC = RL /10 = 4k/10 = 400 Ω.
the values of RL , R` , L and C2 . Explain any assumptions you make. Note that ZL = R` + jXL , and assuming XL R` we will take ZL ∼
= jXL .
NOTE: R` denotes the DC resistance of the coil.
Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters π -Filter
XL − XC Vr(rms)
12
We know that ≥ 0 = = 3, so XL is given by
XC Vr(rms) 4
XL ≥ 4XC = (4)(400) = 1.6 kΩ
So, let us select XL = 1.7kΩ and nd the value of inductance L as follows
XL XL 1.7k
L= = = = 2.7 H.
ω 2πfripple 2π(100)
As XC = 400 Ω, we can nd the value of capacitance C as follows

1 1 1
C= = = = 4 µF.
ωXC 2πfripple XC 2π(100)(400)
Dr. U. Sezen & Dr. D. Gökçen (Hacettepe Uni.) ELE230 Electronics I 28-Feb-2017 57 / 57

DC Component (Average Value) and AC Component: Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters

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Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Contents DC Component (Average Value) and AC

where p(t) is the instantaneous power and T is the period of p(t).

Eective Voltage Value Eective Current Value

Solution: Let us nd Vrms rst

as the combined RMS equation given below

Solution: Let us calculate Vrms

where Vm is the peak voltage of the input sinusoidal signal.

When VD(ON ) 6= 0, the DC voltage output of the half-wave rectier is approximately

Full-Wave Rectier Circuits

where Vm is the peak voltage of the input sinusoidal signal.

Center-Tapped Transformer VDC = 0.636 Vm VDC = 0.636 Vm − VD(ON ) 2Vm

Note: Vm is the peak value of the sinusoidal input voltage.

where Vm is the peak voltage of the input sinusoidal signal.

Voltage Regulation and Ripple Factor Voltage Regulation

Ripple Factor of Capacitor Filter

6. We can obtain Vr(p-p) from Step 3 and Step 5

IDC VDC IDC VDC

where fripple = 2f and f = 1/T is the frequency of the input AC voltage.

I If RL  XC , e.g., RL ≥ 5XC , then |Z 0 | ∼

Consequently, Vr(0 rms) could be written as

We see that DC voltage value dropped by 13.6 V.

Now, let us nd XC c) Voltage regulation %VR is given by

We see that ripple factor reduced by a factor of 3 times.

π -Filter Solution: As VDC

We know that VDC

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters π -Filter

XL ≥ 4XC = (4)(400) = 1.6 kΩ

As XC = 400 Ω, we can nd the value of capacitance C as follows

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Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters Properties of Electrical Signals

Eective Voltage Value Eective Current Value

Solution: Let us nd Vrms rst

When VD(ON ) 6= 0, the DC voltage output of the half-wave rectier is approximately

Full-Wave Rectier Circuits

I If RL XC , e.g., RL ≥ 5XC , then |Z 0 | ∼

Now, let us nd XC c) Voltage regulation %VR is given by

Rectiers and Voltage Regulating Filters π -Filter

As XC = 400 Ω, we can nd the value of capacitance C as follows