1. Which factors determine road safety?

There are many factors which determine road safety, but they can be divided into two big
categories: non-road-user factors and road-user factors. However, it is very important to
understand that these factors interact with each other. When we mention non-road-user factors, we
think about weather conditions, environmental influences, different types of roadways, the quality
of pavement, speed limits, and, finally, we think about different vehicles. It is widely known that
bad weather conditions may cause a lot of accidents. If it is snowing or raining, driving conditions
are poor. In such occasions, visibility is not good and the road can be slippery. When considering
environmental influences we must have in mind the influence of congestion. If it is bigger,
accidents and injuries are more likely to happen. This is, in a way, connected with types of
roadways because congestion is bigger on small roads than on highways. Thus, the accidents arc
commoner on small roads. But, of course, they can happen even on highways mainly because of
high speed.
These were the factors which can cause an accident, and an accident can cause an injury. It is
claimed that these injuries are dependant on the size of the vehicle. General principles of physics
and many studies support the following: when a crash occurs, other factors being equal, the lighter
the vehicle the less risk posed to other road users, and, the heavier the vehicle, the less risk posed to
its occupants. These rules can apply over all the vehicles including motorcycles, small and large
cars, small and large buses, trains, etc.
It is now very important to emphasize the following fact: According to the 1970s two major
studies, one in the US and one UK, non-road-user factors of vehicle and environment are rarely the
sole factors associated with a crash. In fact, only 5% of crashes (UK) or 6% (US) are connected
with non-road-user factors. This means that other 95% of crashes are caused by road-user i.e.
human factors, and this will be explained below.
Human factors are those such as drivers' physical or mental conditions, their attention, their ability
to act properly in dangerous situations, their skill and their experience. But, all these factors are
connected with those non-human ones. That is why, fatality risk is less on wet and snow-covered
roads than on dry roads, because a driver is more careful. This risk is higher at night which can be
associated with alcohol consumption.
In conclusion, it can be said that if people pay a little more attention to their journey, fewer
accidents occur. So, be wise and take care!

2. What should engineers consider when constructing a road ?

Talking about a road, first we have to say that there are many road systems. All these systems are
also known as highway systems, the individual road may be called a highway, a street, a motorway,
an expressway, a freeway, a toll road or a turnpike.
Drivers naturally want safe roads. They want good, well – constructed roads, with smooth surfaces
and no built-in hazards, roads with good traffic engineering that have good geometric design, and
also signs, signals, and road markings which will aid them to drive safely. Realization of such roads
is a complex and costly business and requires the work of many highly skilled people.
Road transport engineering deals with the planning, construction and operation of roads, streets and
parking facilities. It includes that branch of civil engineers must decide what type of use the new
road will have. Will the road serve largely industrial or residential areas, or both ? they mast learn
what type and volume of traffic uses the road at present, and what is expected in the future. Will the
proposed road compete with present roads or will it supplement them ?
The design of highways has become a very complex matter. Whether a new road is planned or an
old road has to be improved and anlarged, land must be secured and the road must be designed.
New roads have wide lines, wide shoulders, pavement surfaces with high skidding resistance, easy
curves, easy grades, climbing lanes on steep hills where steep hills cannot be avoided, good sight
distance, advisory and directional signs with proper advance warnings, and adequate pavement
markings.
When constructing a new road, there are three considerations of particular interest : 1. The line and
grade of a road must be laid out according to standards with the proper width for the right - of way ;
2. The foundation, which is the earth structure that supports the pavement, should be form. ; 3. A
road must have proper drainage so that water from adjacent lands does non flow onto the pavement.
Another important consideration is the construction of pavement, which should be smooth, have a
high resistance to skidding, wet or dry, be durable and easily maintained. It must be strong enough
to transmit the impact of heavy wheel loads down through its structure to the subgrade and
foundation below.

3. If everything were possible, what kind of transport would you like to have in 21st century?
If everything were possible, the 21st century transport would have to be one that doesn’t harm us in
any way, and that we shall enjoy. The 21st century is expected to be faster, safer, cheaper, more
competitive and efficient transport age than ever. It would be nice if we could get from one place to
another without stress. In 21st century one should be able to go around the world in less than 24
hours, run trains at a speed over 500 kilometers an hour, dig tunnels under the seas and oceans, and
drive electric and intelligent cars controlled by themselves. It is certain that people will use
loaders / off loaders which eliminate waiting time at warehouses or combined terminals equipped
with advanced techniques providing extremely fast handling.
In 21st century man might try to fulfill fiber optics potential, overcome the disadvantages of satellite
transmission. Fiber optics technology is based upon the combination of semiconductor technology
and optical wave guide technology. The result is a transmission link that has certain advantages
over conventional copper systems in telecommunication applications. Optical fibers have lower
transmission losses and wider baud – widths as compared to copper wires. This means that with
optical fiber cable systems more data can be sent over longer distances, there by decreasing the
number of wires and reducing the number of repeaters needed over these distances. Optical
transmission must in fact go beyond the limitations imposed by the electronics technology that
preceded it.
In the 21st century engineers will probably design only fuel saving streamlined low – drag vehicle
bogies and economical and pollution – free engines. The quest for an economical and pollution –
free automobile engine has produced some interesting power sources. For example, electricity has
been used to power automobiles. However, widespread use will not be practical until vastly
improved storage batteries are developed to provide more power between charges and to generate
greater supplies of power for emergency situations.
A high degree of data security will also be necessary as well as new methods of information
delivery. People will keep on making progress in all the sectors of transport, but it seems likely that
soon man kind will come to point when it should think of the user of all “ the achievements “ as a
human being. It is obvious even now that we can hardly survive in the world of over – crowed
roads, skies, polluted air, unbearable noise and tempo of life.

4. What are the main characteristics of road transport in the 1990’s

Certainly, the first car was on the road in 1885 but, up to 1914, motoring was restricted to a few
devoted enthusiasts and, between the wars, to the privileged classes.
For the first time automobiles will be able to see, hear and communicate with one another and
roadway it self. They will become sensitive to their drivers, warning of fatigue, distraction or
exceeded speed limits gradually, vehicles will progress from being completely controlled by the
driver to depending on the driver mainly steering. In the more distant future, cars might even drive
themselves on well marked roads in good condition and in certain situations, such as when
following other cars. And although the vast majority of them will continue to be powered by
internal combustion engines, ultra efficient models will appear, along with growing numbers of
hybrid electric and fully electric vehicle.
In Europe, much of the conceptual work for this grand plan was carried out between 1986 and 1994
as part of a program called Prometheus ( Program For European Traffic with Highest Efficiency
and Unprecedented Safety ). The project was a collaboration among is leading automobile
manufactured some 50 electronic firms and distributors, and an equal number of research institutes.
Congestion in cities will bring restrictions on motorists using their cars through road pricing and
other systems. There will be pressure in many towns and cities for people to use public transport
more. This need could generate more efficient public transport.
Considerable savings in pollution, energy and money are possible by the use of the bicycles, but
there are some problems with using them in a city – part of the problem is the lack of bicycles paths
and the lack of interest on the part of public authorities.
The motor car is not expected to change dramatically over the next few decades. It will be smaller,
safer, more economical to operate, and it may even have an engine different from the conventional
one. However, the automobile will remain the most widely used form of transportation in urban
areas. The quest for an economical and pollution – free automobile engine has produced some
interesting power sources. For example, electricity has been used to power automobiles. The gas
turbine engine is another power source that has been investigated and the steam engines too, witch
seem to show somewhat more problems.

5. To what extent have modern means of communication altered pattern of our daily life
during this century
The 19th century left many scientific innovations which improved technology and industry, also
made easier and more simple everyday life. We entered the 20th century with the inventions of
telegraph and telephone which, as basic elements of telecommunication system, served its further
development and improvement.
Telegraph converses a code message into electric impulses and sends it into a distant receiver.
Originally, Morse code signals were sent by using a key that opened and closed the circuit to
activate an electro – magnetic sounder, but non teletype, writers, computers, radio and microwave
signals, satellites and lasers are used.
Telephone became an integral part of everyday life, conveying speech over distance by converting
sound into electric impulses sent through a wire. The progress in all fields of science has brought
many changes. The telephone industry improved the first telephone and made out new types of
phones such as cordless and cell phones. This electronic development allow us to use phones in
cars, planes, or whatever place we want.
But maybe the greatest development in transmission is the communications satellite. In 1957, the
Soviet Union launched the first satellite – Sputnik. A few years later, the firs communication
satellite, Early Bird, was launched to carry telephone calls and television channel between United
States and Europe, and for the first time people saw the word live via satellite. It soon became
popular for people who have a satellite disc in their backyards. The satellites that circle around the
earth like small moons help people in all parts of the world who communicate quickly and easily.
With the invention of the silicon chip in 1959, the revolution of computers began. As a “ brain “ of
computers calculators, watches and other electronic goods it shares time and help us work with
greater precision. By means of stored instructions, correlates and select data. It can also control
other machine.
The Internet is today’s great invention. It is potent and entirely new medium. This new discovery is
fully effective for practical purposes. By spreading its net if formed global computer system and
assumed a central role in our lives. It allows Internet visitors access to different kinds of
information, e – mail communication between people and entertainment facilities.
Modern means of communications are no longer different systems. They communicate and
integrate to bring people more information and make life easier and more quickly. In the 21st
century we expect the further development of telecommunication technology.
6. To what extent have modern means of communication altered the pattern of our daily lives
during the century?
At the beginning of this century mankind had machines. First airplanes reached speeds of about
35km/h. it was real success when powerful engines (petrol engines) were developed. The first flight
was made in 1909 across English Channel. Next step was the advent of jet plane. Today airplanes
fly an long-range flights and medium-haul routes and take travelers at supersonic speed. Now days,
airplanes have more seats for passengers and vessels and lorries have become larger to carry more
goods.
The top train speed reached in France in 1990 was 515,3km/h. after the French TGV had been put
into operation and the Bullet Train in Japan, the High Speed Train (HST) was introduced in Britain
in 1986. Advanced Passenger Train (APT) was designed for a maximum speed of 250km/h.
Now days velocity and high standard of passenger comfort are required as well as efficient energy
consumption and saving in pollution and money. Motorists demand safe cars, so the aluminum
vehicle technology (AVT) and electronically controlled machines are developed. With AVT it’s
possible to produce lither, durable and economical means of transport.
Computers are used everywhere. Internet is a major delivery system for education, library
resources, financial transactions, entertainment news and personal mail generates the loss of
privacy, real experiences, a feeling of permanence, and a sense of location. Few people believe that
being digital is healthful and sweet, and will become “almost genetic in nature”. Thomas
Landauer’s book (The Trouble with Computers) delivers a rational look at computer technology.
He claims that overall productivity of the industrialized countries has either decline or stagnated
since 1960 as the inability to create computer applications that go beyond automating human tasks.
It is also true that most applications fail to be useful because of the incredibly rapid change in
technology. Still, computers have demonstrated that they can extend personal competence more
quickly and widely then any other technology and I doubt that we will ever give up on them.
No longer have different systems and companies played in separate arenas. They communicate to
bring people information and entertainment, and it seems that one can get everything quickly and
without effort. Advances in self-test techniques will probably help people see that man becomes
needless and non-human: he sits in front of TV set and watches programmes carried via satellite for
hours, contact people without meeting them by making telephone calls or using computers, gets
food, books and information and pays bills without going out… soon man would also drive cars, fly
planes, run trains and sail ships being instructed how to do it… would you agree that he lives and
will live a better and happier life surrounded by modern means of communication?

7. Modern means of transport

When we talk about mean of transport we must say that at the beginning of the last century
mankind had slow machines. For example, the Wright brothers flew in gliders before December 17,
1903. On that day they used a heavier – than – air machine which developed only 16 horse – power
and reached a speed of 35 miles an hour. Their longest flight lasted 59 seconds. But, we can say
that the Wright brothers laid the foundation of modern flying. A real success was obtained when
more powerful engines – petrol engines – were developed.
The advent of jet plane travel was the first step in world of modern means of transport. Nowadays,
aircraft have been “stretched”, by lengthening the fuselage, to seat more passengers.
But, it is not only velocity that matters in transport and traffic nowadays. A high standard of
passenger comfort is also required as well as an efficient energy consumption, and savings in
pollution and money. The aluminium vehicle technology ( AVT ) is being developed to produce
lighter, more durable and economical means of transport.
The quest for an economical and pollution – free automobile engine has produced some interesting
power sources. For example, electricity has been used to power automobiles. However, widespread
use will not be practical until vastly improved storage batteries are developed to provide more
power between charges and to generate greater supplies of power for emergency situations.
The 12th International Electric Vehicle Symposium and Electric Vehicle Exposition held in
Anaheim, California, was by far the largest in the meeting 25 – year history. The growth in
attendance at the meeting confirms what most of us knew already : that interest in electric vehicles
is on the rise.
The gas turbine engine is another power source that has been investigated. This is a kind of jet –
propelled engine that creates thrust by expelling hot gases through a set of turbine blades, which
turn a shaft. There are two problems associated with engines of this type. They are very expensive
because they are built of hard metal alloys, and they consume a great deal more fuel than internal –
combustion engines.
We can hope that in future automobiles will be able to see, hear and communicate with one another
and with roadway itself. They will become sensitive to their drivers, warning of fatigue, distraction
or exceeded speed limits. Gradually, vehicles will progress from being completely controlled by the
driver to depending on the driver mainly for steering.

8. Man’s technological successes

One of the greatest men’s technological success is invention of fiber optics.
Fiber optics technology is based upon the combination of semi conductor technology and optical
waveguide technology. The result is a transmission link that has certain inherent advantages over
conventional copper systems in telecommunication applications. Optical fibers have lower
transmission link that has certain inherent advantages over conventional copper systems in
telecommunication applications. Optical fibers have lower transmission losses and wider
bandwidths as compared to copper wires. This means that with optical fiber cable systems more
data can be sent over longer distances, thereby decreasing the number of wires and reducing the
number of repeaters needed over these distances. In additions of fibers offer a distinct advantage
over heavy, bulky wire cables in crowded underground city ducts. It is also of importance in
aircraft where small light – weight cables are advantageous and in tactical military applications
where large amounts of cable must be unreeled and retrieved rapidly. An especially significant
feature of optical fibers relates to their dielectric nature. Thus provides optical waveguides with
immunity to electromagnetic pulse ( EMP ) effects being of particular interest to military
applications. Further more there is no need to worry about ground loops, fiber – to – fiber cross talk
is very low, and a high degree of data security is afforded since the optical signal is well confined
within the waveguide. Contemporary fiber – optic networks transmit voice, video and data at speed
10 to 100 times faster than the standard copper wiring that has been used in telecommunications for
over a century. They have, nonetheless, realized only a small fraction of the promise of the
technology.
To fulfil its potential, fiber optics must do more than simply replace copper telephone wiring with
thin, cylindrical conduits of glass that guide light. Optical transmission must in fact go beyond the
limitations imposed by the electronics technology that preceded it.
The satellite relay system is the most modern method of information delivery using electro –
magnetic radiation. Satellite systems depend heavily on technology, including rocketry, space
mechanics, solid – state electronic, high – frequency electronics and radiation, and modern
communication networks. The basic components of a typical satellite system are given in figure.
The sun through solar cells provides the satellite, orbiting around the earth, with energy radiation
from the earth is received and sent back to the earth is received and sent back to the earth by one or
more antennas. An earth station transmits information to the satellite at a specified carrier
frequency. The satellite receives repeats and reinforces the radiation by sending it back to the earth
in the 4 billion cycles per second.

9. What are the major advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic transmission
Fiber optic technology is based on the combination of semi conductor technology and optical
waveguide technology. The result is a transmission link that has certain internet advantages over
conventional copper systems in telecommunication applications optical fibers have low
transmission losses and wider band widths as compared to copper wires. This means that with
optical fiber cable systems more data can be sent over long distances there by decreasing the
number of wires and reducing the number of repeaters needed over these distances. I additions of
fibers offer a distinct advantage over heavy, bulky wire cables in crowded underground city ducts.
It is also an importance in aircraft where a small light – weight cables are advantageous and in
practical military applications where large amounts of cable must be unreeled and retrieved rapidly.
An especially significant feature of optical fiber relates to their dielectric nature. This provides
optical waveguides with immunity to electromagnetic pulse effects being of particular interest to
military applications. Further more there is no need to worry about ground loops, fiber to fiber
cross talk is very low, and a high degree of data security is afforded since optical signal is well
confident within the wave guide. Contemporary fiber optic networks transmit voice video, and data
at a speed of 10 to 100 times faster than the standard copper wiring that has been used in
telecommunications for over a 100 years. They have realized only a small fraction of the promise
of the technology. To fulfil its potential fiber optics must do more than simply replace copper
telephone wiring with thin cylindrical conduits of glass that guide light. Optical transmission must
in fact go beyond the limitations imposed by the electronic technology that proceeded it . There are
some practical problems with fiber optic transmission. First, it usually costs more than wires. The
higher costs often are not caused by the fiber itself. The difference comes when other components
transmitters, receiver compilers and connectors are added. Fiber optic connectors and couplers are
more expensive than their electrical counterparts. These costs add up.
Second , a related often ignored issue is the cost of converting existing systems to use fibers. Fiber
has already been brought to many homes and found its use in many areas outside of
communications, such as medicine. The fiber optics revolution may continue until fiber comes to
everyone’s home.

10. Will communications the system and techniques help to improve the quality, safety and
variety of life in the future
Better and faster communications are keys to solving problems with traffic for example traffic
congestion, traffic accidents, better routes, and funding sources. These new modern
communications will help to improve the quality of life by making informations accessible and
easier to find . In fact informations are the most important in traffic, and traffic congestion is the
main problem nowadays.
Modern systems of mobile phones are making informations faster then before this great discovery.
The fact that you are in every time connected with everyone else makes life safer and much easier.
But there are also some bad sides of this discovery, and that is the fact that you are accessible in
every moment and that is in some cases bad for privacy of subscriber.
Beside mobile phones there are systems that are built-in some modern and expensive cars. These
systems in fact are built-in car stereo; this system displays a message which is sent from a control
centre. These messages are about present state of weather, state of traffic, blocked roads, accidents
on roads. These informations are very important for controlling the traffic. If every car could have
these systems many accidents could be avoided, and congestion on the streets could be reduced .
There are also systems which will warn you if you are to close to a vehicle in front of you so that
you can control it, and keep it in appropriate range.
Message systems that control the trains and any other means of transportation could mean having
easier and better service. These systems don't mean only carrying textual messages than also
images, sounds.documents and any other type of data. The most popular message earring system
today is Internet. This system is used by many people around the world. This service provides a
great amount of informations at every time of the day. You can visit virtual shopping centers, read
magazines,books and find and use any information you need. In some countries, there are terminals
on highways where you can see any information connected with traffic that is important for that
road.
Satellite links with cars are today in most cars standard equipment navigation systems in cars are
guiding you through every place on earth just like it was when people were using a map in the past.
These systems are showing the best ways and routes.
These new systems developed in a few past years that are used for communications are in fact
small information centres which you can hold in your arms, and to control your actions by using it
this equipment is based on interrupted transfer of informations which could help you but also could
make your life more easier.

11. The Commercial Airliner Today and Tomorrow

Wherever people fly they want to be taken from one place to another safely, comfortably, quickly
and as inexpensively as possible. Airlines all over the world have always tried to meet the
travellers’ demands. The introduction of the jet-powered transport airplane into commercial
passenger service in the late 1950s changed air transport. Free of vibration, this new airplane was
quieter and more comfortable than the propeller-driven airplane that preceded it. Even more
impressive was its ability to fly to Europe or from Europe to Australia non-stop. As more powerful
engines were developed, airliners grew larger. By the mid 1960s the Boeing 707 had been
‘’stretched’’ to carry 189 passengers, and the Douglas DC-8 in the Super Sixty series could seat
250 passengers. Shorter travel times and lower fares made the world more accessible for both the
business and the casual traveller as well as for the transport of goods.
The Concorde, introduced in 1976 by Air France between Paris and Rio de Janeiro and British
airways between London and Los Angeles, opened the age of supersonic travel in the Western
world. Although travellers are impressed by the craft’s smooth take-offs, landings and the speed,
the Concorde produces more noise and pollution than the current generation of jumbo jets,
consumes lots of fuel and carries only hundred passengers in a cabin that is crowded in comparison
with most large commercial jetliners.
Today’s air market demands even more competitive, cheaper and more efficient air transport. An
improved traffic control in the air is expected to offer higher performance and carry more
passengers. The leading European consortium Airbus Industrie designed and produced a 250-to-
300 seat airliner for both medium and ultra long-range flights in the 1990s. it utilized the same
wing, fuselage and tail, but different engine configurations, which proved to be economically
feasible. The A330 and A340 et many new industry standards, building on advances such as the
safety-enhancing “fly-by-wire” control system, fuel-saving advanced aerodynamics and new,
lighter materials.
Airbus Industrie incorporated an aluminium-lithium alloy in the wings of he two aircraft. Alcoa is
developing an aluminium-lithium metal which could save about 12 per cent of the tail weight on
large airplanes, while 9 per cent of the structural weight of the Boeing 777, which went into service
in June 1995, is made up by composites. Building airplanes with better materials, propulsion
systems and computers distributed throughout the planes will enable the next generation of
conventional aircraft to run more economically than current airliners and establish new standards
for safety and operating efficiency. It remains to be seen whether huge airplanes that can carry 600
to 800 passengers can find a market, and what shapes planes of the future will take.

12. What are advantages and disadvantages of modern air travel

Since the earliest times men have endued the birds, their ability to soar grace – filly through the air.
It took centuries of flapping artificial wings and tower jumping to convince would be aviators that
their muscles were far too weak to lift their bodies into the air.
The advent of jet plane travel was the first step in world of modern means of transport. Now days
aircraft have been stretched, by lengthening the fuselage, to seat more passengers.
Planes today are made to carry more than 250 passengers. These planes are being built after the
Airbus industries A340. These modern planes are one levelled or two levelled planes made to carry
many passengers safe and quiet. Talking about quiet planes the most quiet and popular engine is
Rolls Royce engine which is built in Douglas and Airbuses Industies planes although small and
expensive.
But it is not only velocity the matters in transport and traffic now days. A high standard of
passenger comfort is also required as well as an efficient energy consumption and savings in
pollution and money.
The gas turbine engine is another power source that has been investigated. This is a kind of jet
propelled engine that creates a thrust by expelling hot gases through a set of turbine blades, which
turn a shaft. There are two problems associated with engines of this type. They are very expensive
because they are built of hard metal alloys and they consume a great deal more fuel than internal
combustion engines.
Modern aircraft turbojet engines take in air, compress it and mix it with a fuel for combustion, then
exhaust it. In practise process is complicated by repetition and by booster system. The development
required considerable advance in materials, e. g. to permit operation at temperatures well above
1000 F. Thrusts measured in tens of thousands of pounds have been developed and engine
reliability is far greater then that reciprocating engines. Speeds three times those of sound are
practicable.
The advantages of the gas turbine or jet engine are its simplicity (propellers are unnecessary and
there are fewer moving parts.), its consequent reliability, its capacity to use a variety of cheaper
fuels, it reduced vibration , its power to weight rations , and its speed and altitude capabilities. A
disadvantage is inefficiency at low speeds and altitudes.
Beside planes modern computerised terminals at the air ports are increasing efficiency of air
transport.

13. What will be the role of rail travel in a world of large subsonic transport aircraft and
advanced automobiles running on smart highways
In the countries that are using advanced technologies in traffic and transportation beside the road
traffic, and air traffic, rail traffic will play very important role. As the planes, cars and ships made
with new technology, advanced development would bring many new features in trains such as: very
high speed cheap energy and pollution savings considering the environment.
Today, trains are developed for speed much greater than 250 km/h. For example Japanese have
already achieved the speed of 345 km/h and France even more which means that very soon high
speed trains will be in use and these high velocity trains would make transport even faster and more
efficient. Modern trains will bring us a service for every day commuting to work.
Underground trains will help avoiding city centres congestion and will help reducing the number of
cars in city centres. This subway system must be developed for cheaper, easier and the most
dependable transportation for everyday use and transport which is affordable for anyone.
Advanced Automatic Train Control units will allow greater speeds and will increase safety,
especially within high speed range. Computerised trains which will be controlled without presence
of locomotive driver would be controlled from a centre located miles away.
Combined rail terminals will improve handling process and will shorten it to only 15 min. Also this
process will be automatized and without a presence of a man, so it will be safer and more
efficient. Computer controlled gantry and overhead trains will make possible handling of larger and
heavier containers.
Rail transport offers great service not only for passengers then also the variety of goods. It is cheap
almost as a ship transportation, and fast almost as a road transportation. Combined rail terminals
make rail transport almost like door to door transport so it has some specification of every kind of
transport.
14. Travelling with ship is more exciting than travelling by plane.
When you are going on trip using an airplane it means fast comfort transport to a place U chose ,
but travelling by ship is like adventure, and some kind of especially event .
Modern ships have: hotel, swimming pool, casino, restaurants and many other things which people
expect to visit when are travelling to other countries in order to have a fun.
The idea that you will be surrounded with deep water and nothing else miles around is scary, but
also it is special kind of adventure. Today, there are organised tours by ship , which are visiting
many countries what means getting many new impressions on only one trip and using only one
kind of transportation ship.
Relaxing in comfortable chairs at the deck of a ship is also great pleasure, especially because you
are looking only at the sky and the water and nothing else. These trips are usually on the fine
weather so thinking of ship is practically the same as the thinking of the fine weather.
These trips are usually long lasting and offer many different services which are making it better.
There is one thing that is the problem with ship travelling – ship crashes. It could be a problem
because people are scared. But these things were in the past. Todays ships are much safer, because
they have their own metrological stations so they can predict bad weather or storms.

16.what are the major advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic transmission? Fiber optic
technology is based on the combination of semi conductor technology and optical waveguide
technology. The result is a transmission link that has certain internet advantages over conventional
copper systems in telecommunication applications optical fibers have low transmission losses and
wider band widths as compared to copper wires. This means that with optical fiber cable systems
more data can be sent over long distances there by decreasing the number of wires and reducing the
number of repeaters needed over these distances. I additions of fibers offer a distinct advantage
over heavy, bulky wire cables in crowded underground city ducts. It is also an importance in
aircraft where a small light – weight cables are advantageous and in practical military applications
where large amounts of cable must be unreeled and retrieved rapidly. An especially significant
feature of optical fiber relates to their dielectric nature. This provides optical waveguides with
immunity to electromagnetic pulse effects being of particular interest to military applications.
Further more there is no need to worry about ground loops, fiber to fiber cross talk is very low, and
a high degree of data security is afforded since optical signal is well confident within the wave
guide. Contemporary fiber optic networks transmit voice video, and data at a speed of 10 to 100
times faster than the standard copper wiring that has been used in telecommunications for over a
100 years. They have realized only a small fraction of the promise of the technology. To fulfill its
potential fiber optics must do more than simply replace copper telephone wiring with thin
cylindrical conduits of glass that guide light. Optical transmission must in fact go beyond the
limitations imposed by the electronic technology that proceeded it . There are some practical
problems with fiber optic transmission. First, it usually costs more than wires. The higher costs
often are not caused by the fiber itself. The difference comes when other components transmitters,
receiver compilers and connectors are added. Fiber optic connectors and couplers are more
expensive than their electrical counterparts. These costs add up. Second , a related often ignored
issue is the cost of converting existing systems to use fibers. Fiber has already been brought to
many homes and found its use in many areas outside of communications, such as medicine.