NAME: ……………………………………………………………………………….

CLASS: ………………………

™
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter Title Page

1 Functions 1
2 Quadratic Equations 2
3 Quadratic Functions
4 Simultaneous Equations 3
5 Indices & Logarithms 4
6 Coordinate Geometry 5
7 Statistics 6
8 Circular Measure 7
9 Differentiation 8
14 Integration
20 Motion Along A Straight Line
10 Solution of Triangles 9
11 Index Numbers 10
12 Progressions 11
13 Linear Law 12
15 Vectors 13
16 Trigonometric Functions 14
17 Permutations & Combinations 15
18 Probability 16
19 Probability Distributions 17
21 Linear Programming 18
 Function Inverse Function Absolute Value Function
1. 𝑓 −1 = inverse function of 𝑓. Example:
FUNCTIONS 1. – is a relation
– every object is mapped onto only one image. 2. f Given 𝒇(𝒙) = |𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓| .
x y
–2• •0
(a) Find (i) the image of 2 and of 3,
2. Examples: (ii) the values of 𝒙 when 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑.
0• •3
Relations x x x 2• •4
y y y (a) (i) 𝑓(2) (ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 3
f f f
1. Representations of Relations: –2• •0 –2• •0 –2• •0 𝑓 −1 : 𝑦 → 𝑥 = |2(2) − 5| |2𝑥 − 5| = 3
0• •3 0• •3 0• •3 =1 2𝑥 − 5 = ±3
“Squares of ” 2• •4 2• •4 2• •4 𝑓 −1 (3) = 2
(a) Arrow Diagram 𝑓(3) 𝑥 = 1, 𝑥 = 4
–2• •0
0• •3 A function Not a function Not a 3. More Examples: = |2(3) − 5|
2• •4 function 𝒙+𝟏 =1
Given 𝒈(𝒙) = , 𝒙 ≠ −𝟐𝟑 ,
𝟑𝒙+𝟐 (b) Sketch the graph of 𝒇(𝒙) for −𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑
3. Notation:
find 𝒈−𝟏 (𝒙). 𝑦. 𝑦
Example: Given 𝒇: 𝒙 → 𝒙𝟐 or 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 . Find 𝑥+1 • –7
(b) Ordered pairs {(−2,4), (0,0), (2,4)} Let 𝑢= –5
(a) the image of 9, (b) the objects of 9. 3𝑥+2 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5 𝑦 = |2𝑥 − 5|
1 1
Then 𝑢(3𝑥 + 2) = 𝑥 + 1 • •
(c) Graph • 4 • I I I 𝑥 I I I 𝑥
3 (a) 𝑓(9) = 92 (b) 𝑓(𝑥) = 9 𝑥=
1−2𝑢 –1 0 5 3 –1 0 5 3
3𝑢−1
2 = 81 𝑥2 = 9 1−2𝑥
––5 2 2
1 ∴ 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = , 𝑥 ≠ 13 • –7
𝑥 = ±3
–2 –1 0• 1 2
3𝑥−1

2. Other Terms:
Composite Function Given a function & a composite
(a) Objects of 4 are –2 and 2. 1. Examples : 𝑔𝑓 , 𝑓𝑔, 𝑔 , 𝑓 2 −1
𝑔 function, find the other function
(b) Image of 2 is 4.
(c) Domain = {−2,0,2} g h f g
2. x y z A B C Notes:
(d) Codomain = Second set. Eg: Codomain of 1(a) = {0,3,4} 0 1. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔ℎ(ℎ−1 (𝑥))
–2• • •–1
(e) Range = {0,4} 3• x 3x + 2 12x + 5 2. 𝑔(𝑥) = ℎ−1 (ℎ𝑔(𝑥))
1• •5
2• 4• •6
3. Types of Relations:
ℎ𝑔(2) = −1 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 2 More Example:
(a) One to one (b) One to many (c) Many to one (d) Many to many
• • • • • •
𝑔−1 ℎ−1 (5) = 1 𝑔𝑓(𝑥) = 12𝑥 + 5
• • 𝒙+𝟏
• • • • • Given 𝒈𝒉(𝒙) = , 𝒙 ≠ −𝟐𝟑 and
• • 3. More Example: 𝟑𝒙+𝟐
• • • • • • • • 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙, find 𝒈 .
𝒙+𝟏
Given 𝒈(𝒙) = , 𝒙 ≠ −𝟐𝟑 and 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 , find
𝟑𝒙+𝟐 𝑥
ℎ−1 (𝑥) =
𝟐 2
{(𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑑), (𝑒, 𝑓)} {(𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑎, 𝑑), (𝑒, 𝑓)} {(𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑏), (𝑒, 𝑓)} {(𝑎, 𝑏), (𝑐, 𝑏), (𝑎, 𝑓)} (a) 𝒈𝒉 (c) 𝒈 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔ℎ(ℎ−1 (𝑥))
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝑥
• • • 4 • 𝑔(ℎ(𝑥)) = , 𝑔2 (𝑥) = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑔ℎ ( )
• 4 4 4 • 𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟐
𝑥
2
3 • • 3 3 3 𝑥+1 2+1
2 2 2 2 3𝑥+2
+1 =
(b) 𝒉𝒈 = 𝑥+1 3(𝑥
2)+2
1 1 1 1 • 3(
3𝑥+2
)+2 𝑥+2
–2 –1 •
0 1 2
•
–2 –1 0 1 2 –2 –1 •
0 1 2 –2 –1 •
0 1 2 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 4𝑥+3
= , 𝑥 ≠ −43
7 3𝑥+4
ℎ(𝑔(𝑥)) = ( ) = ,𝑥 ≠ − 9
𝟑𝒙+𝟐 9𝑥+7

1
Example 1: (Involving 2 equations and their sets of roots. So uses the relationship of roots and equations) Example Steps Note: Important factors in a graph sketch
2
1. Shape of the graph. 2. Points – x & y intercepts , Min/max point,
Equation 1: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Roots 2: 𝛼 + 1 and 𝛽 + 1 2𝑥 2 − 9𝑥 + 4 ≥ 0 1. General form points at the end of the domain.
𝑏 𝑐 SOR2 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 2 , POR2 = (𝛼 + 1)(𝛽 + 1) Example :
or 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + = 0
𝑎 𝑎 Sketch the graphs of the following functions for −5 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3.
Relationship 2: (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 4) ≥ 0 2. Factorise
or 𝑥 2 − (SOR1 )𝑥 + (POR1 ) = 0 (i) 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 8 (ii) 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5
1. SOR2 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 2 = ?? Hence, state the range of values of y .
𝒃 𝒄
SOR1 = − , POR1 = 2. POR2 = (𝛼 + 1)(𝛽 + 1) = ? ? Shape – Shape –
𝒂 𝒂
1 4 3. Sketch Graph Points – (0,-8), (2,0), (-4,0), Points – (0, -5), (-5, -75),
Roots 1: 𝛼 and 𝛽 Equation 2: 𝑥 2 − (SOR 2 )𝑥 + (POR 2 ) = 0 2 (-5, 7),(3,7), (-1,-9) (3,-11)(1, -3)
𝑦 𝑦
SOR1 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 , POR1 = 𝛼𝛽 1
𝑥≤ , 𝑥≥4 4. Conclusion
(−5, 7) • •(3, 7) 𝑥
2 • (1, −3)
1. Forming equations from roots −4
𝑥 −5
𝑏 𝑐 2 •(−3, −11)
Relationship 1: 𝛼+𝛽 =− , 𝛼𝛽 = 2. Solving problems involving the (−1, −9)• −8 •
𝑎 𝑎 Solving quadratic inequalities
relationship of roots and equation (−5, −75)
∴ −9 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 7 ∴ −75 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ −3
Example 2:
Solving Steps
Roots:
3
2
and − 4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS problems
1. Write in the form
Equation : (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 4) = 0 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 involving
graph
(completion of squares)
2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 12 = 0 sketch 𝑝(𝑥 + 𝑞)2 + 𝑟
Solving problems involving Solving problems involving positions of graphs
Solving (refer ✴✴)
Finding roots of quadratic equations types of roots a>0 a<0 problems 2. Read from the expression
(Solving quadratic equations) 1. Two real & different roots involving
b 2  4ac > 0 min/max (i) Min/Max value = r
Example : 3. By Completion of Squares: values
2. Two real & equal roots (ii) when x + q = 0
Solve the equation b 2  4ac = 0 that is x = – q
(i) If 𝒂 = 𝟏
−2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 12 = 0.
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 (iii) Min/Max point = (–q, r)
3. No real roots
𝑏 2 𝑏 2 b 2  4ac < 0 (iv) Axis of Symmetry:
= (𝑥 + ) − ( ) + 𝑐
2 2
1. By factorisation: 𝒙 = −𝒒
(ii) If 𝒂 ≠ 1 Example 1:
(−2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 4) = 0 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 Find the range of values/ value of 𝑘 if the Example:
𝑏 𝑐 Examples: (*Do consider other possible question*) The diagram shows the graph of the
3 = 𝑎 [𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + ] quadratic equation −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 = 𝑘 𝑦
𝑥 = , 𝑥 = −4 1. Find the range of values of 𝑘 if the graph
2 𝑎
2
𝑎
2 (i) does not have real roots, (2, 3) curve 𝑦 = 𝑝(𝑥 + 𝑞)2 + 𝑟 , where
𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 of the quadratic function •
= 𝑎 [(𝑥 + ) −( ) + ] (ii) has two real and equal roots, 1− 𝑝, 𝑞 and 𝑟 are constants. The curve
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 − 𝑘 𝑥
has a maximum point (2, 3) and
(iii) has two real and different roots.
is above the 𝑥-axis for all values of 𝑥.
−2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 12 cuts the 𝑦-axis at the point 𝐴(0,1).
2. By Using the formula: 5
= −2 [𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6] −𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 3 − 𝑘 = 0  22  413  k   0 What if …a< 0 or the Find (a) the value of 𝑝, of 𝑞 and of 𝑟,
2
 b  b  4ac
2 5 2 5 2 … simplify … 𝑘 < 2 graph is below the x-axis? (b) the axis of symmetry.
= −2 [(𝑥 + ) − ( ) − 6]
x=
2a
4 4 (i)  2 2  4 13  k   0 2. Find the values of k if the straight line From the graph: From the equation:
5 2 121 𝑦 = 2𝑘𝑥 − 6 touches the graph of the (i) Max value= 3 (i) Max value= 𝑟
= −2 (𝑥 + ) + ✴✴ … simplify… 𝑘 > 4
x =  ( 5)  ( 5)  4( 2)(12)
2
4 8 function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑘. (ii) 𝑥 = 2 (ii) 𝑥 = −𝑞
2( 2) (iii) Max point= (2, 3) (iii) Max point= (−𝑞, 𝑟)
−2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 12 = 0
(ii)  2 2  4 13  k   0 Intersection points : What if …the graphs
3
𝑥= , 𝑥 = −4 5 2 121 2𝑘𝑥 − 6 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑘 intersect at two points or (iv) Axis of symmetry: (iv) Axis of symmetry:
2 −2 (𝑥 + ) + =0
4 8 … simplify… 𝑘 = 4 the graphs do not
𝑥 2 − 2𝑘𝑥 + 6 + 𝑘 = 0 intersect one another? 𝑥=2 𝑥 = −𝑞
5 2 121
(𝑥 + ) = (a) 𝑞 = −2, 𝑟 = 3. (b) 𝑥 = 2
4 16 Touches the graph/one intersection pt :
𝑥+ = ±
5 11
(iii)  2   4 13  k   0
2
(−2𝑘)2 − 4(1)(𝑘 + 6) = 0 1 = 𝑝(0 − 2)2 + 3
4 4 1
… simplify… 𝑘 < 4 … simplify & solve … 𝑝=−
3 2
𝑥= , 𝑥 = −4
2 𝑘 = −2 , 𝑘 = 3. 2
 SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION
NOTES

1. Start with the linear equations. Make x or y as the subject; whichever is simpler.
2. Substitute into the non linear equation to eliminate either x or y.
3. Write the quadratic equation in the general form.
4. Solve the quadratic equation either by factorization or formula.
5. Get the 1st set of values.
6. Next, obtain the 2nd set of values.

EXAMPLES: 2. Solve the simultaneous equation 3. Given that P  1  4x

1. Solve the following simultaneous equations: Q  x  2y
x – 3y + 4 = 0, x2 + xy – 40 = 0 x 2
2x  y    5. [5 marks] R x
1
7
[5 marks] y x y
Find the values of x and y such that
P  3Q  R . [5 marks]

3
 Solve Equations
Indices Simplify Expressions Note:
Notes: Note: Use law of indices to simplify equation to either one of the three forms below.
1. 𝑎(𝑚+𝑛) = 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 To simplify, the base /index must be the same.
(a) 𝒂𝒎 = 𝒂𝒏 (b) 𝒂𝒎 = 𝒏 (c) 𝒎 = 𝒏
(𝑚−𝑛) 𝑎𝑚 Examples:
2. 𝑎 = ∴ 𝑚=𝑛 ∴ 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑛 ∴ log 𝑎 𝑚 = log 𝑎 𝑛
𝑎𝑛 (a)Simplify (i) 𝟏𝟔𝐚𝟐 × 𝟐𝐚𝟑 ÷ (𝟐𝟐 𝐚)𝟐 . (ii) 𝟖𝒙 × 𝟑𝟑𝒙
3. (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 =𝑎 𝑚𝑛
Examples:
4. (𝑎𝑏)𝑚 = 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑏 𝑚 = (24 )(a2 ) × 2a3 ÷ (22 a)2 = (23 )𝑥 × 33𝑥
Solve the following equations:
= (24+1−4 )(a2+3−2 ) = 2a3 = 63𝑥 𝟑𝒙 𝟓 𝟓
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎𝑚 (a) (i) 𝟑𝟐𝒙−𝟒 = (ii) 𝟖𝒙 × 𝟑𝟑𝒙 = 𝟔 (b) 𝟑𝟐𝒙 = (c) 𝟑𝟐𝒙 =
5. ( ) = 𝟐𝟕 𝟑𝒙 𝟑𝒙
𝑏 𝑏𝑚
(b)Show that 𝟑𝐧+𝟏 + 𝟑𝐧+𝟐 + 𝟑𝐧−𝟏 is divisible by 37 for all 𝟓
6. 𝑎 =10
positive integer values of n. 𝟑𝟐𝒙−𝟒 = 𝟑𝒙−𝟑 (23 ) 𝑥 × 33𝑥 = 6 32𝑥 × 3𝑥 = 5 log10 𝟑𝟐𝒙 = log10 ( 𝒙)
𝟑
7. 𝑎1 = 𝑎 𝟑𝒏+𝟏 + 𝟑𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟑𝒏−𝟏 2𝑥 − 4 = 𝑥 − 3 𝟔𝟑𝒙 = 𝟔 𝟑𝟑𝒙 = 𝟓 2𝑥 log10 𝟑 = log10 𝟓 − 𝑥 log10 𝟑
1 𝑛 = 3(3𝑛 ) + 9(3𝑛 ) + 13(3𝑛 )
8. 𝑎 = √𝑎
𝑛 𝑥=1 3𝑥 = 1 3𝑥 = log 3 5 1.4313 𝑥 = 0.6990
1 = 37 (3𝑛 ) 1 1 log10 5 0,6990
9. 𝑎−𝑛 = 3
𝑥= 𝑥= ( ) 𝑥=
𝑎𝑛 3 3 log10 3 1.4313

𝑥 = 0.4883 𝑥 = 0.4884
Simplify Expressions
Note:
INDICES & To simplify, the base must be the same. Solve Equations
Examples: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 √𝟐𝟕+𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 √𝟖−𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 √𝟏𝟐𝟓 Note:
LOGARITHM (ii)
(a) Simplify the following: 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝟔−𝐥𝐨𝐠𝒂 𝟓 Use law of logarithm and algebra to simplify equation to
3 3
(i) 𝟑 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝟐𝟕 √27.√8
32 .22
log𝑎 ( 3 )
either one of the two forms below.
log𝑎 ( )
52 (a) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒎 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂 𝒏 (b) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒎 = 𝒏
Logarithm = log 2 (
123
27
) = √125
6
log𝑎 ( )
5
= 6
log𝑎 ( )
5

Notes: = log 2 64 3
2
log 𝑎 (
6
5
) ∴ 𝑚=𝑛 ∴ 𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛
=
= log 2 26 6
log𝑎 ( ) Examples:
1. log 𝑎 (𝑚𝑛) = log 𝑎 𝑚 + log 𝑎 𝑛 5
= 6 =
3
Solve the following equations:
2. log 𝑎 (𝑚
𝑛
) = log 𝑎 𝑚 − log 𝑎 𝑛 2
(a) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏) = 𝟏 (b) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟓
(b) Given that 𝒕 = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖 𝒙, find each of the following in
3. log 𝑎 (𝑚𝑛 ) = 𝑛 log 𝑎 𝑚 terms of 𝒕 𝟐 log 5
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 (𝒙−𝟏) = 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝒙 log 5 𝑥 − 2 (log5 𝑥) = 1
log𝑏 𝑚 5
4. log 𝑎 𝑚 = (i) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 (ii) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟑𝟐 (iii) 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟖(𝟏𝟐𝒙)
log𝑏 𝑎 2
log8 2𝑥 log8 32 log 2 =𝑥 (log 5 𝑥)2 − 2 = log 5 𝑥
= = = log8 𝑥 − (log 8 (12)+ log 8 𝑥) 𝑥−1
5. log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 log8 4 log8 𝑥 8
log8 2+log8 𝑥
5
( )
1
( ) 1
𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 2 = 0 (log 5 𝑥)2 − log 5 𝑥 − 2 = 0
6. log 𝑎 1 = 0 = = 3
= 3
− (− 3 + 𝑡)
log8 4 𝑡 𝑡 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1) = 0 (log 5 𝑥 − 2)(log 5 𝑥 + 1) = 0
log 2 log 2 1
7. log 8 2 = 3log2 = log10 8 = 3
+𝑡
=
5
=
1+𝑡−3𝑡 2
22 10 2
3𝑡 3𝑡 𝑥 ≠ −1, ∴𝑥=2 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝒙 = 𝟐 , 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟓 𝒙 = −𝟏
3
log𝑚 𝑚 1
8. log 𝑎 𝑚 = = log =
1+3𝑡 𝑥 = 52 = 25, 𝑥 = 5−1 = 15
log𝑚 𝑎 𝑚𝑎 2

9. 4
 Gradient of a straight line
Midpoint or point that divides a line
segment according to a given ratio Distance between two points 1. Given two points on the line
(x1, y1) and (x2, y2). } 𝒎 =
𝒚𝟏 −𝒚𝟐
𝒙𝟏 −𝒙𝟐
1. Midpoint of two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) Distance of two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
2. Give the equation of the
𝒙𝟏 +𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 +𝒚𝟐
=( 𝟐 , 𝟐 ) = √(𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )𝟐
straight line y =mx + c } gradient = m
2. Point (𝑥, 𝑦) divides the line segment joining
points (𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) and (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) with a ratio of m: n.

n •(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 ) Area of polygons

m
•(𝑥, 𝑦) 1. Area of the triangle
•(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
• (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) COORDINATE 𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟏
= 𝟐 |𝒚 𝒚 𝒚 𝒚 | (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
• •
𝒎𝒙𝟐 + 𝒏𝒙𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟏
𝒙= GEOMETRY 𝟏
𝒎+𝒏 = 𝟐 |⏟
(𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟏 ) − (𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟑 )|
- will be negative when orientation of points is clockwise.
𝒎𝒚𝟐 + 𝒏𝒚𝟏 - will be positive when orientation of points is anticlockwise
𝒚=
𝒎+𝒏 (𝑥3 , 𝑦3 )
• •
Equation of a straight line (𝑥4 , 𝑦4 )
Point of intersection of 1. in gradient form : y =mx + c where
2. Area of the quadrilateral
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )•
𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟏
= 𝟐 |𝒚 𝒚 𝒚 𝒚 𝒚 |
•
m = gradient, c = y-intercept. 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟏
(𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
two lines 𝟏
𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟐 | (𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟒 + 𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟏 ) − (𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒙𝟑 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟒 𝒚𝟑 + 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟒 )|
Solve the equations of the 2. in intercept form: + = 𝟏
𝒂 𝒃
two lines simultaneously where Equation of locus
a = x-intercept, b = y-intercept
Example: A(2, –4), B(5, 7) and P are three points such that
3. in general form : ax + by + c = 0
PA : PB = 1 : 2. Find the equation of the locus of P.
Parallel and perpendicular lines Steps:
1. Line y =m1x + c1 is parallel
to line y = m2x + c2
} m1 =m2 𝑷𝑨 𝟏
1. Let P(x,y)
= 2. Use the info. to
2. Line y =m1x + c1 is 𝑷𝑩 𝟐
2PA = PB form an equation
perpendicular } m1.m2= – 1 𝟐√(𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟒)𝟐 = √(𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟕)𝟐
to line y = m2x + c2
3x2 + 3y2 – 6x + 46y + 6 = 0 3. Simplify
5
 f) Varians (  2 ) and
a) Mean ( x ) b) Mode c) Median d) Range e) Interquartile range
Standard deviation (  )
Ungrouped x
x
Data
Eg:
N
 fx
Value with highest
frequency
Value that lies in the middle when data are
arranged in either ascending or descending order.
Largest - smallest
value value
Upper quartile – lower quartile
= Q3 – Q1  
1
N
 x  x  i
2


 f x  x  
Eg: 1. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Q1= 4, Q3= 6
1 . 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 f ( eg: 1. Given a set of data 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. = 1 2
2. i i
2. Median = 6.  fi
x 3 5 7
x 3 5 7 2. Given a set of data 3, 4, 5, 6,7, 8.
f 2 1 5
f 2 1 5 5 6
Median = = 5.5. ) Q1= 4, Q2= 7 & Q3= 7
x   xi
2 2
2

   
i

Grouped  fx Interquartile range N  N 

x  
Data f
, a) Modal class
 12 N  F  Largest - smallest
= Upper quartile – lower quartile
= The class having the a) Median = L   C . class
mark
class
mark
= Q3 – Q1 where
highest frequency
  f   f i xi
2
x – class mark f = xi
2

m 1  
i
3
Q3 = ( 4 N) th value & Q1 = ( 4 N)th value N  N 
- in class where  
interval b) Mode L – lower boundary of the class which To find Q1 and Q3:
(from histogram) median lies, 1. from ogive: 3N
N – total frequency, 4
F – cumulative frequency before the class in N
which the median lies, 4
C – size of class interval,
Q1 Q3
fm – frequency of the class which median lies.
Mode 2. using the formula for finding median
to find Q1 and Q3.
nF 
b) Median (from ogive) N n th value = L   C .
N  fm 
2 where

STATISTICS Median
L – lower boundary of the class which
the value lies,
F – cumulative frequency before the
class in which the value lies,
C – size of class interval,
fm – frequency of the class which the
value lies.

The effects on mean, mode, median, range, interquartile range, std deviation and variance when every value in a set of data are changed uniformly.
1. When k is added to every value of the data. 2. When every value of the data is multiplied by c.
a) v=u+k, where v is the new value of a measure of central tendency,
u is the original value of a measure of central tendency. a) v = cu , where v is the new value of a measure of central tendency,
b) the measures of dispersion remain unchanged. u is the original value of a measure of central tendency.
b) i) new range = c x original range.
ii) new interquartile range = c x original interquartile range.
iii) new standard deviation = c x original standard deviation.
iv) new variance = c2 x original variance.

6
 Prior Knowledge:
CIRCULAR MEASURE 2. Properties of Angles in Circles:
θ
• θ
Notes: 3. Angles: 1. Trigo. Ratios & θ
θ
𝟑𝟔𝟎𝒐 = 𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
1. Arc Length : Phythagoras Theorem:
𝒔 = 𝒓𝜽 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝒐 = 𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝒂 θ
𝝅 1. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = θ tangents to the circles
𝟗𝟎𝒐 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒄 θ α
𝑟 𝑠 𝟐 𝑐 𝒃
𝝅 𝑎 2. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = α
𝜃 rad 𝟔𝟎𝒐 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒄 2θ θ
𝟑 𝜃 𝒂 θ
𝜋 rad = 180𝑜 𝒐
𝟒𝟓 =
𝝅
𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝑏 3. 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = • •
•
𝒃
𝟒
𝝅 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟑𝟎𝒐 = 𝒓𝒂𝒅 4. 𝒄 = 𝒂 + 𝒃
𝟔

2. Area of Sector: 4. Area of a Triangle: 𝑐

𝟏 𝟏 𝑎
𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒓𝟐 𝜽 𝑨 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝜃
𝑏 2.
A D

1. M The diagram shows two sectors MPNO and MQNR centred

at O and R respectively. Given ON = 12 cm and MR = 7 cm, O 𝜃 𝑟𝑎𝑑
calculate
(a) the perimeter, in cm, of the shaded region, [4 marks] B
C
(b) the area, in cm2, of the sector MQNR. [3 marks]
P R 45 0 The above diagram shows two sectors, 𝑂𝐴𝐵 and 𝑂𝐷𝐶. It is
Q given that 𝑂𝐴 ∶ 𝐴𝐷 = 2 ∶ 1 and ∡𝐴𝑂𝐵 = 𝜃 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠.
If the perimeter of the sector 𝑂𝐴𝐵 is equal to the perimeter
of 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, find the value of 𝜃

7
1. Substitute ( x  x, y  y) 1. 𝒙→𝒏 2. 𝒙→∞ 3. 1. y  ax n
into the equation. lim (3−𝑥 )

 ax dx   c 
𝑥→∞
(a) lim(𝑥 2 − 1) 2𝑥 − 1 ax n  1
y as the subject
n
2. Make 𝑥→3 lim ( ) =0 n 1
= (32 − 1) 𝑥→∞ 𝑥−3
2𝑥
and in terms of x. − 𝑥1
2. y  a bx  d 
=8 𝑥 n
y 𝑥 2 −1 = lim ( 𝑥 3
)
3. Find x (b) lim ( ) 𝑥→∞ 𝑥−𝑥
𝑥−1

 c 
𝑥→1
2−0 a bx  d n  1
 y 
 ydx  
(𝑥−1)(𝑥+1)
dy
 lim   = lim ( ) =( )
n 1b 
dy
4. Find dx . where dx x 0 x  𝑥→1 𝑥−1 1−0
= lim(𝑥 + 1) =2 3. Definite Integrals :
𝑥→1 Integrate
1. y  ax n = 2
CALCULUS functions
a

Differentiate Find Limits (i) f ' ( x ) dx  f ( a )  f (b)

 nax n 1
dy b
dx (First Principle) b a

2. y  uv Differentiation Integration (ii)  y dx    y dx

dy
Differentiate d
y Solving problems
a b

 v du  u dv
dx
functions b c c

 y dx   y dx   y dx
dy
dx dx dx y involving integration (iii)
dx
3. y  u a b a
2nd order dy
v
differentiation  dx 1. Area 2. Volume
dx
v du  u dv a) a)
y
dy y
dx
 dx dx
Solving problems Solving problems involving
v2 differentiation & integration y = f(x)
involving differentiation y = f(x)
4. y  au n
x x
a b a b

 nau n 1 du
dy b b
3. Small Changes &
dx dx
Approximation
1. Problems on cartesian plane L  y dx   f ( x) dx b
1. Min/Max value 1. Small changes - 
differentiate a a V    y 2 dx
1. y  f (x) integrate
dy
Eg: VMin/Max ✻ 2. Translate the given dx
b) y
a
information and question (equation of a graph) (gradient function) b
    f ( x) 2 dx
Steps: x = f(y)
dy b
1. V in terms of x. 3. use y   x 2. Equation of tangent /normal at (a, b): y = mx + c a a
dx
2.
dV
0 4. Approximation: where m tangent =
dy
when x=a and mtangent x mnormal = –1
x
y
dx b b b)
ynew ≈ y initial + y dx
L   x dy 
x = a
3. Turning Point (Min/max point): refer to ✻  f ( y) dy
b
x = f(y)
2 a a
3. check d V a
dx 2 Important terms:
2. Motion along a straight Line x
4. Vmin/max = V when x=a 1. a) … initial… – … when t = 0. b
= V when
dV
0 b) after 4 seconds – when 𝒕 = 𝟒 1. Displacement 2. Velocity 3. Acceleration V    x 2 dy
dx c) within the first 4 seconds – 𝒕 = 𝟎 to 𝒕 = 𝟒 d d a
within the 4th second – 𝒕 = 𝟑 to 𝒕 = 𝟒 dt dt
d)
s ds v b
2. Rate of change dt d 2s  dv a     f ( y ) 2 dy
}
2. Displacement
Min/Max dt 2 dt
Velocity
 v dt  s
a
1. Rate -
d
(refer ✻)  a dt  v
dt Acceleration  dt  dt

}
2. Translate the 3. Displacement Displacement - ...is at O...
given information +,–,0 ## from O. (s)
- ...on the left hand side of O. s<0 s=0 - ...on the right hand side of O. s>0
Velocity - ...passes through O...
and question (refer ##) - ...stationary
Acceleration
3. use the chain rule Velocity (v) - ...moving to the left. v<0 - ...reverse its direction - ...moving to the right. v>0
4. Total Distance Travelled for t = 3 to t = 5 -...stops instantaneously v= 0
dy dy
dt
 dx
 dx
dt
= Area under the graph for t=3 to t=5 -...velocity decreases - ...constant velocity... -...velocity increases
OR Acceleration (a)
-...deccelerates a<0 -...uniform velocity... a= 0 -...accelerates a>0
Find S when t=3, t=5 & v=0 to know the motion. 8
 1. Sine Rule:
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄 SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨

Ambiguous Case of a Triangle:

𝐵
2. Cosine Rule:
𝑐
𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 - Two triangles can be constructed from the given information.
𝐴
𝑎 - This will only occur when the information is as follows:
(i) Sides a and b and Angle A are given,
3. Area of a Triangle: 𝑏 and (ii) a < b.
𝟏
𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
𝟐 𝐶
Diagram below shows a cyclic quadrilateral PQRS. Diagram below shows a pyramid with triangular base ABC
It is given that PQ = 7.4 cm, QR = 10.9 cm on a horizontal plane.
P It is given that AB = 6 cm, BC = 4 cm , AD = 5 cm,
and RS = 12.1 cm. ∠𝐴𝐷𝐵 = 80o and ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 90o . ABD is a vertical plane.
Q
Calculate (a) ∠ ABD . [2 marks]
(a) Calculate  PQS. [6 marks] (b) the length, in cm, of BD and CD. [4 marks]
(c) the area, in cm2, of ACD . [4 marks]
S (b) (i) Calculate the area, in cm2, of  PQS,
81o (ii) If SP is extended to form the new  PQS
with the length of PQ , length of SQ and
R  PSQ remain unchanged, find the difference
in the area, in cm2, of the new  PQS
and the original one. [4 marks]

9
Example 1: In the Diagram below, the angles of the sectors of the pie chart shows
the proportional expenditure of 4 items C, D, E and F for the year 2000. Example 2: Table below shows the price indices of a few household items for a
family in the year 2000 and 2004 based on the year 1998. It includes the price
INDEX Indices for the same household items in the year 2004 based on the year 2000
and the weightage of the expenditure, for the year 2000.
NUMBER Items Food Rental Transport Others
2000(1998 = 100) 106 109 105 r
Table below shows the prices and the price indices for the items. 2004(1998 = 100) 124 126 q 111
Pride Index in 2004 2004 (2000= 100) p 115 114 125
Items Price in 2000 (RM) Price in 2004 (RM)
based on 2000 Weightage 10 15 3 7
1.20 1.35 x Notes: (a) Find the values of p, q and r.
C (b) Calculate the composite index in the year 2004 based on
D 3.40 y 125 the year 2000.
1. Price Index/Index Number:
𝑃1 (c) If the average monthly expenditure for food in 1998 is RM850,
E z 6.00 120 (a) 𝐼1,0 = × 100 calculate the average monthly expenditure for food in the year
𝑃0
2004.
(b) percentage : (d) If the average household expenditure in the year 2004 is RM2450, calculate
F 2.50 2.65 106
Base year - 100 the average household expenditure 2000.

(a) Find the value of 2. Composite Index: (a) As a problem on percentages:

(i) x,
(ii) y, (a) I   Iw 1998
100
2000
106
2004
124
(iii) z.
(b) Calculate the composite index for the items in the year 2004
w Food
100 p
based on the year 2000. (b) Price Index of all items: Transport
100 105 q
𝑃1 100 114
(c) The total monthly expenditure of the 4 items in the year 2004 is ̅ = × 100
𝐼1,0
RM 1250. Calculate the corresponding monthly expenditure in 𝑃 0 100 r 111
Others
the year 2000. (c) percentage: 100 125
(d) If the average total expenditure of the 4 items increases by 5% Base year - 100 𝑝 124 𝑞 114 𝑟 100
from the year 2004 to the year 2005. Find the composite index Use = , = , =
100 106 105 100 111 125
for the year 2005 based on the year 2000.
(a) Both ways can be used: (b) Use the formula 2(a).
1.35 𝑥 1.35
𝑥= × 100 (the formula) or =
1.20 100 1.20 (c) As a problem on percentages:
(b) Use the formula 2(a).
1998 2000 2004
(c) As a problem on percentages: 100 106 124
2000 2004 Food 100 p
Composite 100 𝐼 ̅ from (b) 850 x
Index y 1250 𝑥 124
Use =
𝑦 100 850 100
Use =
1250 𝐼 ̅ from (b)
(d) As a problem on percentages:
(d) As a problem on percentages:
1998 2000 2004
2000 2004 2005 Composite 100 𝐼 ̅ from (b)
Composite increases by 5% from Index
100 𝐼 ̅ from (b) y 2450
Index the year 2004
𝑦 100
105 Use =
Use × (𝐼 ̅ from (b)) 2450 𝐼 ̅ from (b)
100
10
 Arithmetic Geometric
progressions progressions (GP)
(AP) PROGRESSIONS
- has common ratio (r)
- has common difference (d)
𝑻𝒏+𝟏 𝑻𝒏
Tn+1 – Tn = Tn – Tn – 1 =
𝑻𝒏 𝑻𝒏−𝟏
The nth term (Tn) Tn = Sn – Sn – 1 The nth term (Tn)
eg: 𝑇3 𝑇2
Tn = a + ( n – 1)d Tn = ar n-1 eg: =
T3 – T2 = T 2 – T1 eg: 𝑇2 𝑇1
eg: T1 = S1 = a, eg:
a, a+d, a+2d, a+3d T2 = S2 – S1, a, ar, ar2, ar3
T1, T2 , T3 , T4 T3 = S3 – S2 T1, T2, T3, T4
Sum of the first n terms (Sn)
Example 1:
𝒏 Sum to the infinity Sum of the first n terms (Sn)
Sn = 𝟐 [2a + ( n – 1)d] 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝟒, 𝟐, 𝟏, , , , … (𝑺∞ ) 𝑺𝒏
𝒏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟖
=𝟐[a+l] |𝒓| < 1 𝒂(𝒓𝒏 −𝟏)
𝑺∞ =
𝟒 = , |𝒓| > 1
𝒂 𝒓−𝟏
𝟏−𝟏𝟐 𝑺∞ =
𝟏−𝒓
where l = Tn 𝒂(𝟏−𝒓𝒏 )
= 8 = , |𝒓| < 1
𝟏−𝒓

Solving Story Problems involving Progressions

Steps: 1. Form a number sequence related to the problem. Example 2:
2. Recognise whether the sequence is an AP or a GP.
3. Proceed accordingly. 𝟏. 𝟗̇𝟔̇

Example: =1.969696…
Omar saved RM100 in a certain month and for each succeeding month, he saved RM20 more than the previous month. Find =𝟏 + ⏟
𝟎. 𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟔𝟗𝟔 …
(a) the amount of money that he will save in the month after 2 years saving,
(b) the number of months for his savings to reached his target of RM15400. 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟔
+ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟔 } a=0.96, 𝒓 = = 0.01
𝟎.𝟗𝟔
Amount saved each month: (The number sequence) + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟔 + ⋯
100, 120, 140, 160, … 𝟎.𝟗𝟔 𝟑𝟐
𝑺∞ = =
𝟏−𝟎.𝟎𝟏 𝟑𝟑
AP !!! 𝑎 = 100, 𝑑 = 20
𝟏. 𝟗̇𝟔̇
𝟑𝟐 𝟔𝟓
(a) After 2 years = after 24 months (b) Total savings = 15400 =𝟏+ =
𝟑𝟑 𝟑𝟑
𝑆𝑛 = 15400
The amount of money 𝑛
(2(100) + (𝑛 − 1)(20)) = 15400
2
= 𝑇25
simplify & solve …
= 100 + (25 − 1)(20)
𝑛 = 35 Al-Fatihah untuk Allahyarham Rahmansyah (Pelajar yang menyediakan nota ini)
= RM580

11
 NOTES:
The graph:
The equation (in linear form) of the graph:
y
𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄 The subject in the equation
(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 )
The intercept = 𝒄 •
Use the two points to find
The subject
the gradient of the graph
= variable of the vertical axis The coefficient of the gradient − 𝑐
= Variable of the horizontal axis The intercept = 𝒄
• The coefficient of the gradient
The gradient of the graph = 𝒎 (𝑥2 , 𝑦2 )
x

FOR PAPER 1 ONLY !!!!

LINEAR LAW
You may substitute the points into the equation in linear form (𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒄).
(refer **)
Short Questions (Paper 1) Example: 𝒚𝟏 = 𝒎𝒙𝟏 + 𝒄
Example 1: Example 2:
The diagram shows part of the straight line graph The diagram shows part of the straight line graph
𝑦 Of 𝑦 against log 2 𝑥 . Given 2 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑥 𝑡 , find the Long Question (Paper 2)
of against 𝑥 2 . Given 𝑦 = 𝑝𝑥 3 + 𝑞𝑥 , find
𝑥 value of s and of t. The table below shows the values of two variables 𝑥 and 𝑦, obtained from an experiment.
the value of p and of q. y 𝒚 Variables 𝑥 and 𝑦 are related by the equation 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑝𝑘𝑥, where 𝑝 and 𝑘 are constants.
x (−4,7) 𝑥 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9
(−4,7)
• • 𝑦 3.60 4.79 6.01 5.62 4.88 3.69
𝑦
(a) Plot a graph of against 𝑥, using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the 𝑥- axis and
𝑥
(−2,1) −3 𝑦
• 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝟐 𝒙 2 cm to 2 units on the - axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit.
𝑥
𝒙𝟐
(b) Use your graph in (a) to find the value of
(i) 𝑦 when 𝑥 = 0.4, (ii) 𝑘, (iii) 𝑝 .
The equation in linear form: Steps:
The equation in linear form: (b)(ii)
(Note what should be the subject) 1. Draw the graph.
(Note what should be the subject) From The equation in linear form.
𝑦= 𝑝𝑥 3
+ 𝑞𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑥 𝑡 The graph 𝑦
𝑦
= 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞 (on a graph paper and using the given scale) The subject is …. ?
𝑥 𝑦 = log 2 𝑠 + 𝑡 log 2 𝑥 𝑥
(a) 𝑦
∴ Gradient = p, Intercept = q 𝑥 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.8 0.9 𝑘𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 5𝑝𝑘𝑥
∴ Gradient = t , Intercept = log 2 𝑠 𝑥 𝑦
18 15.97 12.02 8.03 6.1 4.1 𝑦 1
22 − •(0.2, 18) 𝑥 𝑥
= ( ) 𝑥 − 5𝑝
𝑘
From the graph:
From the graph: • 1
7−1 14 ∴ Gradient = , Intercept = −5𝑝
Gradient = = −3 , 7−3 • 𝑘
−4−(−2) Gradient = = −1 , (0.7, 8)
−4−(0) • From the graph:
Substitute (−2, 1) into the equation: •
𝑦 Intercept = 3 18−8
** (Note: When 𝑥 2 = −2, = 1) • Gradient =
0.2−0.7
= −20 ,
𝑥
1 = (−3)(−2) + 𝑞 𝒙 (Intercept MUST BE READ from your graph)
Conclusion: 0.4
q = –5 Intercept = 22
Intercept = –5 t = −1, log 2 𝑠 = 3 2. Answer the questions:
𝑠=8 (b) (i) Read from the graph… Conclusion:
Conclusion: 𝑦 1
When 𝑥 = 0.4, = 14
𝑥
= −20, − 5𝑝 = 22
𝑘
p = −3, q = –5 𝑦 = 5.6 𝑘 = −0.05 𝑝 = −4.4
12
 Parallel Vectors: Unit Vector:
Equal Vectors:
1. Two vectors are equal when their magnitude and directions ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ iff ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . - Unit vector is a vector which has a magnitude of 1 unit.
1. 𝑨𝑩 ∥ 𝑪𝑫 𝑨𝑩 = 𝝀 𝑪𝑫
are the same.
2. 𝒎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
If ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑩 = 𝒏 𝑪𝑫 𝑨𝑩 is not parallel to ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑪𝑫 , then Examples:
2. If 𝒉𝒙 + 𝒌𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒏𝒚 and 𝑥, 𝑦 are non parallel vectors 𝒎 = 𝟎 and 𝒏 = 𝟎 1. Unit vector in the direction of positive x-axis is 𝑖 ,
Unit vector in the direction of positive y-axis is 𝑗 .
then 𝒉 = 𝒎 and 𝒌 = 𝒏. 3. If 𝑨, 𝑩, 𝑪 are collinear then
2. If 𝑢 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑦𝑗 then |𝑢| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
𝑨𝑩 = 𝝀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑨𝑩 = 𝝀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑪 or ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑩𝑪 𝒐𝒓 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑩𝑪 = 𝝀 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑨𝑪 𝑥𝑖+𝑦𝑗
Resultant Vector: So the unit vector in the direction of 𝑢 = 𝑢̂ =
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
Triangle Law: Parallelogram Law: Polygon Law:
𝐵 𝑏 𝑏 𝑐 𝑑
𝐶
𝑎
𝑎 𝑏
VECTORS Magnitude of Vectors:
𝑎+𝑏 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑 - Magnitude of vector 𝑥 = |𝑥|
𝐴 𝑎+𝑏 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ - Magnitude of a vector = length of the directed line segment that represent the
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐶𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ + 𝐷𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐴𝐸 vector. 1 unit
Vectors on
Examples: 𝑐 Examples: 𝑐 1 unit
1. 𝑐 Cartesian 1. 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎+𝑐 Plane: 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
𝑏 𝑎+𝑐 𝑑
𝑑 𝑐 If 𝑷(𝒙, 𝒚) then
|𝑎| = 3 units, |𝑏| = 1 unit, |𝑎 + 𝑏 | = 2 units , |𝑎 − 𝑏 | = 4 units
𝑐+𝑑 𝑎+𝑏 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝒙𝒊 + 𝒚𝒋
𝑶𝑷
𝒙 |𝑐| = 4 units, |𝑑| = 5 units, |𝑐 + 𝑑 | = 9 units , |𝑎 + 𝑐| = 5 units.
=( )
𝒚 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1), 𝑂𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 3 ), find |𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ | = √8
2. ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (1), 𝑂𝑄
Given 𝑂𝑃 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 3 ), find 𝑃𝑄
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 2 )
Answer: 𝑃𝑄 2. Given 𝑂𝑃 1 −1
Answer: |𝑃𝑄
1 −1 −2

Examples: 3. Given (4𝑎 + 3)𝑢 = 2(4 − 3𝑏)𝑣 , where 𝑢 and 𝑣 are non 5. In the diagram, OAB is a triangle with ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑎 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐵 = 𝑏.
1. Given that 𝑎 = 2𝑢 − 5𝑣 and 𝑏 = 4𝑢 − (ℎ − 6)𝑣 . 𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑚𝑂𝐴 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ and the
parallel vectors. Find the value of a and of b. The point D is such that 𝑂𝐷
where h is a constant. Find the value of h if 𝑎 and 𝑏 are
point E is such that 𝐴𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑛𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . The lines OE
parallel vectors.
𝑏 𝐸 and BD intersect at F.

𝐹
4. In a triangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵, 𝐶 is a point on 𝑂𝐵 such that 𝑂𝐶 = 3𝐶𝐵. 𝑂 𝐷 𝑎 𝐴
𝑆 is a point on 𝑂𝐴 such that 𝑂𝑆 = 4 𝑆𝐴. 𝐸 is a point on 𝐴𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 5𝑝 and 𝑂𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 4𝑞, (a) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in terms of 𝑎 and 𝑏.
Express 𝐴𝐵
such that 𝐴𝐸 = 𝜆𝐸𝐶 . Given that 𝑂𝐴
find the value of 𝜆 if S, E and B are collinear. (b) Given that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐹 = 12 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐸, express ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑂𝐹 in terms of 𝑛, 𝑎 and 𝑏.
(c) Given that 𝐹𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝐷𝐵
3 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ , express 𝐹𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ in terms of 𝑚, 𝑎 and 𝑏.
𝑂𝑃 = (11), ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
2. Given that ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 3
𝑂𝑄 = (−1 ) and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑅 = (−46
). 𝐴 4

𝑆 (d) Hence, evaluate 𝑚 and 𝑛.

(a) State the coordinates of Q. •
(b) Find ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑄 and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑃𝑅 , •𝐸
(c) Show that the points P, Q and R are collinear.
𝑂 𝐶 𝐵

13
 Values of trigonometric ratios of special angles:
30o 60o 45o 0o 90o 180o 270o 360o Solving Equations:
𝜃 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
6 3 4
0 2
𝜋 2𝜋 Basic equations:
sin 𝜃 1 √3 1 √2
2
TRIGONOMETRIC Examples: 𝟎𝐨 ≤ 𝒙𝐨 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝐨
= 0 1 0 -1 0
2 2 √2 2 FUNCTIONS 1. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝟐. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝟑. 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕𝟎𝐨 ) = 𝟎. 𝟓,
1
cos 𝜃 √3 1 √2
= 1 0 -1 0 1
−1
𝛼 = cos 0.5 𝛼 = cos −1
0.5 𝛼 = cos −1 0.5
2
2 √2 2
= 60o = 60o = 60o
tan 𝜃 1 √3
1 0 undefined 0 undefined 0 2𝑥 is in Q1 & Q4 (2𝑥 + 70)o is in Q1 & Q4
=
3
√3 𝑥 is in Q1 & Q4
√3
𝑦 𝟎𝐨 ≤ 𝒙𝐨 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝐨 𝟎𝐨 ≤ 𝟐𝒙𝐨 ≤ 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝐨 𝟕𝟎𝐨 ≤ (𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕𝟎)𝐨 ≤ 𝟕𝟗𝟎𝐨
Identities & Formulae: ∴ 𝑥 = 60o , 300o 2𝑥 = 60o , 300o , 420o , 660o (2𝑥 + 70)o = 300o , 420o , 660o , 780o
2 30O 2 (0, 1) ∴ 𝑥 = 30o , 150o , 210o , 330o ∴ 𝑥 = 115o , 175o , 295o , 355o
√2 •
√3 1 1. 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 = 𝟏 Note:
•(𝑥, 𝑦)
60 O 45O 2. 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝑨 = 𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝑨 For other forms of equation, use algebraic computation rule or identities or formulae to get
𝜃
1 1 1 • • 𝑥 3. 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝑨 = 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽 equation in the form of basic equation. Then solve the equation as shown above.
(−1, 0) (1, 0)
Example: • sin 𝜃 = 𝑦
1. 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 ± 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 ± 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 More equations:
(0, −1) 2. 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 ± 𝑩) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 ∓ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 Examples: 𝟎𝐨 ≤ 𝒙𝐨 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝐨
𝒚 = 𝟑 |𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙| − 𝟏 cos 𝜃 = 𝑥 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨±𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
𝑦
tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 3. 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 ± 𝑩) = 𝟒. 𝟓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓, 𝟓. 𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 = −𝟕𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏
y 𝟏∓𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
2 2 5 (tan2 𝑥 + 1) = −7tan 𝑥 + 11
(5 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥) = × 1.25 5 tan2 𝑥 + 7tan 𝑥 − 6 = 0
2 1. 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 5 5
Read from the function 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = 0.5 (5 tan 𝑥 − 3)(tan 𝑥 + 2) = 0
1. Basic Shape? 2. 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝑨 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = −𝟐
2. No. of cycles in 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋 ? = 𝟏 − 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨
𝛼 = sin−1 (0.5) 𝛼 = tan−1 (0.6) 𝛼 = tan−1 (2)
x
3. Amplitude? = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝟏
0 𝜋
𝜋 3𝜋
2𝜋 𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 = 30o = 30.96o = 63.43o
−1 2 2 4. Shift ? Reflection? 3. 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝑨 = 𝟐 2𝑥 is in Q1 & Q2 𝑥 is in Q1 & Q3 𝑥 is in Q2 & Q4
𝟏−𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨
𝟎𝐨 ≤ 𝟐𝒙𝐨 ≤ 𝟕𝟐𝟎𝐨 𝟎𝐨 ≤ 𝒙𝐨 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝐨 𝟎𝐨 ≤ 𝒙𝐨 ≤ 𝟑𝟔𝟎𝐨
Notes: Graphs of trigonometric functions: y 𝒚 = 𝟐 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 2𝑥 = 30o , 150o , 390o , 510o 𝑥 = 30.96o , 210.96o ∴ 𝑥 = 116.57o , 296.57o
y 3 ∴ 𝑥 = 15o , 75o , 195o , 255o ∴ 𝑥 = 30.96o , 116.57o , 210.96o , 296.57o
y 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 2 𝒚 = 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 y 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 2
1 1
Prove Identities: Given a trigo. ratio, find the values of other
1
x x x x
trigo. ratios:
0 𝜋 3𝜋 0 𝜋 3𝜋 0 𝜋 3𝜋 0 𝜋 3𝜋 Example:
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 cos 𝑥 1+sin 𝑥
2 2 2 2 2 2 y 2 2
Prove that + = 2 sec 𝑥. Example:
−1 −1 𝒚 = 𝟐 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 1+sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑚
Given tan 𝜃 = − and 90o ≤ 𝜃 o ≤ 270o . Find
−2 3 𝑛
y
𝒚 = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 LHS=
cos 𝑥
+
1+sin 𝑥 (a) sin 𝜃 (b) sec 𝜃 (c) cos 2𝜃
y 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 2 y 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 2 1+sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 Steps:
cos2 𝑥+(1+sin 𝑥)2
Steps:
1 1 = 1. Start with a more 1. Note the quadrant of 𝜽. 𝜃 is in Q2.
1 cos 𝑥 (1+sin 𝑥) √𝑚2 + 𝑛2
complex expression. 2. Find other trigo ratios. 𝑚 sin 𝜃 = √𝑚2
𝑚
cos2 𝑥+1+2sin 𝑥+sin2 𝑥 +𝑛2
x x x x = 2. Simplify using rules of 3. Answer the question. 𝛼o
0 𝜋 3𝜋 0 𝜋 3𝜋 0 𝜋 3𝜋 0 𝜋 3𝜋 cos 𝑥 (1+sin 𝑥) 𝑛
𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 2+2sin 𝑥 algebraic computation cos 𝜃 = − √𝑚2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 𝑛 +𝑛2
−1 −1 cos 𝑥 (1+sin 𝑥) or identities or Basic Triangle
y 2(1+sin 𝑥)
−2 𝒚 = 𝟐 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = formulae.
cos 𝑥 (1+sin 𝑥) 𝑚 𝑛
y y
(a) sin 𝜃 = (b) cos 𝜃 = −
𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝟐𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 y 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙 = 2 sec 𝑥 √𝑚2 +𝑛2 √𝑚2 +𝑛2
= RHS √𝑚2 +𝑛2
sec 𝜃 = −
2 𝑛
x x x x (c) cos 2𝜃 = cos2 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃
0 𝜋
𝜋
3𝜋
2𝜋 0 𝜋 3𝜋 0 𝜋 3𝜋 0 𝜋 3𝜋 2 2
2 2 2
𝜋 2
2𝜋 2
𝜋 2
2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋 𝑛 𝑚
2 2 = (− ) −( )
√𝑚2 +𝑛2 √𝑚2 +𝑛2
𝑛2 −𝑚2
=
𝑚2 +𝑛2

14
 Permutations Combinations
1. 𝑛
𝑃𝑟 =
𝑛!
(𝑛−𝑟)! PERMUTATIONS & 1. 𝑛
𝐶𝑟 =
𝑛!
𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)!

2. (a) 𝑛
𝑃1 = 𝑛 (b) 𝑛
𝑃0 = 1 COMBINATIONS 2. (a) 𝑛
𝐶1 = 𝑛 (b) 𝑛
𝐶0 = 𝑛𝐶𝑛 = 1
𝑛
(c) 𝑃𝑛 = 𝑛! 𝑛
(c) 𝐶𝑟 = 𝑛𝐶𝑛−𝑟
Notes:
Notes:
- Use when arrangement matters.
- Use when arrangement does not matter.
- No of arrangements of 5 students in 5 chairs = 5! 7
- No of ways of selecting 5 students from 7 students = 𝐶5
- No of arrangements of 5 students in 3 chairs = 5 × 4 ×3
5
= 𝑃3
- No of arrangements of 3 students in 5 chairs = 5 × 4 ×3 Examples:
5 1. A committee of 5 members is to be formed from 6 men and 4 women.
= 𝑃3
Find the number of different committees that can be formed if
Examples: (a) there is no restriction,
1. Find the number of ways the letters from the word B E N T U K can be (b) the number of men is more than women. [4 marks]
arranged if
(a) the letters are arranged in a row without any restriction,
(b) only four letters are arranged in a row,
(c) the letters are arranged in two rows, that is, three letters per row and
all the vowels must be in the first row. [4 marks]

2. A rescue team of 6 is to be chosen from 7 firemen and 5 medical

personnel. Find the number of ways of forming the rescue team if
(a) the number of firemen and medical personnel are the same,
(b) there must be at least 2 medical personnel. [3 marks]

2. Find the number of different arrangements of all the 10 letters from

the word L O G A R I T H M S if
(a) the three vowels must be side by side,
(b) the consonants G and H must be separated. [4 marks]
3. 𝑛 people shake hands at the start of a meeting. If there are 36 handshakes
in all, find the value of 𝑛.

15
 Examples:
1. Bag X contains k red balls and 2 green balls. Bag Y 3. A bag contains 8 cards where 3 of the cards are
contains 4 red balls and 8 green balls. One ball is yellow. Three cards are drawn at random from the
PROBABILITY randomly chosen from each bag. The probability of
5
getting one red ball and one green ball is . Find the
bag, one after the other without replacement.
Calculate the probability that at least two yellow cards
9
value of k. are drawn.
[3 marks] [3 marks]

Notes:

1. Sample Space (S) = a set of all possible outcomes of an

experiment.
2. An Event = a subset of a sample space which satisfies certain
condition.
𝑛(𝐴)
3. The probability that an event A will occur = 𝑃(𝐴) = .
𝑛(𝑆)

4. The probability that an event A will not occur

= 𝑃(𝐴′) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴).
5. The probability that event A or B occurs
= 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) 2. Bag A contains 1 green pen, 2 red pens and 3 blue
pens. Bag B contains 2 black erasers and 3 white
6. Mutually Exclusive Events: erasers. Bag C contains 6 gift cards labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 4. Yazid and Dol are competing in a tennis match. The
and 6. An item is picked randomly from each bag. match will end when any player wins 3 sets. The
(i) Events A and B are mutually exclusive if both events cannot occur 3
Find the probability of getting a blue pen, a black probability that Yazid wins a set is . Calculate the
at the same time, which means 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅ 7
eraser and a gift card with a number less than 3. probability that Yazid will win after playing 4 sets.
(ii) The probability that event A or B occurs
[3 marks] [3 marks]
= 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵)
(iii) Events A and B are mutually exclusive and exhaustive if
𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = ∅ and 𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = 𝑆

7. Independent Events and Dependent Events:

(i) Two events are independent events if the outcome of the first
event does not influence the outcome of the second event.
(ii) If A and B are independent events then
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵).

8. Tree Diagram:
- Can be used to find a probability when independent or
dependent events are involved,

16
 Binomial
Normal Distribution
Distribution PROBABILITY Notes:
𝑿~𝑩(𝒏, 𝒑) 𝑋~𝑁(𝜇, 𝜎 2 )
Notes:
1. 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑟) = 𝑛𝐶𝑟 𝑝𝑟 𝑞 𝑛−𝑟
DISTRIBUTIONS X = continuous random variable
𝜇
X

where Examples:
P = probability 1. The discrete random variable has a binomial probability Standard Normal Distribution
X = discrete random variable distribution with 𝑛 = 4, where 𝑛 is the number of trials. The 𝑍~𝑁(0,1)
r = number of success Diagram below shows the probability distribution of 𝑋. 𝑋−𝜇
𝑍= Z
n = number of trials 𝑃(𝑋 = 𝑥) 𝜎 0
p = probability of success in 1 trial 𝑘 ×
q = probability of failure in 1 trial 1 × × (a) 𝑋~𝑁(5, 0.22 )
4
=1–p 1 × × 1 1 1 1 X = masses of sweets
16
(a) 16
+4 + 𝑘 + 4 + 16 = 1
2. (a) Mean of X ( Expected Value of X): x
0 1 2 3 4
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝 Find X 𝑘 = 38
(b) Variance of X : (a) the value of 𝑘, 1 1 5
(b) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3) = + = (i) 𝑃(𝑋 > 5.3) X
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞 (b) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 3) 4 16 16
5.3−5 𝜇 5.3
= 𝑃 (𝑍 > )
(c) Standard Deviation of X = √𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 0.2
2. It is found that 12% of imported oranges are rotten. If a sample of 25 = 𝑃(𝑍 > 1.5)
2. p = 0.12, n = 25 imported oranges are chosen at random, find the mean and standard = …(use table/calculator)
deviation of the number of rotten oranges. Z
Mean = 25 (0.12) 0 1.5
Std Dev = √25(0.12)(0.88) 3. Farah made 5 attempts in an archery practice. The probability that
Farah strikes the target in an attempt is 0.7. It is given that X is a 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
3. (a) X = no. of times Farah strikes the target discrete random variable that represents the number of times Farah = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
strikes the target. = 0.1587
= {0,1,2,3,4,5}
(a) List all the elements of X. (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 𝑐) = 0.1587
(b) p = 0.7, n = 5 (b) Calculate the probability that Farah strikes the target X
𝑐 𝜇
(i) 3 times, (ii) at least 2 times.
(i) 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) = 5𝐶3(0.7)3(0.3)2
4. It is found that the masses of sweets produced by a factory are 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 0.1587
(ii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) = 𝑃(𝑋 = 2) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 4) 𝑐−5
normally distributed with a mean of 5 g and a standard deviation 𝑃 (𝑍 < ) = 0.1587
+ 𝑃(𝑋 = 5) 0.2
of 0.2 g. 𝑐−5 Z
Or (use table) 0
(i) Find the probability that the sweets have masses Note from the diagram: 0.2
𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2) = 1 − [𝑃(𝑋 = 0) + 𝑃(𝑋 = 1)] exceeding 5·3 g , 𝑐−5
is negative
(ii) If 15·87 % of the sweets have masses less than c g, find c. 0.2
𝑐−5
0.2
= −1
𝑐 = 4.8
17
 Example: ** Write the information in a table:
Types of tables Square Round
The owner of a newly open restaurant wants to buy two types of tables, square and No of tables 𝑥 𝑦 LINEAR
round tables. The price of a square table is RM200.00 and the price of a round table Price per table (RM) 200 300
is RM300.00. The area of a square table and a round table are 1 m 2 and 2 m2
respectively. The owner of the restaurant buys 𝑥 square tables and 𝑦 round tables.
Area per table (m2) 1 2 PROGRAMMING
The purchase of the tables is based on the following constraints: Steps:
I : The total area of the tables is not less than 30 m2. 1. Translate the given constraints into inequalities.
II : The amount of money allocated is RM10 000.00. Constraints - Write the information in a table. (refer **)
III : The number of the square tables is at least 2 times the number of the round tables. - Use the information to translate the constraints into
(a) Write three inequalities, other than 𝑥 ≥ 0 and 𝑦 ≥ 0, which satisfy all of the above constraints. [3 marks] inequalities. (Guides - in the table below)
(b) Using a scale of 2 cm to 5 units on both axes, construct and shade the region R that satisfies all the above constraints. [3 marks]
(c) By using your graph, answer the following questions: Constraint Inequality
(i) Find the maximum number of square tables if 10 round tables are bought. 1. 𝒚 is more than 𝒙 𝒚>𝑥
(ii) If a square table can accommodate 4 customers and a round table can accommodate 7 customers, find the maximum 2. 𝒚 is less than 𝒙 𝒚<𝑥
number of customers that the restaurant can accommodate at a time. [4 marks] 3. 𝒚 is not more than 𝒙 𝒚≤𝒙
4. 𝒚 is not less than 𝒙 𝒚≥𝒙
5. The total of 𝒙 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒚 is at least twice of 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≥ 𝟐𝒙
6. The total of 𝒙 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒚 is at most twice of 𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒚 ≤ 𝟐𝒙
The maximum value of 𝑥 when 𝑦 = 10. 7. The minimum value of 𝒚 is 𝒌 𝒚 ≥𝒌
Inequalities (for points in the shaded region) 8. The maximum value of 𝒚 is 𝒌 𝒚 ≤𝒌
9. 𝒙 𝐞𝐱𝐜𝐞𝐞𝐝𝐬 𝒚 by at least 𝒌 𝒙−𝒚 ≥𝒌
10. The ratio of 𝒚 to 𝒙 is at most 𝒉: 𝒌 𝒚 𝒉
The objective function ≤
(to find no of 𝒙 𝒌
(b)
(a) I: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 ≥ 30 (c) (i) 35 customers)
𝑦
II: 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 ≤ 100 (ii) 𝑘 = 4𝑥 + 7𝑦 2. On a Cartesian plane, draw related graphs and
III: 𝑥 ≥ 2𝑦 (29,14) shade the region of feasible solutions.
𝑘𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 4(29) + 7(14) The point on the (region that satisfies all inequalities) .
35 − = 214 furthest parallel line
- Use graph paper and the given scale please !!!!
will give a maximum
value
30− 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 100 3. Answer the given questions.
- Must use points in the shaded region.
***A graph of the objective function.
- Find the optimal value(min/max value) using graphical method:
25− (𝑘 = 140 is used)
(i) Determine the objective function. (𝑘 = 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦)
(Function which is used to find min/max value.)
𝑥 = 2𝑦 ## A graph of the objective (ii) Use a suitable value for 𝑘 to draw a graph of the objective
20− function. function.(refer ***)
The parallel line(to the
𝑘 = 4𝑥 + 7𝑦 (iii) Min Value - Draw a parallel line(to the graph(ii)) that is
graph(ii)) that is furthest to the nearest to the origin and passes through a point in the
15−
×(29, 14) origin and passes through a shaded region.
point(𝑥, 𝑦) in the shaded region Max Value - Draw a parallel line(to the graph(ii)) that is
10− ( 𝑥 and 𝑦 must be integers furthest to the origin and passes through a point in the
because shaded region.(refer ##)
𝑅 they represent number of (iv) Write the coordinates of the point(iii) (𝑥, 𝑦). The
5− tables) coordinates will give the optimal value when substituted
. into the objective function.
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 30 (𝑥 and 𝑦 must be integers if they represent number of
I I I I I I I I I I x something.)
O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
18
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS: (Types of roots)
Example 2:
Find the range of values/ value of 𝑘 if
(i) the straight line y = 2x + k does not meet to the
quadratic equation 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 3,
(ii) the straight line y = 2x + k is a tangent the quadratic
equation 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 3,
(iii) the straight line y = 2x + k cuts the
quadratic equation 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 3, at two points.

The problems are about number of intersection points. So

solve the equations simultaneously to find the intersection
points.
y = 2x + 1
𝑦 = −𝑥 2 + 3,
…
−𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 − 𝒌 = 𝟎
(NOTE: The x-coordinate of the intersection points are
the roots of this equation)

(i) 0 intersection point!! Which means… no real roots.

 22  4 13  k   0
… simplify… 𝑘>4

(ii) 1 intersection point!! Which means… equal roots

 22  4 13  k   0
… simplify… 𝑘 = 4

(iii) 2 intersection points!! Which means… 2 distinct roots

 22  4 13  k   0
… simplify… 𝑘 < 4