1

Analysis of the Section

1.1 Strength design method assumption

The analysis of a cross section to determine its moments of resistance at

ultimate limit state is based on the following assumptions:
1- A plane section (perpendicular to the axis of bending) before bending
remains a plane after bending, so that the strains distribution in the
concrete and the reinforcement (tension or compression) must be
linear distribution of strains.
2- The tensile strength of concrete is zero and the reinforcement carries
all the tensile forces (in fact the tensile strength of concrete is only
about 10 per cent of the compressive strength)
3- The bond between the concrete and the reinforcement is perfect, so no
slip occurs to ensure that the tensile forces to be transferred by bond to
the reinforcement
4- A compressive concrete stress is approximately proportional to strain
only up to moderate loading, with an increase in load, the compressive
stress-strain diagram takes shape similar to the concrete compressive
stress-strain curve shown in figure 1.1;

fcu

characteristic curve
fck

design curve of the

0.67 fcu/γm Notes:
BS8110 As assumed by the
BS8110, the ultimate
compressive strain is
Stress 0.0035,
0.67 is the size factor,
γm equal to 1.5 (Table 2.2
of the BS8110)

0.0035
Strain

Figure 1.1: Short term stress strain curve for normal weight concrete

2
 5- The maximum useable concrete compressive strain at the extreme
fiber is assumed to be equal to 0.0035
6- For stress in steel reinforcement less than yield stress (f y ), the steel
stress is proportional to strain (εs) and equal to Es εs. Stress-strain
diagram of steel reinforcement is shown in Figure 1.2.

Stress
Characteristic curve
fy

0.95 fy Design curve

E = 200 kN/mm2
Strain

Figure 1.2: Stress strain diagram of steel reinforcement

1.2 Section Analysis

Based on the assumption previously stated in section 1.1, we can now

examine the strains, stresses and forces that exist in reinforced concrete
beam as the load increases from zero to the magnitude that would cause
failure:
A) At very small load before cracks occurring (at cracking load); both concrete
and steel reinforcement resist the tensile forces at the bottom of the beam
(tension side, below the natural exist). In this case, the stresses are vary
linearly from the neutral axis (zero position) of the section and proportioned to
strains as shown in figure 1.3.

3
 A

A
A B

a) Reinforced concrete beam

εc (compression) fcu (compression)

N.A.
h d

fs (tension)

εS (tension) fcu (tension)

εc (tension)

b) Section A - A c) Strains d) Stresses

distribution distribution

Figure 1.3: Flexural behaviour of RC beam at

very small load (below cracking load)

4
B) At moderate load which starts from cracking load and up to before yielding

load. When the tensile stresses at the bottom of the beam exceed the tensile

strength of the concrete, the cracks in concrete (hair crack) occur. Since the

concrete cannot transmit any tension forces across a crack, the steel

reinforcement then resist the entire tension forces. In this case; concrete

compression on stresses are still assumed to be proportional to strains in

concrete as shown in Figure 1.4.

A
A B
a) Reinforced concrete
beam

εc (compression) fcu (allowable stress)

N.A.

fs (allowable stress)
εs (tension)

εc (tension)

d) Stresses
b) Section A-A c) Strains distribution
distribution
beam

Figure 1.4: Flexural behaviour of RC beam at moderate load

5
C) At yielding load, this is started from the yield point of the steel

reinforcement up to the ultimate load (before failure). In this case the trend of

stress strain distribution in concrete section of the beam (above the neutral

axis) is similar to that of concrete stress-strain curve (shown in Figure 1.1).

the stresses and strains distribution in the section of the beam are shown in

Figure 1.5.

concrete crush
A

A
A B
a) Reinforced concrete
beam

εs = 0.0035 (as a limit) 0.67 fcu (ultimate stress)

N.A.

fs = fy (yield stress)

εs

b) Section A-A c) Strains d) Stresses

distribution distribution

Figure 1.5 : Flexural behaviour of RC beam at ultimate load

6
As shown in Figure 1.5 (c), the shape of stresses distribution is regtangular

parabolic shape. Some problems are encountered with the rectangular

parabolic shape; such as calculation of the area under the curve and

determine the centroid location.

1.3: Equivalent rectangular stress block

Equivalent rectangular stress block was adopted by BS8110 for purposes of

simplification and practical application. With respect to equivalent stress

distribution block shown in figure 1.6(c); the average stress intensity is taken

as 0.45 fcu and is assumed to be acted on the upper edge of the RC beam

cross section. The area is defined by the width b and a depth of s.

0.67 fcu / 1.5

0.67 fcu/γm = 0.45 fcu
b

x s =0.9 x

N.A.
d

fs = fy (yield stress) fy

a) Section b) Rectangular parabolic c) Equivalent rectangular stress

stress block
block

Figure 1.6: Rectangular parabolic stress block and equivalent rectangular stress

block.

7
The equivalent rectangular stress block does not extend to the neutral axis of

the section but has a depth of s, which is equal to 0.9x. This will result the

centroid of the stress block being s/2, which is equal to 0.45x from the top

edge of the section. The area and the centroid of the two stresses block

(rectangular parabolic and equivalent stress block) are approximately equal.

Thus the moment of resistance of the section will be similar using calculation

of either type of stress block.

1.4: Types of failure and beam section classification.

Three failure types could be happened to RC beam loaded in flexure and that

depends on the amount of steel provided in the section. The three types of

failure are as following.

A – Balanced reinforced beam: In this type of failure the concrete crush at the

compression area (above the neutral axis) and the steel reinforcement yield

simultaneously at ultimate load. The amount of steel reinforcement required

can be calculated by equating the compression force in the concrete and the

tension force in the steel (equilibrium principle).

Example 2.1:

For the section shown in the Figure 1.7, determine the depth of the neutral

axis for the balanced design case. fy = 460 N/mm2 and Es = 200 KN/mm2

8
 h d

Figure 1.7

Solution:
εc = 0.0035

h d N.A.

d-x

b εy

Section Strains

∑c ∑y
=
x d −x

9
∑c ∗(d − x) = ∑y ∗ x ................ equation 1
at the ultimate state limit
f y γm
∑y =  

 Es  
2
γ m =1.05 and E s = 200 kN mm

460 1.05 
∑y = 
200 000 
∑y = 0.00219
and
∑c = 0.0035
so that substituti ng in equation 1
0.0035 ∗ (d − x) = 0.00219 ∗ x
x = 0.615 d
Hence, to ensure yielding of the steel reinforcem ent in tension area at the ultimate limint state before
concrete crush; x shouldnot exceed 0.615d

B – Under reinforced beam: if the amount of steel reinforcement provided is

less than that of case balanced reinforced beam, the steel will reach at

ultimate yielding stress before the concrete fails at the ultimate load. This type

of failure is gradual and giving warning of failure. In this case the depth of the

neutral axis must be less than 0.615d. The BS8110 was adopted for the

ultimate state design, (where the moment redistribution not greater than 10%);

x ≤ 0.5d

C – Over reinforced beam: If the amount of the steel reinforcement provided is

greater than that of case of balanced reinforcement beam; then the concrete

fails before steel reaches yielding stress. This type of failure is sudden and

without warning of failure. The depth of the neutral axis in this case is greater

than 0.615d.

Example 2

10
 The beam shown in the Figure 1.8 is made of concrete with compressive

strength (fcu) of 35N/mm2 and steel reinforcement with strength (fy) of

460N/mm2. Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the cross section.

b = 300mm

d = 550 mm

As = 1450mm2

Figure 1.8
Solution:

0.45 fcu
b = 300mm

Fcc
x s

d = 550 mm z
N.A.
As = 1450mm2
Fst

cross section stress block

Fcc = Stress ∗ Area

Fcc = 0.45fcu ∗S ∗ b

S = 0.9 ∗ x

Fcc = 0.45 ∗ 35 ∗ 0.9 ∗ 300

Fcc = 4252.5 ∗ x

Assume the steel has been yielded; fst = 0.95fy

11
Fst = 0.95 fy ∗ As

Fst = 0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 1450

Fst = 633650 N

For equilibrium;

Fcc = Fst

4252.5 ∗ x = 633650

633650
x=
4252.5

x = 149 mm

Since, x (=149) < 0.615d (=338.25), therefore the steel has been yielded and

fst = 0.95fy as assumed.

Moment of resistance of the section

M = Fst ∗ Z

= 0.95fy As (d -0.9x/2)

= 0.95 fy As (d – 0.9x / 2)

= 0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 1450 (550 – (0.9 ∗ 149) /2) ∗ 10 -6

= 306.02 KN.m

Example 3

12
 Determine the ultimate moment of resistance of the cross section shown in

Figure 1.9, given that the characteristic strength of the steel reinforcement is

460N/mm2 and the characteristic strength of concrete is 30 N/mm 2.

h =610mm d =590mm

As = 1450mm2

305 mm 305 mm

Figure 1.9

Solution:
0.45fcu

(2/3) (0.9x)
Compression zone
area = (0.9x)2 / 2 0.9x Fcc
N.A.

0.9x
Z
Fst

305 mm 305 mm

cross - section
stresses block

13
Fcc = 0.45fcu ∗ area of compression zone area

= 0.45 ∗ 30 ∗ (0.9x)2 / 2

= 5.467 x2

Assume the steel reinforcement has been yielded,

Fst = 0.95fy

Fst = 0.95 fy As

= 0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 1450

= 633650 N/mm2

From equilibrium

Fcc = Fst

5.467 ∗ x2 = 63350

x (=340.44 mm) < 0.615d (=362.85), therefore, the steel reinforcement has

been yield and

Fst = 0.95fy as assumed.

Moment of resistance of the section

Z = d – 2/3 (0.9x)

= 590 -2/3 (0.9 x 340.44)

= 385.736 mm

M = Fst x Z

= 0.95 fy As + Z

= 0.95 x 460 x1450 x 385.736 x 10-6

= 244.421 KN.m

14
1.5 Analysis of flanged section

In the analysis of flanged section (T-section or L- section) is important to

determine the location of the neutral axis whether within the flange or within

the web.

Example 4

A flanged beam section (T- section) is shown in the Figure 1.10. Determine

the maximum moment which can be applied to the section. The characteristic

strength of the materials are fy = 460 N/mm2 and fcu = 35 N/mm2.

bf = 850mm

hf = 150mm

d = 450mm

As = 1450 mm2

Figure 1.10

Solution

Assume that the neutral axis lies within the flange and the steel reinforcement

is yielded ( Fst = 0.95fy )

15
 bf = 850mm 0.45fcu

0.9x /2 F
hf = 150 mm x S=0.9x cc

N.A.

d = 450mm Z

Fst

cross section stress block

Fcc = 0.45 fcu ∗ bf ∗ 0.9x

= 0.45 ∗ 35 ∗ 850 ∗ 0.9x

= 12048.7 x

Fst = 0.95fy As

= 0.95 x 460 x 1450

= 633650 N

From equilibrium

Fcc = Fst

12048.7 x = 633650

x = 633650 / 12048.7

= 52.6 mm < hf (=150)

The neutral axis lies within the flange as assumed.

X ( = 52.6mm ) < 0.615d (= 276.75mm)

The steel will have yielded as assumed thus, fs = 0.95fy

The resistance moment of the section

M = Fst ∗ z

16
 = 633650 ∗ (d – 0.9x / 2) ∗ 10-6
= 270.144 KN.m

Example 5

Determine the moment of resistance of the T –section shown in the Figure

1.11. fy = 460 N/mm2 and fcu = 20N/mm2

bf = 850mm

hf = 100mm

d = 450mm

Figure 1.11

As= 2200 mm2

300mm

Solution

Assume that the neutral axis lies within the flange and the steel reinforcement

is yielded so that fs = 0.95fy

bf = 850mm 0.45fcu

x 0.9x Fcc

17
 N.A.

Fst

Cross section Stress block

Fcc = 0.45 fcu ∗ bf ∗ 0.9x

= 0.45 ∗ 20 ∗ 850 ∗ 0.9x
= 6885 x

Fst = 0.95fy As

= 0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 2200

= 96.1400

Fcc = Fst

6885 x = 961400

x = 961400 / 6885

= 139.6 mm > hf ( = 100mm)

The neutral axis lies within the web

bf = 850mm 0.567fcu

100 Fcx
S=0.8x mm
d=450mm Fcw Z2 = d-100/2
N.A
Z1 = d-100-(0.9x-100)/2
Fst

18
bw = 300mm
Fcf = 0.45 fcu bf hf

= 0.45 ∗ 20 ∗ 850 ∗ 100

= 765000N

Fcw = 0.45 fcu bw (0.9x – 100)

= 0.45 ∗ 20 ∗ 300 (0.9x – 100)

= 2430 x – 270000

Fst = 0.95 fy As

= 961400

Fst = Fcf + Fcw

961400 = 765000 + 2430x – 270000

x = 191.9 mm < 0.615d (= 276.75)

Therefore, the steel will have yielded as assumed thus,

Fs = 0.95fy

Taking moment about the centroid of the steel reinforcement.

M = Fcw ∗ Z1 + Fcf ∗ Z2
= [(2430 x – 27000) ∗ [ d – (0.9x – 100) / ] + 765000 ( d – (100/2)] ∗ 10-6
= [(2430 x 191.9 – 27000)x[450–100-(0.9x-100)/2 ]+765000 (450 – (100/2)] ∗
10-6

= [ 196317 x 313.645 + 306000000] 10-6

= 367.57 KN.m

1.6 The ultimate moment of resistance of singly reinforced section and

analysis of doubly reinforced section:

19
 When the applied design moment exceeds the concrete capacity;

compression steel reinforcement is required to supplement the load - carrying

capacity of the concrete. As specified by BS 8110 that the upper limit of the

lever arm (Z) is 95 d and the lower limit of Z is 0.755d, while the depth of the

neutral axis (x) should not exceeds 0.5d to ensure that the steel reinforcement

will have yielded before the concrete in compression area is failed, therefore

the RC beam will give signs of warning of the failure. To determine the

moment capacity of the single reinforced section shown in Figure 1.12; the
0.0035 0.45fcu
depth of the neutral axis assumed to be 0.5d.

0.9x = 0.45d Fcc

x =0.5d

h d N.A
z

Fst

a) section b) strain distribution c) stress block

Figure 1.12: strain distribution and stress block of single reinforced section

Fc = 0.45 fcu b ∗ 0.45 d

= 0.202 b d fcu

And

Z = d – 0.9x /2

= d – 0.45d / 2

= 0.775d

Taking moment about the centroid area of the steel reinforcement

20
 M = Fc ∗ Z

= 0.202 bd fcu ∗ 0.775d

= 0.156 bd2 fcu (capacity of the singly reinforced section based on concrete

strength)

Taking moment about the centroid of the compression area

M = Fs ∗ Z

= 0.95 fy As Z

= 0.95 fy As (d – 0.45d / 2)

= 0.736 fy As d (capacity of the singly reinforced based on steel

reinforcement strength)

Therefore, the capacity of the singly reinforced section (the ultimate moment

of resistance) is given by the lesser of

M = 0.156 fcu bd2 fcu (based on concrete strength)

or

M = 0.736 fy As d (based on steel reinforcement strength)

Example 6

Determine the maximum ultimate moment which can be carried by the section

shown in Figure 1.13. The characteristic strengths are fy = 460 N/mm2 for

steel reinforcement and fcu = 30 N/mm for concrete.

b = 300mm

h = 450mm d=400mm

21
 As = 1200mm2

Figure 1.13
Solution

Section capacity based on concrete strength

M = 0.156 bd2 fcu

= 0.156 ∗ 300 ∗ 4002 ∗ 300 ∗ 10-6

= 224.64 KN.m

Section capacity based on steel strength

M = 0.736 fy As d

= 0.736 ∗ 460 ∗ 1200 ∗ 400 ∗ 10-6

= 162.5 KN.m

The maximum ultimate moment which can be carried by the section is 162.5

kN.m

In the analysis of doubly reinforced section, to ensure that the compression

steel will have yielded; d'/x should be less than 0.37 (for fy = 460 N/mm2) as

shown in the analysis performed on the doublly reinforced section shown in

Figure 1.14.

0.0035

d'
As′ ε sc
x x-d'

22
 N.A

d-x
As

Est

Figure 1.14

Assume steel reinforcement in compression area are yielded

ε sc = 0.95 fy / Es

= 0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 200000

= 0.00219

0.0035 / x = 0.00219 /( x-d')

(x – d') / x = 0.00219 / 0.0035

1 – (d' / x) = 0.62

d' / x = 0.37

for other grades of steel, with x = 0.5d

d' / d = 0.185

If d'/ x > 0.37 (or d'/d > 0.185), then it is necessary to determine

the value of ε sc from strains distribution, then and then to compute fsc from

fsc = Es x ε sc

where Es = 200 000 N/mm2

Example 7

23
 Compute the design strength (the ultimate moment of resistance) of the

doubly reinforced cross-section as shown in Figure 1.15; fy = 460 N/mm2 and

fcu = 30 N/mm2

b=250mm
d' =50mm

As' = 403mm2
d = 520mm

As = 1325mm2

Figure 1.15

Solution
0.45fcu

Fsc
As′
x 0.9x Fcc
Z2=d-50
N.A
Z1=d-0.9x/2
As
Fst

Form equilibrium.

Fst = Fcc + Fsc (assume that the steel reinforcement in the tension and

compression are yielded values ( fst = fsc = 0.95 fy)

0.95 fy As = 0.45 fcu b ∗ 0.9 x + 0.95 fy As'

x = 0.95 fy (As – As') / 0.405 fcu b

x = 0.95 ∗ 460 (2325 – 403) / 0.405 ∗ 30 ∗ 250

x = 276.51 mm < 0.615d ( = 319.8mm)

Therefor, steel reinforcement in tension will have yielded as assumed

24
d' / x = 50 / 276.51 = 0.18 < 0.37

So the steel reinforcement in the compression will have yielded as assumed.

Taking moment about the centroid of the steel in tension

M = Fcc x Z1 + Fsc ∗ Z2
M = 0.45 fcu b ∗ 0.9 x (d – 0.9x / 2) + 0.95 fy As' (d – 50)
= [0.45 x 30 x 250 x 0.9 276.51 (520 – 0.9x276.51/ 2) + 0.95 x 460 x 403

(520-50) ∗ 10-6
= 415 KN. m

1.7 Derivation of Design Formulae for Singly and Doubly Rectangular

Reinforced Concrete Beams:

To derive the equations stated in clause 3.4.4.4 of the BS8110:1995; Figure

1.16 is referred:

b 0.45fcu

Fc

h d N.A
Z=d-0.45x

As
Fs

Figure 1.16

Force= stress ∗ area

Fs = 0.95 fy As

Fc = 0.45 fcu ∗ b ∗ 0.9x

= 0.405 fcubx

25
For equilibrium

Fc= Fs

1
[0.405 fcu b x = 0.95 fy As] ∗ d

fy
∗ As
x
d
= 2.345 ∗
f cu bd

x
Note that increases with increasing of As and decreases with increasing of
d

the section area (bd).

Taking moment about the centroid of the steel area:

M = Fc ∗ z

= (0.405 fcu b x) (d - 0.45 x)

Rearrange the above formulae

x
= (0.405 ) (1-0.45 x) fcu b d2
d

x
Note that moment increases with increasing the value of
d

x
Assume; k= (0.405 ) (1-0.45 x)
d

∴ M=kfcubd2 ( the applied bending moment on the section)

x
Where the simplified stress block is used; BS8110:1995 limits should not
d

d′
exceed 0.5 and (for doubly reinforced section) should not exceed 0.37
x

x d′
(for fy=460 N/mm2). This limit in and is to ensure that the steel
d x

reinforcement will have yielded (fs=0.95fy) and the design will be under

26
reinforced section. Therefore, the maximum moment capacity of a singly

reinforced beam based on concrete strength is calculating form (limiting

x=0.5d)

Mu= 0.202 fcu bd2 z

Where; z= d-0.45 x

= d-0.45 (0.5 d)

= 0.775 d (minimum value of z)

∴ Mu = (0.202 fcu bd) (0.775d)

= 0.156 fcu bd2

Where k′ = 0.156

∴ Mu= k′ fcu bd2 (the maximum moment capacity of singly reinforced beam
based on concrete stregth)

Where the applied moment exceeds the maximum moment capacity of the

section then the excess (M-Mu) to be resisted by using steel reinforcement (As′

) in the concrete compression area to supplement the load-carrying capacity

of the concrete. The neutral axis depth (x) to be maintained at the maximum

permitted value i.e 0.5d. By referring to the Figure 1.17:

b 0.45fcu

d′ Fs′
As′ Fc

h d N.A
Z=d-0.45x z1=d-d′
As
Fs

Figure 1.17

27
F s′ = 0.95 fy As′

M-Mu=Fs′ ∗ z1

= 0.95 fy As′ ∗ (d-d′)

M − Mu
A s′ = 0.95 (d − d′)
fy

Where

Mu= k′ fcu bd2

M − k ′ f cu b d2
∴ A s′ = 0.95 (d − d′)
fy

An area of steel in tension must then provided to balance the total

compressive forces in concrete and the compression reinforcement:

Fs=Fs′ + Fc

0.95 fy As = 0.95 fy As′ + 0.202 fcu bd

0.202 f cu bd
∴ A s′ = + A s′
0.95 f y

Where; Mu=0.202fcubd ∗ z

Mu
∴ A s = 0.95 z + A s′
fy

Note: to prove that z= d {0.5+ 0.25 −k 0.9 }; refer to Figure 1.16

M = Fc ∗ z

= 0.45 fcu b ∗ 0.9x ∗z

0.9x
Where; z = d -
2

and 0.9x = 2(d-z)

∴ M= 0.45 fcu b ∗ 2(d-z) ∗ z

28
 = 0.9 fcu b (d-z) ∗ z

M
Where; k =
f cu ∗ b ∗ d
2

2
k z
= − z2
0.9 d d

And (z/d)2 – (z/d) + k/0.9 = 0

Solve the above quadratic equation

z= d {0.5+ 0.25 −k 0.9 }

note: the above equations are also applicable to flanged beams where the

neutral axis lies within the flange.

Example 8

The ultimate design moment to be resisted by the section in the Figure 1.18 is

150 kN.m. Determine the area of tension reinforcement (A s) required. The

characteristic strength of steel fy=460 N/mm2 and the characteristic strength of

concrete fcu = 40 N/mm2:

b=200mm

h= 450d=
mm 387mm

As

Figure 1.18

29
Solution

M
k=
f cu ∗ b ∗ d
2

6
150 ∗ 10
= 2
200 ∗ 387 ∗ 40
= 0.125 < 0.156
Therefore, the section is singly reinforced:

z= d {0.5+ 0.25 −k 0.9 }

= d {0.5+ 0.25 −0.125 0.9 }

= 0.83d < 0.95 d

M
As= 0.95
fy z
150 ∗10 6
= = mm 2
0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 0.83 ∗ 387

Example 9

Design the steel reinforcement for the section of dimension; 200 mm wide and
300 mm effective depth, while the inset of compression steel is 40 mm. the
section to resist an applied moment of 123.3 kN.m.

Solution

M
k=
f cu ∗ b ∗ d
2

123.3 ∗10 6
=
30 ∗ 200 ∗ 300 2

= 0.22 > k′ (=0.156)

Therefore, compression steel reinforcement is required

30
z= d {0.5+ 0.25 −0.156 0.9 }

0.775 d (zmin) < 0.776 d < 0.95 d (Z max)

∴ z = 0.775 d
= 0.776 ∗ 300
= 232.8 mm

(d − z)
x=
0.45

(300 − 232.8)
=
0.45

= 149.33 mm

d′ 40
= = 0.267 < 0.37
x 149.33

∴ The compression steel will have yielded

(k - k ′) f cu bd 2
As′ = 0.95
f y (d - d ′)

(0.22 - 0.156) ∗ 30 ∗ 200 ∗ 300 2

=
0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ (300 − 40)

= 304.17 mm2

k ′f cu bd 2
As = + As ′
0.95f y z

0.156 ∗ 30 ∗ 200 ∗ 300 2

= + 304.17
0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 232.8

= 1132.215 mm2

1.8 Derivation of design formulae for flanged reinforced concrete beams:

The design procedure of flanged beam depends on the location of the neutral

axis. The neutral axis may lie in the flange or in the web as shown in the

Figure 1.19

31
 bf

hf x
N.A
x
d

N.A

a) Neutral axis in the flange b) Neutral axis in the web

Figure 1.19

A) Neutral axis in the flange

bf 0.45x

x 0.9x Fc
hf
N.A

d
Z=d-0.45x

Fs

Z= d – (0.9/2)x

Or 0.9x = 2(d-z)

If 0.9 x ≤ hf

32
∴ the neutral axis does lie within the flange as assumed and As=
M
0.95 f y z
B) The neutral axis in the wed

bf 0.45fcu

hf Fcf
0.9x
x
d Fcw
N.A Z1
Z2
Fs

bw

Fcf = 0.45fcu ∗ hf ∗ (b-bw)

Fcw = 0.45fcu ∗ 0.9x ∗ bw

x
Where; = 0.5
d

x = 0.5 ∗ d

0.9 x = 0.9 ∗ 0.5d

Therefore, Fcw=0.202 fcu bw d

Z1 = d – 0.5 hf

Z2 = d – 0.5 ∗ 0.9x
= d – 0.5 ∗ 0.45d
= 0.775 d

Fs = 0.95 fy As

Taking moment about the centroid of the flange

M = Fs ∗ z1 - Fcw ∗ (z1-z2)
= 0.95fyAs (d - 0.5hf)-0.202 fcu bw d (d-0.5hf - 0.775d)

33
 = 0.95 fy As (d – 0.5hf) – 0.202 fcu bw d (0.225 d – 0.5 hf)

M + 0.1f cu bw d( 0.45d − hf )
∴ As =
0.95 f y ( d − 0.5 hf )

As stated in the BS8110; the above equation to calculate As for singly

reinforced flanged section only when h f< 0.45d. For section with tension

reinforced only; the applied moment must not exceed the moment of

resistance of the concrete which can be calculated as following:

M = Fcf.z1+Fcw.z2

= 0.45 fcu hf (b-bw) (d-0.5hf)+ 0.155 fcu bw d2

M h f  bw   hf  bw
Thus; = 0.45  1 − 1 −
  2d  + 0.15
b
f cu d
2
d  b   b

or M = βf fcubd2

Where βf can be obtained from Table 3.6 of the BS8110

The equation for the steel area A s only applies when the ultimate moment to

be resisted by the section is less than β f fcubd2. If the applied moment is

greater than the resistance moment of the concrete section then the excess

(M-Mu) to be resisted by steel reinforcement in the compression area:

bf 0.45fcu d′

hf Fs′
0.9x Fcf
x
d Fcw d
N.A

Fs

bw

34
∴ M – Mc = Fs′ ∗ z
Where z = (d-d′) and Fs′ = 0.95 fy As′

∴ M – Mc = 0.95 fy As′ (d - d′)

M −M
c
As′ =
0.95 f y (d − d′)

For equilibrium;

Fs = Fcf + Fcw +Fs′

0.2 f cu bw d + 0.45 f cu hf ( bf − bw )
So that: As = + A s′
0.95 f y

d′
Take note that should be less than o.37 to ensure that the steel in
x

compression area will have yielded.

Example 10

A ‘T’ beam has effective flange width 900 mm, flange thickness 150 mm, web

width 250 mm, and overall depth 500 mm. characteristic strength for concrete

30 N/mm2 and for steel 460 N/mm2. Assume that the centroid of reinforcement

is placed 50 mm from the top or bottom of the beam, design suitable

reinforcement for ultimate design moments:

a) 300 kN.m,

b) 700 kN.m,

c) 800 kN.m

Solution

a) Determine the location of the neutral axis:

35
the moment resistance of the flange (Mf):

Mf= 0.45 fcu bf hf (d-hf/2)

= [ 0.45 ∗ 30 ∗ 900 ∗150 ∗ (450 − (150 / 2)] ∗10 −6

= 683.437 kN.m > the applied moment (=300 kN.m)

∴ the neutral axis lies within the flange

M
k=
bd 2 f cu

300 ∗10 6
=
900 ∗ 450 2 ∗ 30

= 0.054 < k / (=0.156)

∴ the section is singly reinforced section

z = d{0.5 + 0.25 - k/0.9 }

= d{0.5 + 0.25 - 0.054/0.9 }

= 0.935d < zmax (=0.95d)

z = 0.935 ∗ 450

= 420.75 mm

M
As =
0.95f y z

300 ∗10 6
=
0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 420.75

= 1631.6 mm2

b) Mf (=683.437 kN.m) < 700 kN.m

2 2
∴ the neutral axis lies within the web 1
x
Mc = 0.45f cu h f (b f − b w )(d - 0.45h f ) + 0.155f cu b w d 2

36
 [ ]
= 0.45 ∗ 30 ∗150 ∗ (900 − 250)(450 − 0.45 ∗150) + 0.155 ∗ 30 ∗ 250 ∗ 450 2 ∗10 −6

= 738.87 > 700 kN.m

∴ the section is singly reinforced section

hf (=150 mm) < 0.5d (0.5 ∗ 450=225)

M + 0.1f cu b w d(0.45d - h f )
As =
0.95f y (d - 0.5h f )

700 ∗10 6 + 0.1 ∗ 30 ∗ 250 ∗ 450 ∗ (0.45 ∗ 450 − 150)

=
0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ ( 450 − 0.5 ∗150)

= 4379 mm2

c) Mc (=738.87 kN.m) < 800 kN.m

∴ the section is doubly reinforced section

x = 0.5d

= 0.5 ∗ 450

= 225 mm

d/ 50
= = 0.222 < 0.37
x 225

∴ the compression reinforcement will have yielded

M - Mc
As / =
0.95f y (d - d / )

(800 − 738.87) ∗10 6

=
0.95 ∗ 460(450 − 50)

= 349.7 mm2

0.2f cu b w d + 0.45f cu h f ( b f - b w )
As = + As /
0.95f y

0.2 ∗ 30 ∗ 250 ∗ 450 + 0.45 ∗ 30 ∗150 ∗ (900 − 250)

= + 349.7
0.95 ∗ 460

= 4906 mm2

37
1.10 Minimum and maximum percentages of reinforcement in

beams and minimum clear spacing between bars:

As stated in cl. 3.12.5 of the BS 8110:Part 1:1997, the minimum percentages

of tension and compression reinforcement of rectangular and flanged beams

are given in Table 3.25 of the BS 8110. While the area of tension or

compression reinforcement should not exceed 4% of the cross sectional are

of the beam as stated in cl. 3.12.6.1 of the BS 8110.

As stated in cl.3.12.11.1 of the BS 8110, the horizontal distance between bars

should be not less than the maximum size of coarse aggregate (h agg.) + 5 mm,

while the vertical distance between bars should be not less than 2 hagg./3.

Example 11

A simply supported beam of 7 m span carries a characteristic dead load of 10

kN/m and live load of 5 kN/m. The beam dimensions are breadth 250 mm,

effective depth (d) 450 mm and overall height (h) 500mm. The concrete grade

is 35 N/mm2 and the steel grade is 460 N/mm 2, while the nominal cover is

37.5 mm. The maximum aggregate size is 20 mm, design the beam to resist

the design flexural moment

Solution

Design load = 1.4 ∗ 10+1.6 ∗ 5

= 22 kN/m

38
 22 kN/m

7m

134.75 kN.m

2
Ultimate moment = wl
8

22 ∗ 7 2
=
8

= 134.75 kN.m
M
k=
bd 2 f cu

134.75 ∗10 6
=
250 ∗ 450 2 ∗ 35

= 0.076 < k ′ ( = 0.156)

∴ singly reinforced section

z = d{0.5 + 0.25 - k/0.9 }

= d{0.5 + 0.25 - 0.076/0.9 }

= 0.906d < zmax (=0.95d)

z = 0.906 ∗ 450

= 407.7 mm

(d - z)
x=
0.45

39
 (450 - 407.7)
=
0.45

= 94 mm < 0.5d (0.5 ∗ 450=225mm), ∴ tension steel reinforcement will have

yielded

M
As =
0.95f y z

134.75 ∗10 6
=
0.95 ∗ 460 ∗ 407.7

= 756.32 mm2

0.13 ∗ 250 ∗ 500

As min =
100

= 162.5 mm2

4
As max = ∗ 250 ∗ 500
100

= 5000 mm2

As min (= 162.5) < As(= 756.32) < As max (= 5000)

use steel bar size 25 mm; Area of one steel bar = 12.5 2 ∗ µ = 490.87 mm2

756.32
No. of steel bars = = 1.54 ≅ 2
490.87

As provided = 2 ∗ 490.87 = 981.74 mm2

250 − 2 ∗ 37.2 − 2 ∗ 25
spacing between bars =
1
= 125 > hagg max. +5 (=20+5=25mm)

2Y25

40