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175
CHAPTER XXIII
DAMAGE-CONTROL ORGANIZATION, CONT'D.
23-1. Necessity for efficient And, on carriers:
organization. To insure that his ship Repair Gasoline repair party.
is properly organized for the control VII...
of damage is one of the chief concerns Repair Flight deck repair
of any Commanding Officer, and under
him, his executive officer. Navy VIII... party.
Regulations state that "the damage
The damage-control station
is the
control officer... shall assist the
battle station of the damage control
executive officer... , particularly in officer. It should be in as central
coordinating all departments in the
and well-protected a location as
ship's organization for damage
possible. On a large ship, this
control...".
station should be manned by a group
including a stability control
The control of damage is largely
officer, a casualty board operator
dependent upon taking measures prior
and damage analyst, sufficient well-
to an action to reduce and localize
the effects of hits. To do this trained phone talkers (yeomen are
frequently available for this and
effectively requires organization. A
should be trained to record messages
ship's organization for battle usually
as they receive them),
is divided into four primary controls:
fire control, ship control, engine representatives of fuel-oil
control, and damage control. Carriers transfer, electrical, and ordnance
have flight control in addition.
groups, and necessary additional
ratings who are thoroughly familiar
The battle stations manned by the with the ship and its systems, to
ship's officers and men are tabulated assist the damage control officer
in the ship's battle bill
. It is when emergencies arise.
important that this bill list
sufficient stations under the damage-
Each repair party
has a specifically
located headquarters, and is further
control section to properly man the
subdivided into patrols, units or
damage-control organization. The
secondary groups. This permits
executive officer of the ship, under
dispersal of personnel, as well as a
the Commanding Officer, is responsible
wide coverage of the assigned areas.
for the preparation of the battle
Responsible officers should be
bill. He is guided by Fleet and type
placed in charge of repair parties
directives and instructions. The
damage control officer, in conjunction which should be operated as
independent organizations, trained
with other department heads, should
to act in accordance with previously
assist the executive officer in seeing
determined policies laid down by the
that a workable battle organization
damage control officer and dependent
for damage control is included in the
upon the type of damage sustained.
ship's battle bill.
Full information, however, must be
23-2. Damage control organization of supplied the damage control officer
large ships. FTP-170B, Chapter 6, by each repair party, and orders
received from him carried out to the
lists a standard type damage-control
organization for large ships, which is fullest extent.
also to be followed as closely as
In addition to the repair-party
practicable on smaller ships. This
stations, battle dressing stations,
organization includes the following
first-aid stations and collection
groups:
stations for wounded
should be
provided throughout the ship.
1. A damage-control station.
(Headquarters.)
2.
Repair I... Deck or topside repair
party.
Repair II... Forward below decks
repair party.
Repair III... After below decks
repair party.
Repair IV... Amidships below decks
repair party.
Repair V... Engineer repair party.
Repair VI... Ordnance repair party.
23-3. Small ship damage-control
organization. The smaller ships'
organizations for battle will be
simpler than the foregoing, but
should, by following the same general
plan, realize an equivalent degree of
readiness.
Quoting from the standard organization
book for DE's: "No crew can be trained
well in damage-control procedure if
the ship does not possess an excellent
damage-control organization. The lives
of the ship and crew, as well as the
ship's battle efficiency, depend to a
large extent upon the thoroughness of
the damage-control organization and
training."
On DD's and DE's three repair parties
are designated:
Repair I... Forward.
Repair II... Amidship.
Repair III... Aft.
The damage control officer of these
ships takes station at Repair II,
which is considered the main damage-
control station. He is in
communication with the Captain, chief
engineer, and other repair and shin-
control stations.
23-4. Chain of control.
In any ship's installed for quick and easy
damage-control organization,
arrangements should be made for a
designated repair station to take
charge of damage-control activities
should the damage-control station be
destroyed or rendered unable to retain control station, and may be used in
control. Other repair stations must be event that the damage-control
designated to assume control in turn, announcing system (4MC) fails.
and to take over the functions of the
damage-control station to the fullest 4. List, trim and draft indicators
extent possible.
A free exchange of information
between the damage-control, engine-
control, ship-control and fire-
control stations, and also between
repair-party stations and the
damage-control station, is
essential. It can be maintained over
various circuits (see Chapt. XXVIII)
until severe damage interferes with
or eliminates them. Secondary means
of communication must also be
provided. Messengers will have to be
used when extreme damage has been
encountered, and the damage-control
organization must provide for them.
176
by the unfailing efforts of the
damage control officer himself.
23-6. Damage-control station:
material and equipment. An
examination of a large ship's battle
organization for damage control will
bring out various factors necessary
for efficiency. One of these has to
do with equipment provided in the
damage-control station. The
following items usually are
provided:
1. Easy-to-read charts and diagrams
suitably colored and labeled,
showing the subdivision of the ship
and its many systems should be
prominently posted. Flooding effect
and liquid loading diagrams, cross
sections, and similar additional
pictorial information and data must
be posted also. A casualty board,
and a system for showing
continuously the state of ship
closure should be installed.
2. Sound-powered telephone circuit
outlets connecting with repair
stations, repair groups, and main-
control stations.
3. Inter-communicating systems
fitted with loud speakers are
communication between repair
stations and between main and
auxiliary control stations. At least
one general announcing transmitter
(1MC) is located in the damage-
are installed so that the ship's
In every organization there also
should be provision for passing the
control of each repair party and its
operations down through the officers,
petty officers and non-rated men, so
that a battle emergency will not find
any group unprepared and leaderless.
23-5. Damage-control and engineering 23-7. Damage-control station
personnel. It is essential that the
casualty-control bills. Damage- personnel manning a large ship's
control bills and engineering
casualty-control bills are extremely
important aids in organizing the ship
for the control of damage. They
normally are found in the books so
named, and outline certain procedures
to be followed. Each bill should be
detailed with care, the damage control
officer and engineering officer
cooperating and consulting with each
other in its preparation.
On the larger ships, repair-party
personnel come from almost every
department. On the smaller ones,
engineering-department personnel make
up the largest part of the repair
parties. The active interest and
cooperation of other department heads
is, therefore, of utmost importance,
and can best be obtained
177
position in the water may be
determined instantly.
5. A fire-alarm annunciator board
for magazine compartments is
installed to indicate excessive
temperatures therein.
damage-control station be as
thoroughly acquainted with the ship
and its battle organization as is
humanly possible. It is important
that all repair-party officers,
including the assistant damage
control officer, be trained to take
charge of the damage-control station
during battle, and to exercise the
functions of the damage control
officer from any of the repair
stations.
Furthermore, subordinate officers
and petty officers in the damage-
control station itself must be able
to continue its efficient operation
should the damage control officer
depart for the scene of any damage.
When leaving on such a mission, the
damage control officer should be
accompanied by a competent talker
(if possible capable of taking
shorthand). This talker should carry
a long-lead sound-powered phone, to
be plugged in when the damaged area
is reached.
Figure 23-A. An auxiliary locker to provide dispersal of repair equipment.
178
23-8. Repair-party stations
equipment. Repair-party equipment
allowed for any ship is cataloged in
its BuShips hull allowance list. This
gear should be distributed as widely
as possible throughout the repair-
party areas, consistent with
convenient accessibility and secure
stowage. Installation of identically
equipped and stowed repair lockers
throughout different repair-party
areas is advocated, so that men can
find equipment in any locker despite
the presence of smoke.
subdivision and dispersion is to
cover the various areas more
efficiently and to reduce the number
of men who might be killed or
injured by any one hit. FTP-170B,
Chapter 6, should be studied
carefully; it gives a brief but
comprehensive outline of the
composition and duties of major ship
repair parties.
It is important that Repair V and VI
be organized to work in coordination
with Repair I, II, III and IV, and
that they receive much the same
training apart from their special
Each repair-party station should have
as much equipment as practicable in
the form of diagrams, charts, spare
phones, etc., to enable it to take
over the duties of the damage-control
station. This also enhances the
efficiency of repair-party operation
within its own area. Some large ship
repair-party stations are now being
equipped with diagram lockers, from
which any diagram may be conveniently
drawn out on to a small shelf which
folds out of the way when not in use.
23-9. Repair-party organization.
Repair I on a large ship is the
topside repair party, and on a
battleship, covers all of the ship
above forward-and-aft of the "armored
box". A large number of patrols,
groups or units is established by
subdivision. An experienced officer is
in charge of Repair I, assisted by
other officers, the ship's boatswain,
chief petty officers and responsible
petty officers. These assistants are
in charge of the subdivided groups,
units, or patrols, which are
distributed throughout the upper deck
areas from the superstructure down to
the second deck. The subdivision of
this and other repair parties varies
considerably in different ships.
During battle a large number of men
from different departments may be
available for inclusion in the topside
repair party (Repair I), and can
perform valuable service when properly damage control officer establish a
trained. Each repair party must have
an adequate number of electrician's
mates and pharmacist's mates attached
to it.
Repair II, Repair III and Repair IV,
the "below deck" hull repair parties,
cover the forward, aft, and midship
areas within the armored boundaries
but outside of the main machinery
spaces. They usually share with Repair
VI the responsibility for the magazine In organizing repair parties,
spaces. The engineering repair party, maximum use should be made of the
Repair V, has headquarters convenient best men. Do not concentrate them;
to the main machinery spaces. All of
these repair parties have headquarters possible. Each responsible petty
centrally located in their areas.
Like Repair I, these other parties are his repair area, and certain special
subdivided into patrols, groups, or
units, which are well distributed
throughout their own areas. The
purpose of the
work. It is desirable to have the
repair parties conduct drills in
competition with each other. A
hearty spirit of competition between
all of these "below deck" repair
parties can effectively increase the
ship's ability to resist damage.
Many organizational ideas, practices
and procedures can be used to
increase the efficiency of repair
party organizations. One is to
organize repair parties as
independent units, each responsible
to its own officer-in-charge. He
should be made responsible for the
training of his personnel, the
condition of his equipment, and, in
general, all matters pertaining to
damage control in the area for which
his party is responsible.
Another requirement is to shift
repair party officers and other
personnel at suitable intervals. It
is, of course, not wise to shift too
many people at any one time. But it
is mandatory to increase the overall
knowledge of the members of a
damage-control organization by
requiring them to serve in different
repair parties. Many instances of
battle damage have demonstrated the
absolute necessity of training men
in other areas than those to which
these men are customarily assigned.
Moreover, it is recommended that the
committee, composed of all repair-
party officers (and possibly chief
petty officers) for periodic
meetings to discuss policies,
methods of procedure and training,
maintenance problems, etc. This
group should include engineering and
ordnance repair-party officers as
well, since their help and
cooperation can be of great value.
spread them around as much as
officer should be made answerable
for a repair-party group, a part of
equipment. This will be done by and
through the repair-party officers,
of course, but the damage control
officer should see that it is
done.
The encouragement of officers to use
their own initiative and to feel a
strong personal responsibility for
the
 179
efficiency of their own repair-party fire protection of the ship shall be
organization cannot be recommended too implemented by appropriate ship's
strongly. orders." FTP-170B, Chapter 11.

To sum up, repair parties should be In the damage-control station and at

divided into small groups, preferably the repair stations manned, diagrams
of from four to six men each, led by a and records are kept to show which
responsible petty officer, accountable fittings are open and which systems
for certain areas and certain are in operation. The status of fuel
equipment, in communication with and water tanks shall be shown and
repair-party stations, trained to set kept up-to-date.
the battle material condition quickly,
and finally, to act independently when The condition in which a ship is
necessary. cruising during war may determine
its ability to survive a surprise
23-10. Organization for war attack. Unless the proper material
cruising. "While cruising, and at condition is set, adhered to and
such other times as ordinary prudence continually checked by patrols, a
may dictate, a watch shall be kept in ship may not be in the proper state
the damage-control station and in a to resist damage. This has been
designated repair station, and patrols brought out repeatedly in action and
shall he established throughout the war damage reports.
ship as necessary to maintain the ship
in the prescribed material condition The ship's organization for war
and in readiness to control sudden cruising, as listed in the battle
damage. bill must, therefore, provide for an
adequate damage-control watch. This
"No doors, hatches, valves, or is of importance on small ships as
fittings required to be closed in the well as large.
material condition being maintained
may be opened without permission of The activities of personnel standing
the Commanding Officer through the damage-control watches during war
damage control officer, or, on small cruising conditions should be
vessels, through the officer of the organized to promote education and
deck. This applies as well to such training of both themselves and
facilities as ventilation, drainage, other ship's personnel in damage-
flushing, etc. A damage-control log control methods and procedures while
shall be kept by the damage control actually on watch. The opportunities
watch officer or, in the case of small for such activity are numerous and
vessels, by the officer of the deck, occur frequently through a complete
which shall contain the following 24 hour day, particularly at times
information: when other routine activities are
not scheduled.
1. Name and rank of individual making
the request to open a particular A further type of organization is
fitting in violation of the material needed. This is the organization of
condition in existence. the ship into groups for the purpose
of training and educating all
2. The number and type of the fitting personnel in damage-control
(e.g., W.T. Door 2-122-2). objectives and how to attain them.

3. The damage-control classification 23-11. Organizing for training and

of the fitting. education in damage control. The
necessity for training and educating
4. The time opened. the entire ship's personnel to the
maximum extent consistent with their
5. The time closed. primary duties must never be
overlooked. It is only by utilizing
In order that the damage-control every opportunity that each
patrol will have accurate knowledge of individual can be made to understand
conditions in their assigned area and clearly what part he plays in damage
full knowledge of any authorized control and how to play it with the
violations, the request for authority ultimate degree of success when the
to open a particular fitting, except
in extreme emergency, shall be
transmitted through the damage-control
patrol to the damage control watch
officer. If the request is granted,
the notification of closure shall also
be transmitted through the damage-
control patrol. All personnel shall be
thoroughly indoctrinated as to the
importance of material readiness. A
wholesome respect for the
inviolability of damage-control
closures shall be engendered and the
authority of the damage-control patrol
and the damage-control watch officer
with respect to the watertight and
light-tight integrity and
unexpected occurs with accompanying
shock, confusion, benumbing
intensity, and rapidity. It is then
that the efficient organization, and
planned training and education pay
off in dividends of cool, confident,
and prepared men, quick to apply
what they have learned, and able to
keep the ship afloat and fighting.
Details of training and educational
programs will be found in Chapter
XXVI. Such a program is enhanced by
organizing a staff of officers and
key petty officers of all
departments to act as instructors in
specific phases of damage control.
There need be no

180
lack of instructors on any ship, since maximum efficiency when needed in an
after some intensive training and emergency. This is naturally a
study of one subject an officer or key matter of primary concern to the
petty officer should be able to damage control officer, but it is
instruct others. partially the engineer officer's
responsibility. The division of
Divisions may be organized as responsibility between their
secondary damage-control groups. The departments should be clearly
division officer or one of his junior defined, and each should insist on
officers would be division damage- such regular programs of
control officer. Similarly, a key inspections, testing, operation,
petty officer can be designated upkeep, repair, replacement and
damage-control petty officer for the renewal by their respective forces,
division. Such petty officers should as will eliminate the possibility of
be given instruction and supplied with failure of any hull system through
educational materials. By passing this lack of attention. In each
information on to the men in their department it is necessary to fix
division they can insure that their direct responsibilities for such
division understands its preventive maintenance in
responsibility for watertight specifically detailed key personnel,
integrity and material conditions of who will have working groups
closure. responsible to them.

23-12. Organizing an effective

maintenance program. It is also
necessary to set up efficient and
reliable organizations for the purpose primarily for damage control. It
of maintaining to the highest degree
possible the:
1. Ship's watertight integrity.
2. Efficient operation of hull
systems.
3. Reliable operation of damage-
control equipment.
4. Proper quantity and condition of
damage-control materials.
A haphazard, hit and miss, "cross that helpful.
bridge when we come to it" type of
maintenance program, loosely
controlled, with overlapping
responsibilities vaguely defined among
The provisions of the preceding
paragraph apply as well to
maintaining the equipment used
will be found advantageous to fix
responsibility for this in the
officer-in-charge of each repair
party, or in one definite repair
officer
. Periodic inspections, tests
and operations, accompanied by
upkeep, repair, and necessary
replacement of all equipment must be
required. "Check-off list" type
inspection or operating reports to
be filled out and turned in by
responsible personnel daily, weekly,
or even monthly have been found
Similar arrangements should be made
for insuring that a full allowance
of the many materials necessary for
different departments, and among damage-control activities is on
different groups within any particular hand, in good condition, and widely
department, constitutes a great danger and intelligently distributed. A
to the success of any ship's offensive responsible member of the damage-
mission. control organization should be
directly accountable to the damage-
Maintaining the ship's watertight control officer for this. A
integrity is one of the primary constantly rotating inventory and
responsibilities of the damage control inspection of all vital damage-
officer. Given conscientious control materials, supplemented by
observance of their duties by division the necessary requisitions and
officers, and a faithful adherence to regular reports is recommended. The
the air-test schedules, the damage supply officer can cooperate, and
control officer can insure that such will contribute his facilities, his
integrity will be maintained. personnel and his personal
Supplementary, but of no less assistance to the good cause. Such
importance, will be any work done by assistance, if not volunteered,
Navy yards and other repair activities should be solicited by the damage
which affects watertight integrity. control officer.
There should be provision that any
ship will be more watertight after Organizing a ship's company so that
repairs or alterations than it was the incidence of damage will cause
before. Extreme effort must be exerted the minimum of interference with the
to obtain this improvement, and to accomplishment of the ship's
resist any deterioration whenever offensive mission is a primary
alterations are effected, or yard or damage-control objective. The
tender work is done. damage-control organization must be
an integral part of the ship's
Close liaison between engineering and organization as a whole, and, as
hull departments is necessary to such, must actually provide the
insure that hull systems (including means for attaining the overall
motivating machinery) will operate at objective.

181
CHAPTER XXIV
THE REPAIR PARTY
24-1. Foreword. The officer-in-charge from other departments are required
of each repair party is responsible to round out the organization.
for organizing and training personnel
assigned to his station. A chain of Electricians mates are indispensable
command must be established within the to the repair party. They may, among
unit so that it will continue to other things, make emergency
function effectively should the electrical repairs on the scene,
officer-in-charge be absent for any direct the establishment of casualty
reason. The effectiveness of the power connections, test and locate
organization depends largely upon the damaged circuits, restore
energy and ingenuity of the officer- communication and fire-control
in-charge. circuits, provide the damage control
officer and the electrical officer
Whether the ship is a battleship or a with information concerning the
destroyer, the organization and extent of electrical damage, and aid
training of the repair party is and advise men working around
fundamentally the same, the principal electrical damage to protect them
differences being the number of men from electrical shock or to prevent
available and the total number of further damage to the ship's power
repair parties on the ship. These system. FTP-170B requires that there
factors are governed by the size of be at least one electrician's mate
the ship and its complement. The with each repair party. Additional
necessity for adequate training and electrician's mates are desirable if
effective organization of small ships' the ship's organization permits
repair parties is perhaps greater their assignment. If more than one
because small ships have fewer men is available for any repair party,
available for assignment. they should be distributed among its

24-2. Function of the repair party. outlying units. An electrician's

mate should always accompany the
The repair party is the damage control first investigating party sent to
officer's representative at the scene the scene of battle damage.
of a casualty. At his battle station
the damage control officer is the A hospital corpsman who accompanies
nerve center and directing force of a repair party to the scene of
the entire damage control damage can often render first aid to
organization. However, the orders and men with minor wounds and return
information which he gives to the them to their battle station. Thus,
individual repair parties handling for example, a gun which otherwise
battle damage cannot be all-inclusive. would have been lost to the ship
Many of his decisions must be delayed during a critical period may be put
pending a complete and reliable back in service.
estimate and analysis of the extent of
damage, based upon the receipt of The fuel-oil gang should be
accurate reports. These reports to a represented by at least one and
large extent come from the repair preferably two men on each repair
party in the affected area. Likewise, party. These men must be familiar
should the damage-control station be with the location of vent lines and
knocked out during battle, its sounding tubes to each fuel tank,
responsibilities must be carried on by the distribution of fuel and diesel
the repair party previously designated oil, and the sequence for emptying
as next in the chain of control. The tanks, and must have a complete
overall effectiveness of the damage- knowledge of the fuel-oil filling,
control organization is directly transfer and ballasting systems.
proportional to the effectiveness of
the links in its chain; namely, the A yeoman capable of taking shorthand
individual repair parties. is very useful to a repair party as
a phone talker and recorder. He is
24-3. Personnel of the repair party. prepared to keep a complete log of
incoming and outgoing messages, and
While it would be desirable to have
artificers from the hull department thus the officer-in-charge of the
form the greater portion of the repair repair party may have at hand ready
party on larger ships, these rates can information concerning conditions
at best only partially supply the existing throughout the ship.
repair party's requirements. Personnel
At least one storekeeper and
preferably more should be assigned
to each repair party. These men must
be

182
Figure 24-1. Suggested organization of a BB repair party.

183
 Figure 24-2. Suggested organization of repair parties on a DD or DE.
184
familiar with the location and
contents of all supply department
storerooms. Readily available
knowledge concerning the nature of
materials and the method of stowage
is of greatest importance when
fighting fires in and around
storerooms, spare parts and
equipment. Of equal importance is
knowledge concerning the location of
spare parts and repair equipment in
the custody of the supply officer.
A radioman assigned to the topside
repair party can assist greatly in
repairing antennas or in rigging
emergency antennas. There are other
men who, withproper training , can
be effectively assigned duties as
patrols, messengers, and assistants
to the artificers in handling tools
and equipment.
24-4. Personnel assignments. An
efficient repair party is organized
in small groups or units, each with
a definite classification as to its
primary duties. These groups or
to provide and rig emergency lights
or battery powered flood lamps.
wreckage removal detail
5. The of
from three to six men, to provide
crow bars, mauls, jacks, chain-falls,
etc., which may be required to clear
wreckage from a fouled gun mount,
director, or other piece of movable
equipment.
The preceding breakdown of personnel
assignments refers only to the
assignment of definite duties. Each
man must also be trained in all
phases of handling damage in order to
achieve maximum adaptability within
the repair party. Any group
unoccupied, due to the nature of
damage, may then be detailed to
assist other groups in carrying out
their assignments.
Additional conditions apply to the
engineer's repair party. It should
have a similar type organization al.
though the subdivisions thereof will
be at some variance with those
previously outlined. There must, of
units should be dispersed so that
the entire repair party will not be
wiped out by any single hit. A
reliable petty officer should be
placed in charge of each group to
direct its activities in accordance
with the desires of the repair
party's officer-in-charge. This
delegation of responsibility
promotes active interest on the part units of the repair party are
of petty officers.
The group leader should assign
definite and specific details to
each man of the group, including
responsibility for proper closure
settings in the particular area, and officer in charge of each group. Such
the care and maintenance of
equipment assigned.
War experience has shown that the
repair party will function with a
minimum of confusion during battle
if a group organization of the
following nature is set up at each
main repair station on a large
combatant ship:
course, be a fire party as well as
details for taking over the machinery
spaces and operating the main
propulsion plant, boilers,
generators, pumps, evaporators and
other engineering auxiliaries.
In addition to the above details at
each main repair station, auxiliary
necessary to provide for personnel
dispersal. One or more small groups
of from four to six men each should
be placed at outlying stations within
the area for which the repair party
is responsible, with a reliable petty
a unit must be in constant
communication with the main repair
party. Each auxiliary unit should
have a designation by name or number
in order to assure clarity in
communications. Each unit should also
have a small locker in which to stow
rescue breathing apparatus, spare
canisters, portable fire
extinguishers, and an assortment of

1. The fire party, consisting of

small tools. The unit may then
function as a minor repair party
from four to six men (the number within its own area. Outlying units
being commensurate with the size of may be stationed in compartments
the repair party). This group must forward or aft of the main repair
provide rescue breathing apparatus, station, or may be located a deck
tending lines, canisters, and carbon above or on a deck below the main
dioxide. It precedes other groups in party.
entering damaged areas to
investigate for the existence of Insofar as may be practicable, one
fires, explosive and toxic gases, man should be stationed as a patrol
etc. in each of the principal compartments
2. The sounding party within the area for which the main
of from three repair party is responsible. These
to five men, whose job it is to patrols should have some system of
determine the extent of flooding communication with the parent repair
immediately after damage is party, either by direct means or by
sustained. The fuel-oil men may work relay through other units of the main
with this group to locate party, keeping the officer-in-charge
contaminated fuel- and diesel-oil informed as to conditions in the
tanks. various adjacent spaces. A petty
3. The pump detail of from two to
officer may be placed in charge of
the patrol unit
. He should be able to
three men, to provide and rig visit his men during general quarters
portable submersible pumps and for the purpose of instructing them
discharge hoses as required. in their duties.
4. The lighting detail of from two
to three men,

185
CHAPTER XXV
THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT
25-1. Foreword. The mission of the officers, with assigned corpsmen man
medical department aboard any ship the larger stations. Smaller stations
is to help maintain that ship's
fighting efficiency under all
circumstances. The purpose of this
Chapter is to acquaint ship's
personnel with the problems of the
medical department, and to suggest
ways and means whereby its mission
may be accomplished.
are manned by corpsmen alone.
Stations below protective decks
actually are in the nature of reserve
stations; their presence tends to
insure that adequate medical
facilities and personnel will be
available after an engagement when
they may be very much in demand.

Medical preparation, organization, 25-4. Equipment and material. All

and training for combat begins long medical personnel should keep their
before the ship reaches the war own gear handy, both for self
zone. Primary problems arise with protection and for treatment. Such
respect to the prevention of disease equipment may consist of a hospital
and the maintenance of health and corps pouch or suitable substitute,
sanitary conditions aboard ship. with first-aid supplies, morphine,
Weeding out the mentally and knife and scissors, gas mask, life
physically unfit prevents loss of jacket or belt, helmet, flashlight
men at times when replacements may secured by a lanyard, and gloves for
be difficult to procure. Checking the protection of hands from heat and
immunizations, blood types, and fire. Provision must be made for
identification tags, and teaching rendering first aid under extremely
first aid are all tedious, but will adverse conditions involving fire,
pay dividends in maintaining health flooding and darkness.
and minimizing injuries. Coupled
with these problems is the one of Materiel should be well dispersed
establishing and maintaining an about the ship as follows (large
adequate organization for battle and ship):
all other emergencies.
1. Battle dressing stations should be
ORGANIZATION adequately equipped for the
performance of major surgical
25-2. Decentralization. A prime operations, and should have on hand
requisite of an efficient medical the necessary instruments, dressings,
organization is decentralization; drugs, intravenous solutions, plasma
the dispersal of both personnel and and anesthetics (local, intravenous
material throughout the ship. This and spinal). Portable lights, normal
is vital since it makes the medical and emergency lighting circuits,
department available to as many men power sockets for sterilizers and
as possible, and insures that even water heaters, folding operating
though damage is sustained medical tables, normal and emergency water
supplies and personnel will remain. supplies, bunks, and toilet
The plan for dispersal should be facilities must be available. One of
based upon a thorough study of each these stations should be accessible
ship's battle distribution of to weather-deck personnel.
personnel, and available
2. First aid stations should be
dressings, intravenous
compartments, utilities, accesses,
provided with
fluids, plasma
and stowage.
and other necessary
25-3. General quarters stations. materials and utilities such as
Since ships and their complements light, power, and water supplies.
vary, no single plan of organization
will be suitable for all 3. Supplies for corpsmen assigned to
circumstances. The following repair parties should be easily
description pertains in general to accessible and portable, since these
the larger ships; it can be scaled corpsmen will follow the repair
down or further modified in adapting parties to the scenes of material and
to conditions on smaller vessels. personnel damage.

Whenever possible, medical personnel 4. Decontamination stations should be

should be assigned berths in the equipped for aiding chemical warfare
immediate vicinity of their battle casualties, and may also serve as
stations. The stations necessarily first-aid stations. Showers,
will vary depending upon the type of
vessel, but generally will include
battle dressing stations, first-aid
stations, repair parties, and
decontamination stations. Medical
and dental

186

Figure 25-1. Sample medical department battle organization.

187
running water, and space for the 25-5. Communications. Communications
segregation of contaminated and are vital to the work of the medical
decontaminated personnel must be department, and should be provided
provided. between the damage control officer

Collecting stations
and the medical officer, using all
5. should be methods available (ship's service
established to prevent confusion and phones, sound-powered phones, MC
overcrowding of the main battle system, and even messengers). The
dressing stations. They should be object, of course, is to make
selected for accessibility and possible good cooperation between the
because they provide necessary damage-control station and the
utilities. various medical department stations.

6. Portable battle lockers All reports of materiel and personnel

should be damage are received by the damage-
stocked and stowed in accessible control station, which can notify the
spaces independent of battle senior medical officer. It follows
dressing or first-aid stations, to that this makes personnel casualties
provide supplies for groups of easier to locate, and that, if
wounded in isolated areas. The necessary, routes can be opened up by
recommended minimum is 10 for
battleships and carriers, 5 for
cruisers, 2 for destroyers and
proportionate numbers for ships of
other types.
7. Storerooms must be adjacent to
battle dressing stations, and
accessory storerooms may be
designated to increase dispersal of
medical supplies.
repair parties on orders from damage
control.
25-6. Emergencies other than action.
Emergencies other than battle damage
may occur, and the medical department
should follow closely the ship's
bills for collision, abandon ship,
fire, and fire and rescue. Provision
must also be made for handling a

First-aid boxes
large influx of unexpected survivors
8. of the one cubic from another vessel, many of whom
foot variety should be provided in will require treatment, clothing and
all spaces where a number of men are food.
stationed during action, be clearly
marked, contain morphine syrettes, TRAINING AND EDUCATION
and be so sealed as to permit easy
access. 25-7. Officers and crew. The
training and educational programs
9. Hospital corps pouches may be carried on by the medical department
stocked and supplied to all medical affect the entire crew. Each officer
personnel. Portable knapsacks or and man on board should be trained in
other modifications may be first aid, and taught to treat the
substituted. In any case they should minor injury first. This practice
be of such nature that they do not returns personnel to their battle
hinder the man in his work. stations quickly, and thus tends to

Gun bags
maintain the ship's fire power. Each
10. with minimum necessary man must also be indoctrinated in
first-aid supplies may be supplied methods of self-protection. Division
at all gun mounts, and especially officers should be alert to see that
the smaller automatic weapons. their men wearidentification tags,
boat life jackets when on exposed
11. Waterproofed or watertight
boxes andraft kits stations,helmets , andfull clothing
should always be as protection against flash burns.
in place in all boats and on all Many casualties can be avoided
rafts. entirely if officers see that
12. Stretchers should be well
unengaged personnel are dispersed as
much as possible, and lie flat on
dispersed. The Stokes stretcher is deck cushioned by their arms to
the most adaptable, and it provides minimize personnel damage.
good support for the patient. It
should not be stowed where access
routes render it useless; for
25-8. Stretcher bearers. Training of
stretcher bearers in the proper
example, where access is available methods of transporting the wounded
only through escape hatches, is necessary if manhandling of
tortuous passageways, and turrets. injured personnel is to be avoided.
The canvas type stretcher in one of It is worthwhile to indoctrinate the
its various modifications should be entire ship's company in the proper
made available, particularly in use of the various types of
areas where it is the only type that stretchers on board. Then stretcher
can be used. Patients should always bearers always will be available.
be secured in the stretcher, and a
line should be permanently attached
to each stretcher for vertical
25-9. Corpsmen. All hospital
corpsmen should receive thorough
transportation. instruction and practice in the
details of minor surgery and methods
13. Morphine syrettes should be of employing dressings, intravenous
distributed to all medical fluids, plasma, splints, morphine
department stations and personnel, syrettes, etc. Much can be done along
first-aid and battle boxes, and to these lines at routine general
such other responsible personnel as quarters. Personnel should be slowly
the medical officer believes should shifted from station to station so
have this material in battle. that they become familiar
 188
with the entire medical their battle stations expeditiously;
organization. In the event that a these men should not
receive
station is demolished personnel may morphine. Concomitantly, available
perform duties at other stations medical personnel will be performing
without being handicapped by the same duties. Removal of the
unfamiliar surroundings. seriously injured and the dead from
battle stations to points of shelter
For obvious reasons it is imperative (removes the effect of their presence
that all medical-department on the morale of those still engaged)
personnel know their ship as well as may be undertaken to the degree
it is known by the damage-control allowed by the circumstances.
personnel. Tours may be conducted Transportation to collecting
for the benefit of new men, and all stations, sorting, and search for
hands should be cautioned against wounded by levels may be started.
using the same access routes
repeatedly. 25-13. Disposition of the wounded.
25-10. Training methods. Various
After the action has been broken off
and the tactical situation permits
methods may be employed in training, reduction of the watertight integrity
including the scheduling of of the ship, evacuation to battle
lectures, practical demonstrations, dressing stations may be permitted.
motion pictures, and, in the case of The less seriously injured not
corpsmen, individual training requiring major operations may be
supplemented by drills at general evacuated to designated collecting
quarters. A program for instruction stations or living spaces, and
of the crew should be drawn up and treatment begun. The seriously
integrated with the ship's plan of injured and those needing shock
the day, thus insuring cooperation treatment and/or major operations may
by other departments. be evacuated to the sick bay or main
MAINTENANCE battle dressing stations. The sorting
and distributing of cases should be
25-11. Equipment and supplies. No
done by onemedical officer so that
confusion and overcrowding will not
organization can be efficient in result.
times of stress unless its equipment
is in good condition. Therefore, 25-14. The dead.Later, collection
medical equipment and supplies must and identification of the dead may be
be cared for, checked, and undertaken. Work parties under proper
replenished, especially in the case supervision must be provided so that
of such items as morphine in the the dead may be collected and
first-aid boxes. Unauthorized properly identified. A responsible
personnel should not tamper with officer (not necessarily a medical
medical-department supplies except officer; the latter will be busy with
in battle emergencies. Medical- the wounded) should be designated to
department spaces should he kept carry on this work under the
clean, and hull reports promptly direction of the senior medical
filled out. Reduction of fire officer. Disposition of the dead will
hazards by stowing behind metal is depend upon the circumstances, but if
important, because many medical buried at sea care should be taken
supplies are inflammable. that the body is properly shrouded
and weighted, and that a hole is cut
Thought should be given to the in the top of the shroud to allow for
asphyxiating and toxic qualities of the escape of air.
fumes from ruptured containers of
ether, chloroform, formaldehyde and 25-15. Chemical warfare.The medical
similar substances set free within a department must also be organized for
closed watertight compartment where the care of chemical warfare
ventilation has been closed down. casualties, in conjunction with the
Also, there is possible intoxication damage-control organization. Gas
arising from ether in powder warfare aims at groups rather than
magazines, particularly in tropical individuals, and, unlike troops
waters. Periodic ventilation at ashore who may be able to evacuate a
general quarters should be carried contaminated area, the crew of a
out to prevent this latter contaminated ship will not only have
to fight their ship but will have to
contingency, and to promote the eat, sleep and live in it after
comfort and efficiency of the crew. action has been terminated. The

HANDLING BATTLE CASUALTIES medical officer must be familiar with

chemical warfare defense and
25-12. First aid . Whenever action
protective equipment. He must teach
the principles of protection and
is imminent, ready medical stores prompt self aid which are the most
should be broken out and the sick important factors in reducing and
bay evacuated. If the sick bay is in minimizing gas casualties. Patients
a protected area the bunks should be should not be transferred to non-
freshly made up for the reception of contaminated spaces, including the
the seriously wounded. sick bay, until they have been
properly decontaminated. Provision
During and immediately following an must also be made for the handling
action ship's personnel may begin and decontamination of stores, food,
first aid, bearing in mind that the and clothing.
minor cases should be treated first
and sent back to

189
CHAPTER XXVI
DAMAGE-CONTROL EDUCATION AND TRAINING
26-1. Foreword. Accumulating war over to damage-control activities.
experience emphasizes that the Some similar arrangement can and
entire ship's company must be should be made on every ship.
thoroughly educated in damage-
control principles and methods, and In addition to regularly designated
must be properly trained to act in periods, the damage control officer
accordance with them. Action reports and his assistants can utilize "dead"
continue to illustrate that a ship time throughout any 24 hour day to as
can be lost because personnel great an extent as energy and
outside of the main damage-control ingenuity permit. An efficient
organization fail to employ proper educational and training program will
damage-control methods and schedule activities for individuals
procedures. All hands, from the and groups required to be at certain
Commanding Officer down, must be places during specified periods of
made thoroughly conversant with all time for purposes of readiness only.
phases of damage control which apply Further, there are likely to be
to their own ship. "gaps" in any ship's daily program.
Educational or training activities
In the ensuing discussion an for personnel who otherwise would be
arbitrary distinction will be made standing by can be provided during
between educational and training these intervals. Attention is invited
activities for purposes of clarity. specifically to the following
Educational activities will include possibilities:
such matters as the understanding of
damage-control principles, the 1. During general quarters, dawn or
constructions and facilities of own dusk alerts, target practices, and
ship, damage-control measures, and similar "all hands" evolutions. (For
the damage-control organization of battle station groups, repair
own ship. Training activities, on parties, etc.)
the other hand, will refer to actual
damage-control drills. 2. During war cruising condition
watches. (For individuals on watches
26-2. Regularly scheduled at inactive stations.)
programs. The objectives of 26-3. Interest in the program. In
education and training cannot be
attained unless carefully prepared planning and carrying through
plans are carried out. Regularly educational and training programs
scheduled educational and training every opportunity should be embraced
arouse widespread interest in them
programs are necessary. These should to
throughout the ship's company. A
be provided for officers and men;
 for departmental, divisional, and
war cruising groups, and for battle
station personnel. The programs
should be adapted to "in port" and
"at sea" (war cruising) operating
periods. The damage control officer
is responsible for the planning and
conduct of this training. He should
see that educational and training
activities are represented in the
ship's daily schedules in accordance
with the executive officer's orders.
It is recognized that there never
will be enough training time during
a ship's day for the many activities
considered essential and desirable
by responsible officers who are
trying to bring the ship to its best
fighting condition. It is extremely
important, therefore, that the most
efficient possible use be made of
any time available for damage-
control education and training. On
at least one large ship all gunnery
training is scheduled in the
morning. The afternoon is given
190
Figure 26-A. Realism in training. Getting a bucket patch in place is more difficult when working in
a partially flooded compartment.
healthy competitive spirit should be
fostered between shipboard groups.
War damage reports should be
discussed freely. Questions and
suggestions from all personnel should
be welcomed. General questions
concerning damage control should be
included in examinations for
promotion given to various ratings.
Any other measures which tend to
promote interest in the damage-
control program should be put into
effect.
26-4. Selection and training of
instructors. Successful educational
and training programs call for an
adequate supply of good instructors.
A valuable source of instructional
ability exists among the ship's
officers and key petty officers. Most
instructors will come from the
engineering and hull departments, but
all departments should provide
qualified personnel as required.

Instructors should improve their
techniques through study of NavPers
16103, Manual for Navy Instructors.
They should be detailed to
concentrate upon one or a limited
number of subjects. Responsible
officers should encourage and assist
the instructors in preparing for and
conducting their classes and drills.
Personnel selected as instructors
are thus given opportunity to
exercise certain qualities of
leadership which might otherwise lie
dormant. Inevitably, a conscientious
instructor learns more than his
pupils. Furthermore, the
instructor's fitness for increased
responsibilities may be demonstrated
by his ability to educate and train
others. The requirements of a
rapidly expanding Navy demand that
officers and men become ready for
promotion or advancement, and become
proficient in supervising less
experienced personnel as rapidly as
possible. Acting as instructors in
damage control is one means to this
end.
26-5. Personnel to be trained. As
noted in the preceding Chapter on
organization, the ship's personnel
may be classified in several
different ways for educational and
training purposes. One such grouping
follows:
1. The entire ship's company as one
unit.
2. The ship's officers, grouped as
to rank and experience.
3. The ship's crew, grouped by
ratings (chief petty officers, petty
officers, etc.).
In addition, the ship's personnel
may be divided into groups according 15. Ship's ventilation systems.
to their:
1. Battle station.
2. War cruising, or condition watch.
3. Department or division.
4. Occupation or specialty.
EDUCATION
26-6. General educational
subjects. A damage-control
educational program should acquaint
appropriate ship's personnel with
the following general information:
191
7. Mistakes made by other ships in
attempting to control damage, and how
to avoid such errors.
26-7. Suggested educational topics.
A more specific list of educational
topics, based upon the subjects
listed above, should be drawn up. One
such list is as follows:
1. Necessity for damage control
activity in own ship.
2. Knowledge of own ship -
nomenclature and numbering of
compartments.
3. Organization of own ship for
control of damage.
4. Interior communications.
5. Watertight integrity of own ship -
its importance.
6. Material conditions of closure,
classification of fittings, and
compartment check-off lists.
7. Individual damage-control
responsibilities.
8. Types of watertight closures.
9. Ship's fire-fighting equipment.
10. Ship's damage-control equipment.
11. Gas masks and chemical warfare
defense.
12. Rescue breathing apparatus; its
use.
13. Ship's fire-main system.
14. Ship's drainage systems and
methods of removing water.
16. Ship's power systems, including
casualty power.
17. Types of possible damage.
18. Causes of flooding; location and
stopping of leaks.
19. Fuel-oil systems and stowage.
20. Gasoline systems and stowage.
21. Fire prevention.
1. Damage-control principles; the
necessity for their thorough
application to own ship.
2. Own ship's inherent resistance to flooding systems.
damage and ability to remain afloat.
3. Own ship's organization for
attaining damage-control objectives.
4. Their individual damage-control
duties and responsibilities.
5. Thorough knowledge of own ship
and its vital systems.
6. Methods used by other ships in
successfully controlling damage.
192
22. Fire-fighting methods applicable
to own ship.
23. Ship's magazine sprinkling or
24. Ship's flushing, sanitary and
fresh-water systems.
25. Stability of ships, with
particular reference to own ship.
26. War damage reports.
27. Successful efforts of other ships
in controlling damage.
28. Avoidable mistakes made on other
ships.
29. First aid.
30. Types of emergency repairs
available to own ship.
31. Use of air-line hose masks and
shallow-water diving equipment.
32. Above-water and underwater
welding and burning.
The above list indicates clearly that
a large amount
 Figure 26-B. Realism in training. Note submerged basket strainer (A) into which pump is being
lowered, and that electric cable is married to tending line near the pump. Causualty power terminal
is in use at the lower left. Debris is floating in the water.

193
of information relative to damage control On one ship it was found that
can be made available to the ship's men and officers frequently
personnel. Many of the suggested topics can consulted conspicuously
be further subdivided. For educational posted large-size diagrams of
purposes, and considering time limitations, subdivision. On another ship
short topics can often be presented most local talent was employed to
effectively. create posters which depicted

26-8. Method of presentation. There are a

number of ways in which educational material Photographs accompanied by
may be presented to selected groups. Some of brief descriptive sentences
these are:
1. Giving talks and lectures, using
blackboard sketches and illustrations.
2. Making available suitable literature.
3. Showing motion pictures and slide films.
4. Displaying pictures, posters, diagrams,
signs, etc.
5. Conducting tours, demonstrations, etc.
6. Combinations of any of the above.
Informal talks probably will be the most
common instructional medium. To be
damage-control lessons in an
interesting manner.
will attract considerable
attention. Cartoons in ship's
newspapers can effectively
portray points to be
remembered. Signs, arrows,
directions and markings may
all be classified as visual
aids, including the
conspicuous numbering of
frames. Anything which can be
seen, and which thereby gives
information important to the
attainment of damage-control
objectives on the ship is
worthy of consideration.
effective, they should not be too long. They 26-11. Tours and
may vary all the way from broadcasts over demonstrations. Supervised
the ship's loud-speaker system to brief tours about the ship are
talks by a petty officer to his own group of recommended. Actual
men. Talks may be scheduled for any demonstrations in the use of
available time. damage-control methods,

26-9. Damage-control literature. The

procedures, fittings,
equipment, and material
effective use of literature pertaining to conducted by competent
damage control can be of great value. Many instructors should be
publications deal with the subject, and such preliminary
to practical
books and pamphlets should not only be made training. For many of the
available to all personnel, but should ship's company who will not
literally be thrust upon them. get intensive practical
training these demonstrations
On shipboard many items concerned with the will prove of great
ship's damage-control characteristics, educational value.
policies, and program should be written up
and circulated as widely as possible. 26-12. Starting an
Current damage-control information and
directives can be promulgated in this way,
educational program.How may
the foregoing ideas be
and also by insertion in the ship's incorporated into a
newspaper and day's orders, or by posting on coordinated educational
the bulletin board. Division officers should program on ship ? In
be provided with outlines containing simplified form, here is a
information to be used in divisional suggested procedure:
instruction.

26-10. Use of visual aids. Many motion

1. Divide the ship's company
into a few general groups for
pictures and film strips dealing with damage-control educational
various phases of damage control have been purposes.
made available. When properly used these
films represent a very compelling medium for 2. Further subdivide each
the presentation of damage-control general group into small
information. Since numerous films deal with educational units of such
subjects other than damage control, it is size that they may easily be
necessary to confer with department heads assembled and effectively
and with the officer supervising this type instructed.
of instruction for the entire ship in
planning programs. 3. Make a list of specific
damage-control subjects it is
Pictures, diagrams, and similar items may be desired to present to each
posted on bulletin boards (or other general group over a pre-
conspicuous places) for the purpose of determined period of time.
bringing important damage-control
information before the ship's company in an 4. Determine material to be
arresting manner. used and methods of
presentation for each
subject.

5. Select instructors for

these special subjects.

6. Whenever possible assign a

supervisor for each general
group who will see to it that
units are available for
instruction, and that
instruction is provided
according to schedule.

7. Arrange for a simple

system of records, which will
indicate the instruction that
has been given to each unit.
Immediately after the
presentation of any
educational subject, the
 instructor should see that an
appropriate entry is made in
the record. The essential
point is to provide a means
of knowing who has been given
instruction on any specific
topic.

When the steps listed above

have been taken, the
educational program is ready.
In accordance with the

194
executive officer's decision, the are assembled and given
instruction periods are inserted in the instruction in fire
"day's orders," "plan of the week" or some prevention.
similar schedule. Since all programs
prepared in advance are subject to The foregoing examples
unavoidable interruptions, the damage admittedly are of a very
control officer must be prepared to general nature, and are
recommend any modifications and adjustments included only to indicate the
that may be required. wide range of educational
opportunities. They should
26-13. Examples of educational activities. not be confused with the
Some examples of suggested educational training activities discussed
activities, purposely simplified and in the following pages.
condensed, are as follows:
TRAINING
At a battle station
1. . A regularly
26-14. Methods of
scheduled general quarters period is to last
for one hour. For one gun crew, thirty introducing realism. Realism
minutes of the period is set aside for must be the outstanding
damage-control instruction. An instructor is characteristic of a damage-
scheduled to be present at this time to control training program. The
explain the operation of the magazine experience gained from
sprinkling systems. He uses pictures, simulating an operation is
diagrams, and similar instructional aids. considerably different from
that resulting from its
2. At a condition watch station. While war actual performance. Further,
cruising, a 5"/38 cal. handling room is drills held under ideal
manned. The crew is required to be on conditions of illumination,
station for four hours. During most of this access, etc., do not provide
time there will be no activity. For a period the training needed for
of approximately twenty-five to thirty coping with actual battle
minutes, a designated instructor tells them damage.
about the ship's ventilation systems, using
diagrams and other descriptive material, and In addition to requiring that
warning of the hazards to watertight training exercises be actual
integrity inherent in these systems. operations carried through to
a logical conclusion, realism
Note that in the above case the group has should be increased by the
been taught while actually standing their following expedients:
condition watch. Instruction was given "on
station," and time that otherwise would have 1. Turning off lights.
been lost was utilized.
2. Using smoke.
3. During a regularly scheduled period . On a
certain day the period from 1100 to 1145 is 3. Shutting down power
available to the engineering department to circuits.
occupy a compartment in which motion
pictures can be shown. A motion picture 4. Closing normal access
presenting a damage-control topic will be routes.
exhibited with introductory and concluding
5. Disrupting communications.
talks by a competent instructor. The first
section (or starboard watch) of the 6. Closing valves to isolate
engineering department attends. sections of piping.

Note that the instruction need not have 7. Requiring the wearing or
taken the form of a motion picture, and that use of personal emergency
some other group might have been involved. A gear, such as rescue
similar presentation might have been breathing apparatus, gas
scheduled for gunnery department officers - masks, or air-line hose
port watch, or communication division - masks.
starboard watch.
8. Removing key personnel
4. For an "occupation" or "specialty" group. unexpectedly.
In port, all deck petty officers of the
starboard watch 9. Stopping auxiliary
machinery unexpectedly.

10. Removing tools,

equipment, etc., from normal
locations.

11. Introducing water into

drill areas.

12. Putting a list on the

ship.

Commanding Officers should

provide every opportunity for
the imposition of planned
casualties consistent with
their ship's employment
schedules and the ship's
safety. Training in the
handling of imposed
casualties will insure quick
and efficient action when
real casualties are
encountered. This type of
training is of the utmost
importance.

26-15. Training objectives.

Training in damage-control
operations, methods and
procedures must be one of any
ship's most important and
necessary activities. Fleet
memoranda call for more and
more "training of personnel
in all phases of damage
control." Such training must
be given to each officer and
man whatever his assignment
or station. The type, amount
and intensity of training
will, however, have to be

195
adapted to each individual's shipboard p. Power and lighting
station and duties. systems.
From the standpoint of damage control, q. Casualty power systems.
personnel to be trained constitute the
following three groups: r. Regularly supplied
welding equipment.
Primary: hull, engineering and gunnery s. Velocity power tools
personnel whose regular employment and (if supplied).
battle stations are directly concerned with
damage-control objectives. t. Air compressors.

Secondary: other personnel from various

departments who have battle damage-control 2. Use properly:
stations.

Auxiliary: All other ship's personnel. a. Gas masks.

b. Rescue breathing
The training program must prepare apparatus.
appropriate personnel and groups to:
c. Air-line masks.
1. Set material conditions of closure
properly. d. Shallow-water diving
equipment.
2. Maintain strict watertight integrity
discipline. e. Air-testing equipment.

3. Use interior battle communication systems f. Sound-powered phones

to best advantage. (regular and emergency
rig).
4. Make way about ship and operate necessary
equipment under adverse conditions involving g. Decontamination
heavy list, presence of smoke and tear gas, equipment.
fire, flooding, wreckage, etc.
h. Asbestos suits,
5. Fight fires of every type. protective clothing,
helmets, etc.
6. Make emergency repairs.
i. First-aid equipment;
7. Properly operate, use and maintain: morphine syrettes, etc.

a. Hull and engineering systems. j. Compartment check-off

lists.
b. Damage-control equipment and
material. k. Damage-control
diagrams, including liquid
loading and flooding
8. Locate leaks and control flooding. effect charts.

9. Determine the extent of damage under l. Damage Control Book and

adverse conditions. bills.

10. Overcome the effect of chemical agents. m. Engineering Casualty

Control Book and bills.
11. Render first aid.
n. Essential instruments
More specifically, various individuals, and devices in the damage-
depending upon their battle stations must be control station, repair
trained to: stations and other related
stations.
1. Operate properly:
o. Life jackets of all
a. Watertight closures and fittings. types and all other
material or equipment
b. Fire-fighting equipment (all which may be made
types). available for personnel
rescue purposes.
c. I.C.E. portable pumps.

d. Portable submersible pumps. 3. Do properly:

e. Interior communication devices.
f. Emergency cutting and welding
equipment.
a. Set material conditions
of closure.
b. Travel to or from any
part of the ship via as
g. Tools (those normally used as well
as those specially supplied for damage
control).
h. Screw and hydraulic jacks,
chainfalls, and similar equipment.
i. Air and electric tools.
j. Remote control valve operating
systems.
k. Essential valves and fittings in
hull and engineering systems.
l. Fixed pumps (all types) and
eductors.
m. Ventilation systems and portable
blowers.
n. Steering machinery.
o. Deck machinery (winches, cranes,
hoists, anchor, gear, etc.).
196
p. Decontaminate areas infested by
chemical agents.
q. Organize and assist in the
operation of bucket brigades for
purposes of controlling flooding and
fighting fires.
r. Recognize and report defects in the
ship's watertight integrity.
s. Find essential damage-control
equipment and material when needed.
t. Transfer liquids from one tank to
another, or overboard, as necessary.
u. Remove smoke, gases or other fumes
from working areas.
many different routes as
possible.
c. Act as a competent
damage-control messenger
under unusual conditions.
d. Shore bulkheads, doors,
hatches, etc.
e. Sound tanks and voids.
f. Test compartments for
possible flooding.
g. Locate leaks or other
causes of flooding.
h. Apply patches, plugs,
etc., to stop or restrict
flooding.
i. Drain liquids from
compartments.
j. Recognize and eliminate
fire hazards.
k. Use proper methods in
extinguishing fires.
l. Make emergency repairs
to piping and wiring
(install jumpers).
m. Remove wounded
personnel from difficult
locations.
n. Assist in rescue
operations.
o. Clear away wreckage.
for Navy Instructors should
be used as a guide in
developing instructors'
techniques. There are, of
course, many methods that may
be used in training men to do
individual tasks. One
procedure is as follows:
1. Explain the purpose of the
task. This is guaranteed to
arouse the interest of the
trainee.
2. Tell and show how the task
may best be performed. It is
better if the instructor
performs the task as the
trainee watches.
 v. Work while wearing rescue breathing 3. Require the trainee to
equipment. perform the task himself
, not
once, but a number of times.

The foregoing lists represent only one way 4. Finally, require the
of classifying training activities trainee to demonstrateto the
associated with damage control and outlining instructor how the task
objectives. The lists are not necessarily should be performed.
complete, and the characteristics of a given
26-17. Damage control
ship will suggest additional possibilities.
drills. Any of the foregoing
26-16. Training methods. NavPers 16103, detailed training activities
Manual may be combined for the
purpose of holding realistic
damage-control drills for
battle station groups. When
these are held, the
introduction of the various
obstacles and handicaps
previously enumerated should
be considered a necessary and
integral part of the
experience.

197
CHAPTER XXVII
TRAINING OF THE REPAIR PARTY
27-1. Foreword. Training a repair party is officer sees to it that a man
a continuous process which calls for the receives suitable preliminary
conscientious efforts of all personnel educational material before
concerned. Various more or less effective undergoing training in any
methods have been employed in such training. one of the operations. When a
All of them, however, have been based on the man has learned to perform an
principle that the individuals making up the individual operation
repair party must possess certain knowledge satisfactorily, his list
and must be able to perform certain should be checked to show
essential operations. This fact emphasizes this fact. When he has been
the importance of training individuals prior
qualified in a required
to, and concurrent with
their group number of operations, it is
training. desirable to provide him with
suitable recognition. This
Another cardinal principle is that the may take the form of an entry
officer in charge of a repair party must be on the man's record that he
made responsible (to the damage control is qualified in damage
officer) for the training of his own group. control, or some similar
On a small ship the damage control officer designation. A certificate or
may very properly direct the training of all letter from the damage
repair parties personally. Nevertheless, control officer or even the
when going into action and immediately after Commanding Officer would be
damage is sustained, the officer (or key appropriate.
petty officer) in direct charge of a repair
party will have to supervise its first 27-3. Repair party drills.
activities. It is good policy, therefore, to Group training for repair
require that this officer conduct training parties commonly takes the
activities and develop a sense of form of drills
. Such a drill
responsibility for the effectiveness of his may involve an entire repair
group. party (especially on small
ships) or one of its parts.
On a large ship a repair party's personnel To be effective a drill must
are sufficiently numerous to create a be planned in advance and
complex training problem. A repair party regularly scheduled. In
officer's most industrious efforts are
needed to bring his own group to an
efficient state of readiness. Repair parties
contain both primary and secondary damage
control personnel as defined in Chapter
XXVI. Secondary personnel will not be
available for as many training periods as
are the damage control "specialists," and
consequently have a correspondingly less
responsible battle station. The training of
secondary personnel, however, must not be
neglected.
27-2. Qualification check-off lists. As
previously noted, training must begin with
the individual, and it must stress
fundamentals. One suggested approach is to
prepare qualification check-off lists for
primary and secondary personnel. On such
lists are noted the individual operations in
which the men are to be trained (see lists
in Chapt. XXVI). The repair party
198
number of men employed, and similar
pertinent information. The observers can be
drawn from other repair parties. Their notes
form the basis for post-drill discussions.
6. The effectiveness of a drill can be
greatly enhanced by holding a discussion as
soon as the drill has ended. The repair-
party officer should review the drill with
his men, calling for reports from observers,
and pointing out what appear to be errors of
omission or commission. Men should be
encouraged to ask questions, volunteer
information, and make suggestions. When
properly conducted this discussion will give
the repair-party personnel a better
planning a drill for his
repair party, the officer-in-
charge should consider the
following requirements:
1. The drill should have a
definite objective. There may
also be one or more secondary
objectives, but the main
objective must be made
evident, and the drill so
planned that this objective
can be attained.
2. The drill should be as
realistic as possible. The
reader is referred to methods
of simulating combat
conditions discussed in
Chapter XXVI, and also to war
damage reports. Damage
incurred by a ship of similar
type and size can be the
basis for creating effective
drill situations.
3. The drill should be
planned so that every member
of the group has some duty to
perform. Various individuals
may be used as messengers,
helpers, first-aid
assistants, emergency
material procurers, etc.
4. The drill should make full
use of appropriate damage-
control equipment, both fixed
and portable, including hull
systems.
5. In many cases it is
desirable to have observers
in the drill areas. Such
observers make notes on
actions taken, tools and
equipment used, the
department). Operate valves
and line up for correct
suction. Where practicable,
take water from the fire main
to pump through the drainage
piping.
7. Drain water from
previously filled
compartments using more than
one submersible pump (use
multiple connector plug box).
Supply clogging material in
the water to necessitate the
use of basket type strainers,
and the cleaning of pumps.
understanding of how their actions would be
related to damage control in an actual 8. Hold drills involving the
combat situation. use of handy billy pumps in
both draining and fire-
In the final analysis, however, the success fighting operations. Include
of any independent repair-party drill will the use of foam.
depend upon the repair-party officer
himself. He must be properly prepared, must 9. Using damage-control
plan the drill carefully, and must enter diagrams, hold drill problems
into the drill energetically and requiring actual operation of
enthusiastically. valves and other equipment
shown. Record the time
A number of suggested independent repair- necessary to reach successful
party drills are listed here. These have all solutions, and carry out the
been used on various types of ships and, in indicated procedures.
some modified form, are applicable to any
ship. They may be multiplied by the number 10. Hold drills in shoring
of locations and battle damage conditions bulkheads, decks, doors or
with which it is desired to deal. hatches at various locations
throughout a repair-party
1. Conduct fire-fighting operations in area. Do not actually cut
various shipboard areas. Use equipment shores unless scrap lumber
appropriate for the type of fire assumed (A, may be obtained for this
B, or C). purpose, as at a Navy yard or
base. Bring necessary
2. Cut off all normal sources of power to materials and tools to the
various types of equipment. Have the repair shoring point or to the most
party install casualty power cables as convenient adjacent area.
required, and operate the equipment. Describe the method of
shoring to be used in each
3. Set a prescribed material condition of case, put material in
closure in a given area. Have it inspected approximate required
and checked by another repair party. (This position, clamp strongbacks
type of drill is well-adapted to into place, etc. In general,
competition.) carry out the work as
completely as possible
4. Remove smoke from a compartment that without damaging shoring
previously has been filled by artificial material.
means, without contaminating other
compartments. Use both regularly installed 11. Communication drills and
and emergency ventilating equipment as exercises, including the
applicable, and apparatus essential to the installation of emergency
protection of personnel. communication lines.
5. Cut out sections of the fire main that 12. Repair spare sections of
are assumed to be damaged. Install jumpers, damaged piping. Test the
and re-route fire-main pressure. Operate efficiency of repairs with
necessary valves, and have appropriate pumps water or air pressure.
put on the line.
13. Operate various hull
6. Operate the drainage system to remove systems to attain particular
water from a number of different damage-control objectives.
compartments (coordinate activities with the Vary from the normal,
engineering undamaged operation and use
auxiliary or standby
equipment.

14. Hold competitive

inspections of repair party
areas, damage-control
equipment, compartment check-
off lists, watertight
closures, etc.

15. Hold decontamination

drills, cleaning up suspected
areas in the vicinity of
assumed bomb or projectile

199
rigging methods and equipment. Select
weights that might be jettisoned in an
emergency.
17. Ship repairs requiring the use of
welding and burning equipment.
18. Exercises in the investigation of damage
and the establishment of flooding
boundaries. In this case the repair-party
officer's ability to create a logical drill
situation is put to the test because it is
difficult to visualize damage from written
reports.
19. Rapid de-energizing of electrical
circuits to or through areas assumed to be
damaged. Electrical personnel naturally take
the lead in such drills, but other
responsible repair party personnel should be
trained with them.
20. Counterflooding, or liquid-transfer
operations.
21. Exercises in taking over or helping to
man other repair party areas.
22. Plugging holes under water, using
shallow-water diving equipment.
27-4. Damage control and battle problems.
As the training of the repair party
progresses, it becomes desirable to
coordinate with the rest of the damage-
control organization and, ultimately, with
all departments of the ship. This result is
attained largely by virtue of damage-control When a damage-control problem
problems (for the damage-control
organization) and, finally, battle problems instructions on slips of
involving all departments on the ship.
Short damage-control problems scheduled
frequently by the damage control officer
serve to train the repair party in damage-
control procedures related to the various
equipment drills. Problems should be
prepared to include casualties affecting
engineering, gunnery, and other departments.
Battle damage from more than one hit usually
is assumed. These are often concentrated in
one general area: aft, forward or amidship.
This permits the use of other repair-party
personnel from the unaffected areas as
observers; they
damage. Check ventilation
openings. Use all necessary
equipment (powdered soap and
water may be used as a drill
decontaminant)
16. Exercises in the handling
of heavy weights, using
also may be used to open
switches in power circuits,
close valves, etc., to
realistically reproduce
battle damage conditions.
Such problems are best held
when all hands are manning
battle stations. Gunnery,
engineering and other
personnel may be drawn into
the drill either as observers
from undamaged areas, or as
participants within the
damaged areas.
There are times, however,
when damage-control problems
can be held without having
the entire ship at general
quarters, such as when the
gunnery department is
conducting a drill calling
for a general manning of
gunnery stations. In
cooperation with the gunnery
officer, the damage control
officer may introduce
casualties which effect the
operation of gunnery
equipment. This will exercise
both departments in gunnery
damage control, and provide
broader training for the
repair party involved.
is well organized, written
paper will be given to
observers, to hand to repair
party personnel at designated
times. Signs, tags, and other
markers for indicating
damaged conditions will be
employed. Shorter and more
informal problems can be
planned in which damage is
reported over a communication
circuit to the repair-party
officer who then conducts the
operations of his group in
keeping with his own

200
CHAPTER XXVIII
DAMAGE-CONTROL COMMUNICATIONS
28-1. Foreword. The ability to make correct 28-2. Battle telephone
and timely damage-control decisions is based circuits. Battle telephone
upon accurate knowledge of the entire damage
situation. Hence, efficient means of
communication become requisite.
Communication between task forces or Fleets,
communication between ships, communication
within a ship between controls (ship,
engine, fire, and damage), and communication
within a control must be provided. A
discussion of communication systems of all
types of ships would necessarily be very
lengthy; therefore, only a general coverage
of the topic with special reference to
larger ships will be attempted here.
Damage-control communication provisions
aboard a large ship usually include the
following:
1. Battle telephone circuits (sound-powered
telephones).
2. Damage-control announcing system (4 MC).
3. Ship's service telephones.
4. General announcing system (1 MC).
5. Messengers.
visualization of the
situation.
Damage-control problems are
the means whereby the damage
control officer provides
advanced training for his
repair parties. The ultimate
in training for the repair
party, however (and for the
entire damage-control
organization), is provided by
the ship's battle problem in
which all departments take a
most active part. This battle
problem attempts to give the
ship training in conducting
battle operations under the
most realistic conditions
possible,
circuits are sound-powered
circuits. Vibrations of the
voice actuate a diaphragm and
cause an armature to move in
a field of permanent magnets,
thus generating electrical
current. This current is
conducted by wiring through
the receiver, where it causes
the receiver diaphragm to
vibrate. Vibrations of the
transmitter diaphragm are in
frequency with vibrations of
the receiver diaphragm;
hence, sounds produced at the
transmitter are reproduced at
the receiver. Since no
outside source of electrical
power is involved, these
phones may continue to
function after all power
systems of the ship have been
knocked out.
Outlets for sound-powered
telephones are located in
numerous stations aboard
ship. The wiring
interconnecting these outlets
(in various combinations)
constitutes the sound-powered
battle telephone system. The
normal damage control sound-
powered circuits of a large
ship are as follows:
Circuit Name Function
2JZ Damage and stability Provides communication between the damage
control control officer and all repair control
parties; also personnel stationed in pump
rooms, at draft gauges, at Diesel fire pumps,
and, in carriers only, primary and auxiliary
flight-control stations, hangar control and
conflagration stations.
3JZ Upper deck repair Provides communication between the officer at
Repair I and each Repair I patrol party, each
battle dressing station in the
superstructure, and, in carriers, each
hangar-deck patrol party and Repair VII.
4JZ Forward repair Provides communication between the officer at
Repair II and each Repair II patrol party,
each forward battle dressing station, and
each remote valve control station forward of
engineering spaces.
5JZ After repair Provides communication between the officer at
Repair III and each Repair III patrol party,
each battle dressing station aft, and each
remote valve control station aft of
engineering spaces.
6JZ Amidship repair Provides communication between the officer at
Repair IV and each Repair IV patrol party,
each amidship battle dressing station, and
each remote valve control station amidships.
7JZ Engineer's repair Provides communication between the officer at
Repair V and each remote valve operating
station (steam and fuel oil), each engine
room, each fireroom, each auxiliary engine
room, and each amidship battle dressing
station.
8JZ Flight deck repair Provides communication between the officer at
Repair VIII and each flight deck patrol
party, and each topside battle dressing
station.

201
Circuit Name Function
9JZ Magazine Provides communication between the officer at
sprinkling Repair VI forward, Repair VI aft, sprinkling
and ordnance control forward, sprinkling control aft, each 5-
repair inch powder handling room, each turret powder
handling room, and damage-control station.
3JG Aircraft These circuits are found on carriers only and are
service primarily for use by the air group for gassing
5JG Conflagration planes, bomb and torpedo handling, and like
control services. In the event of a casualty they are to be
7JG Aviation used for disposing of gasoline, bombs and torpedoes
ordnance to prevent further damage to the ship.
1JA Captains Provides communication between the Captain and the
battle heads of departments at their battle stations,
circuit including the damage control officer.
11JV Maneuvering, This circuit is provided for communication between
docking, and the stations concerned with ship handling and
catapult aircraft, but may well be used by repair parties in
control the event of emergency.
12JV Engineer's
(main
 engines)
3JV Engineer's These circuits are provided for communication
(boilers) between all stations concerned with propulsion and
4JV Engineer's auxiliary power plants, and are used by engineering
(fuel and damage-control party.
stability)
5JV Engineer's
(electrical)
1JL Lookouts This circuit is primarily for conveying information
(surface and from the lookouts to the officer of the deck,
sky) Captain, gunnery officer, and combat information
center. Due to the locations of these stations they
may be used to locate damage due to high-angle
gunfire and bombs.
1These primary circuits are represented on small ships.

28-3. Auxiliary and supplementary 28-4. Emergency sound-

circuits. In addition to the primary sound- powered telephone circuits.
powered telephone circuits installed in the
ship for rapid communication between
stations there are auxiliary circuitswhich
serve as alternate means of communication in
the event of damage to the primary circuits.
Such circuits are identified by having an X
placed before their numbers. Auxiliary
circuits usually have their outlets in or
nearby the stations served by the primary
circuits, but their wiring plan makes use of
different wire-ways and deck levels so that
they may remain intact even though the
primary circuit has been damaged.
Supplementary circuits normally serve an
administrative purpose, but their outlets
and the proximity of their stations to those
served by primary telephone circuits should
be studied with a view to their use in
relaying information to stations in the ship
not provided with damage-control
communication. The electrician's mate on
watch at the telephone action cutout boards
should be thoroughly trained in cross-
jacking circuits should the need arise.
Emergency sound-powered
telephone head-sets and
portable wire are provided
each repair party. Sound-
powered phones with long
extensions on reels should be
made up, stowed in strategic
locations, and kept in
constant readiness for use in
emergencies. This
precautionary measure has
proved to be of great value
on many damaged ships.
On vessels of 200 feet or
more in length, three sound-
powered telephone head sets
and cable are provided for
ship control jury-rig
communication between the
bridge, control engine room,
and steering engine room. The
wires provided may be passed
through watertight doors and
hatches without destroying
watertight integrity. It is
recommended that the jury-rig
telephones and wires be
stowed as directed by the
damage control officer and be
made part of the
electrician's mates' repair
gear. The jury-rig equipment
can be supplemented by
equipment from the primary
telephone circuits in the
event of an emergency. It is
considered bad practice to
string the jury rig before a

202
Figure 28-1. Diagram of damage-control communication system (battleship).

203
casualty has occurred. In all probability
the cause of the casualty would carry away
the jury rig as well as the primary
circuits.
control may be broken.
Moreover, the 4MC and 1MC
circuits are dependent upon
the ship's electrical

28-5. Primary communications. circuits for power, and are

On most ships therefore more subject to
the sound-powered telephone circuits are the battle damage than the sound-
primary means of communication used by the powered circuits. The general
damage-control organization. Their announcing system has the
independence from all shipboard sources of disadvantage that it involves
power is the greatest advantage of these so many stations. Probably it
phones over all other forms of should never be used by
communication. damage control unless all
other means of communication
The 2JZ circuit is common to the damage- are out of order. However, it
control station and all repair party bases. should be kept in mind as a
The 3, 4, 5, and 6, and on some ships the
7JZ circuits are individual repair-party
circuits, connecting each repair-party main
station with its auxiliary station and
patrol areas. Each of these repair-party
circuits has an outlet in the damage-control
station, either through a selector switch,
possible means of
communication, and a method
of acquainting all hands with
necessary information and
action desired in the event
of great damage.

Ship's-service telephones are

individual jack-boxes, or both. The latter
is preferable, and permits the manning of
each circuit by individual talkers in this available for use where they
station. are installed at or near
repair stations. Too much
On destroyers, destroyer escorts and other reliance should not be placed
types of ships where a single circuit is in on them because they are not
use, the system of assignment outlined above part of a rugged battle
is not applicable. Strict control of the system and may go out of
circuit must be maintained by the damage- commission early in action
control station so that an orderly flow of due to shock near the
communication will result. If possible, a switchboard. It should be
system of one-way communication should be borne in mind, however, that
devised. When the type of installation will wiring circuits for these
not provide for this, rigid control of the telephones may be intact in
circuit to eliminate "cross-talk" is the the event of damage to sound-
only acceptable alternative. powered circuits. If sound-

28-6. Other means of communication . In

powered phones, inter-

damage control announcing

communicating systems, and
some cases the
system (4MC), or general announcing system
ship's service telephones

(1MC)
fail, alternative methods of
may be used as a primary means of communicating by portable
communication. Such a system consists of telephones and messengers
units located at the various stations, which should be organized
serve both as speakers and as microphones. immediately.
In many installed systems communication may
also be established with the bridge, conn, Messengers
may be employed
main control, fire control, and lookouts. even when other means of
The operator in damage-control station communication exist, and they
pushes a button when he wishes to transmit, remain the final possibility
and releases the button to receive. A when all mechanical systems
selector switch enables him to make the are out of order. The general
conversation local, or to make general quarters plan ordinarily does
announcements to all repair stations. not provide for messengers,
Advantages of the system include the fact so special provisions must be
that orders or items of information are made to select and train
heard by all hands at a repair station, thus them. The messenger's job is
eliminating possible errors on the part of more specialized than casual
the station's talker. A wide range of consideration might suggest.
selection is also possible, since stations If the message is verbal
outside of damage control are on the (written messages are more
circuit. However, unless a routine of reliable), the messenger must
broadcasting to all repair parties is be capable of remembering it
followed, the system of requiring all repair and repeating it accurately.
stations to keep a log of all messages He must also be able to find
coming from control cannot be employed, and his way to any designated
the chain of point on or in the ship; if
one route is blocked, he must
be capable of finding an
alternate route. Often he
must move about under the
most adverse circumstances,
in total darkness or smoke,
and on a ship that may be
listed, pitching, or rolling.

28-7. Telephone talkers.

Telephone talkers condition
the efficiency of battle
telephone systems. Good
telephones with poor talkers

204
One talker should never be trained to the
exclusion of all other personnel. Rather,
several talkers should be trained for each
station. At general quarters the phones may
then be manned at once, even if some
individuals arrive late. The first arrivals
should man the phones and establish
immediate contact with the damage-control
station. The policy of having only one
trained talker is also dangerous in the
event that this individual is a casualty.
The damage-control organization can function
in an orderly manner only if communications
are established and maintained.
When in a cruising condition at sea, a
telephone watch normally is not very
exciting, and talkers frequently become
careless. Circuits are not to be used as a
means of exchanging stories and small talk.
Talkers must be kept alert by constant
supervision, instruction, and drilling.
Aside from drill during battle problems one
of the many useful practices is to read
excerpts from damage-control publications to
all talkers during each watch. Have them
write the material down as they receive it,
and then read the material back. Speed of
sending can be increased day by day so as to
improve the talkers' speed of receiving and
writing. A good way to judge the sending or
talking rate is to write the message as it
is transmitted. Rapid transmission is of no
value if only portions of the message are
received. Clear, slowly spoken messages and
practice in receiving will save valuable
time by reducing unnecessary "repeats."
28-8. Rules for telephone talkers.
Observance of the following rules will
materially increase the efficiency of battle
telephone communications:
1. Be alert. Pay attention to what comes
over the phone. Keep a written log of your
may be worse than no
telephones at all. Defects of
speech or hearing
automatically disqualify a
man. Men who have extreme
dialects are difficult to
understand. Yeomen and
storekeepers often make good
talkers because they are
familiar with telephone
procedure and many of them
can make notes in shorthand.
This rule should not be
followed blindly, however,
and each potential talker
should be judged from all
possible angles.
7. In case one unit of
equipment fails use other
units of the set for sending
and receiving (ear pieces
will transmit or receive, as
will the transmitter when the
button is held down).
8. Do not turn one ear phone
away from the ear, because it
will then transmit
surrounding noises throughout
the entire circuit.
9. Use the phonetic alphabet.
For example, refer to B-101
as "Baker one ze-ro one" and
C-308-A as "Charlie - thu-ree
ze-ro eight Able."
10. Test the circuit
regularly. A line may go dead
and you may miss an important
message.
11. Never secure from your
station until permission has
been granted by the officer
or petty officer in charge.
12. Talkers are part of the
repair party and should be
familiar with its general
duties.
13. Be careful of your
equipment. Employ the correct
methods of handling and
securing. Repairs are to be
undertaken only by
responsible persons.
When a sound-powered phone is
in use:
1. Keep kinks out of the
cord.
activities and the activities of other
stations on your circuit.
2. Repeat all messages word for word. Do not
paraphrase a message, because this may
result in changed meaning.
3. Do not indulge in idle conversation or
noise-making on the phones. Do not smoke
when on duty.
4. Hold the button down when talking and
release it for listening (head sets). The
button must be held down for both talking
and listening when using a hand set.
5. Talk with the transmitter not more than
one-half inch from the mouth, but do not
place the lips inside the transmitter.
6. Speak into the transmitter loudly,
clearly and slowly. Do not shout.
205
7. Fold the transmitter against the junction The station to which the
box.
8. Bring the back of the chest plate
together with the head band and the coil.
Secure in this position by winding the neck
strap around the coil and the head band.
9. Put the phone in the stow space provided. station may know that the
2. See that the plug is in
straight and the collar
turned down firmly.
3. Be careful of the cord. Do
not step on it, foul it,
strain it, or run it over
sharp edges.
4. Adjust the head set
carefully for a comfortable
fit with the ear pieces
centered over each ear.
When securing a sound-
powered phone:
1. Remove the plug from the
jack box by holding the plug
in one hand and unscrewing
the collar with the other.
2. Screw the cover on the
jack box. Always do this
immediately. Rain, spray and
dust will soon cause a short
circuit in the jack box if it
is left uncovered.
3. Remove the head band and
hang it over the transmitter
yoke.
4. Leave the plug lying on
the deck, and coil the lead
cord. Start coiling from the
end at the phone, and leave
the rest on the deck. Coil
the lead in a clockwise
direction and hold the loops
in one hand.
5. When the lead is coiled,
remove the ear pieces from
the transmitter yoke and put
the head band in the same
hand with the coil.
6. Use the same hand to hold
the transmitter while you
unhook one end of the neck
strap from the chest plate.
message is directed should
reply:
"Repair one, aye, aye."
This reply is necessary in
order that the sending
message was received and
28-9. Message form and procedure. Standard
message form and procedures should be
followed in training telephone talkers. This procedure which has been
is necessary because the turnover of
personnel is rapid on board ship, and
talkers must be able to fit into the
organization of any ship to which they are
assigned. Some of the standard words and
phrases that must be learned are as follows: receiving station to "repeat
1. "All stations" - (name of your station) -
"testing."
2. "Bridge" (or some other station you may
be calling) "damage control" (or name of
your
station). Then give the message.
3. "Repeat." If the message is not
understood, do not say "control, would you
repeat all after the word -," say only
"repeat."
4. "Silence." This means just what it says.
All stations immediately maintain silence.
The damage control officer may reserve
exclusive right to use the command, or he
may grant its use to stations so that they
may clear the line and deliver a priority
order, command, or message.
5. "Aye, aye" prefaced by the name of the
station means that the message has been
understood and will be relayed or otherwise course, discover the origin
complied with.
6. Testing should begin as soon as a station but that might take too long
is manned at general quarters. Damage
control sends the following message:
"All repair parties, damage control,
testing."
Repair parties answer in numerical order:
"Repair one, aye, aye."
"Repair two, aye, aye," etc.
This check is continued until all stations
are manned and operating. If some stations
fail to answer, they should be ordered to
shift to other means of communication.
Messages are divided into three parts, which possible moment by the most
are as follows:
1. Name of the station called.
2. Name of the station calling.
3. The message.
These steps follow one another without a
break, as in this example:
"Repair one, damage control, proceed to
weather deck aft and stand by."
understood. The foregoing
examples represent standard
developed to achieve clarity
and speed of transmission. If
time permits and the order is
important, the sending
station may request the
back" the message.
Note that standard practice
is to name the station called
first, and identify yourself
second. This is not alone
important from the standpoint
of standardization, but also
as a means of identifying the
calling station immediately,
so that should the message be
interrupted or cut off
suddenly, subsequent
investigation may take place.
Consider, for example, this
faulty message:
"Control, we are being gassed
and -----"
If immediate help could be
provided, the lives of the
victims might be saved, but
where should the rescue party
be sent? Control could, of
of the message by a process
of checking and eliminating,
a time.
There have been many actual
cases wherein the information
passed on to damage control
has been insufficient to make
adequate action possible. For
this reason the importance of
sending clear, concise, and
accurate reports utilizing
standard phraseology, and
sending them at the earliest
rapid means available cannot
be overemphasized.
28-10. Damage control
communication bills. damage
A
control communication bill is
not required by FTP-170B, but
such a bill has definite
value. Numerous uses will be
found for an alphabetical
list of circuits which gives
the location of outlets.
Another list should be made
of the circuits installed at
each station. Incomplete
 examples of these two lists
are as follows:

1. Circuit Outlets
JA Bridge,
conn, plot,
central,
NC, spot I,
spot II,
signal
bridge, sky
control,
etc.
2. Location of Circuits
Jack boxes
Navigation Bridge JA(2), JL
(2), 2JY,
JS, 1JV,
2j17, X40J,
JK, 21MC,
etc.
Signal bridge JX, JA, JL,
17JY, X50J,
etc.

28-11. Dangers of over-

centralization. Despite
rugged installations,
communication systems have

206
proved to be vulnerable in battle. It is
suggested, therefore, that a high degree of
centralization be avoided. An over-
centralized system is likely to become
inoperative when the heart of the
organization is knocked out. Alternate means
of communication should be available and
understood by the men who
will use them. All equipment
should be kept in good repair
so that it can be put into
operation readily. All
communication systems should
be tested regularly to insure
that they are in good order
and properly manned.
Messengers should be trained
and ready in case other means
of communication fail.

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