ABAQUS MoreFeatures

Additional Features
Lecture 7
L7.2
Overview
• Contact Constitutive Models

• Pressure-Overclosure
• Friction
• Tie Constraints
• Rigid surfaces
Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

Pressure-Overclosure Models
L7.4
• The default physical pressure-overclosure model is “hard” contact

• Although this model is not always strictly enforced in the numerical solution
due to:
• Softening in the numerical constraint method
• Example: Penalty method (finite rather than ∞ constraint stiffness)
• Convergence tolerances for the Newton iterations
• Example: Accept as converged despite very small negative
contact pressure
Idealized “hard” pressure vs. penetration behavior
-h p, contact pressure
Any pressure
possible when in
contact
h<0 h=0 No pressure
No penetration; Constraint enforced;

no constraint required positive contact pressure h, penetration

L7.5
• Abaqus provides alternative physical pressure-overclosure models

• Softened contact
• Exponential
• Linear
• Tabular
• Contact without separation
• User-defined behavior
• User subroutine UINTER
• Also controls tangential behavior
• Not discussed here

L7.6
Softened Contact
C
• Often useful as an approximation of
surface conditions J-tube ring supports
• Surface coatings
J-tube
• Gaskets Restraint/release
• Laying a pipe onto the muddy seabed, mechanism
Riser
where the seabed is the softened surface B A
• Three softening models 500 m
• Exponential, tabular, linear

• Usage is (or was) sometimes numerically
rather than physically motivated
• To improve convergence behavior
• These softening models were available
before penalty contact was available *SURFACE INTERACTION
*SURFACE BEHAVIOR,
PRESSURE-OVERCLOSURE=...

L7.7
Exponential Pressure-Overclosure
• Surfaces come into contact when when gap exponential

p linear p–h
distance between surfaces is c p–h relationship
relationship
• Often avoids unconstrained rigid body modes
• Contact pressure increases exponentially with
penetration (overclosure), h, up to h=6c
p0
-c 6c h
• Contact pressure at h=0 is po
ch
po c  h  c 
p e - 1 for - c  h  6c. dp
 
k0 
e -1 c 1 dh h  -0.9999 c
  -c -0.9999c
• At penetrations greater than 6c, the pressure-
overclosure relationship is linear
• Both c and po must be positive
*SURFACE INTERACTION
*SURFACE BEHAVIOR,
PRESSURE-OVERCLOSURE=exponential
c, p o
po c
L7.8
Tabular Pressure-Overclosure
pressure p
• Input data pairs ( pi, hi ) to define a
piecewise linear relationship between  p n , hn 
pressure and overclosure
p , h3 
• p1 = 0, so the first data pair is (0, h1) p , h2 
3
clearance c 2
overclosure h
• Data must be entered such that pi  0, h 
1
and hi increase monotonically

• For overclosure greater than the last
value of h, Abaqus will use the
stiffness of the last piecewise linear
segment
*SURFACE BEHAVIOR,
PRESSURE-OVERCLOSURE=tabular
pi, hi

L7.9
Linear Pressure-Overclosure
• Usage
*SURFACE BEHAVIOR,
PRESSURE-OVERCLOSURE=linear
slope of the linear p-h relationship

L7.10
Softened Contact Nonlinearity
• Numerical treatment
• A linearized contact stiffness is used for each Newton iteration
• A tolerance is enforced on the deviation from the true pressure vs.
overclosure curve in the convergence check
• Except in cases in which the slope of the pressure vs. penetration
curve is very large, the contact stiffness is enforced without exposing
Lagrange multipliers to the equation solver
contact
pressure
pn + 1
incompatibility
error
p0
pn
c clearance

L7.11
Contact Without Separate Model
• Useful for modeling adhesives

• This feature causes the surfaces to be bonded for the duration of an
analysis once contact is established
• Only normal contact is affected—relative sliding is still allowed
• Often used with the rough friction option (no sliding either)
• Usage is sometimes numerically motivated (improve convergence)
• Syntax:
*SURFACE BEHAVIOR, NO SEPARATION
Toggled off to invoke

NO SEPARATION

Friction Models
L7.13
Friction
• Available friction models in Abaqus:

• Coulomb friction
• Isotropic or anisotropic
• Optional friction coefficient dependence on slip rate, pressure,
temperature, and field variables
• Linear interpolation of tabular data
• Exponential dependence on slip rate
• User subroutine FRIC_COEF
• Optional upper bound on shear stress
• “Rough” friction
• Sticking regardless of contact pressure as long as normal contact
constraint is active
• User-defined (through user subroutine FRIC or UINTER)

L7.14
Friction
• The stick/slip discontinuity for friction is similar to the open/closed

discontinuity in the normal direction
Contact Constraints enforced Shear

pressure stress
with Lagrange mp
multiplier method
Gap Penetration Slip

distance distance
Contact Shear
Dependence on
Constraints enforced contact pressure
pressure stress
with penalty method mp
Gap Penetration Slip

distance distance
Penalty method used by
default (“stick stiffness”)
Normal direction behavior Tangential behavior

L7.15
Isotropic Coulomb Friction
• Defining isotropic Coulomb friction

in Abaqus/CAE
• Basic keyword syntax

*SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=name
*FRICTION
m,

L7.16
Isotropic Coulomb Friction
• Numerical challenges:
• Stick-slip transition t eq
• Slope discontinuity similar to m p2
open-closed transition in normal
direction m p1
• Critical stress is proportional to normal
contact pressure (tcrit = mp)

• Dependence of m on slip velocity,
contact pressure, etc.
• Optional upper bound on critical shear
stress
• tcr = min (m p, tmax)
• tmax is often taken as the shear yield
stress of the underlying material

L7.17
Anisotropic Friction
• With anisotropic friction the equivalent frictional shear stress is:
2 2
 t1   t2 
t eq  m    
 m1   m2 
m1 and m2 are friction coefficients in the two surface directions
• m
2

1 2

m1  m 22 is the equivalent friction coefficient
• If a cap tmax is specified, the caps on the individual components are
m1 max m max
t1max  t and t 2  2 t
max
m m

L7.18
Anisotropic Friction
• Usage:
*FRICTION, ANISOTROPIC [,TAUMAX=tmax,
LAGRANGE]
m1, m 2, eq, p, , fi
• Can use either penalty (default) or

Lagrange multiplier enforcement of stick
conditions
• A maximum shear stress (as in the
definition of teq, above) can be specified
using TAUMAX
• The directions of anisotropy are along the
slip directions t1 and t2, which are
discussed on the following pages

L7.19
Slip Directions
• The slip increment follows from  = t  u, where t is the slip direction
• By default, the slip (reference) directions are defined as follows:
• For two-dimensional contact surfaces, the slip direction t is obtained by a
90°clockwise rotation of the contact direction n
• For slave surfaces defined on beam elements in space, the first slip
direction, t1, is along the beam axis and the second slip direction, t2, is
transverse to it
• Alternative surface directions for the purpose of prescribing an
anisotropic tangential-contact-interaction model or viewing contact
output may be defined

L7.20
Slip Directions
• For most three-dimensional surface normal

surfaces, the slip directions,
t1 and t2, are the same as the 2
material directions and are 1

established by:
• t1 = projection of global projection of
x-axis onto the master x-axis onto
surface
surface and
• t2 = n  t1
• If the x-axis is within 0.01°of
the contact direction, the
projection of the global z-axis
is used instead

L7.21
Nonlinear Friction Coefficient
• The friction coefficients for isotropic or anisotropic friction models can

be made nonlinear functions of the equivalent slip velocity, eq ; the
contact pressure, p; the average surface temperature,  ; or the average
field variable value, fi
• For three-dimensional contact pairs the equivalent slip velocity is defined
as  eq  1   2
2 2
• The average surface temperature (or field variable) is calculated using

the value of the variable from each surface:
 A B

2
• For linear interpolation of tabular data:
• If m is a function of field variables, the DEPENDENCIES parameter
must be used on the FRICTION option to specify the number of
field variable dependencies

L7.22
• User subroutine FRIC_COEF (and VFRIC_COEF)

• Allows you to specify an expression for the friction coefficient
• For Abaqus/Standard, also provide expressions for derivatives
• Example: m = A (1 + B ̇ + C ̇2) (1 + D p) *SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=name
*FRICTION, USER=COEFFICIENT,
PROPERTIES=4
A, B, C, D (substitute real numbers)
subroutine fric_coef ( fCoef, fCoefDeriv,
* nBlock, nProps, nTemp, nFields, jFlags, rData,
* surfInt, surfSlv, surfMst, props, slipRate, pressure, tempAvg, fieldAvg )
include „aba_param.inc‟
dimension fCoefDeriv(3)
parameter ( one = 1.d0, two=2.d0 )
fs = one + props(2)*slipRate + props(3)*slipRate**2

fp = one + props(4)*pressure
m
∂m fCoef = props(1) * fs * fp
∂̇
fCoefDeriv(1) = props(1) * (props(2) + two*props(3)*slipRate) * fp
∂m fCoefDeriv(2) = props(1) * fs * props(4)
∂p fCoefDeriv(3) = zero
∂m
∂ return
end

L7.23
• Kinetic friction model: Specific form m

of friction coefficient vs. slip rate
• Exponential transition from a static ms
friction coefficient (ms) to a kinetic friction
coefficient (mk) m  mk   ms - mk  e
- d c eq
- d ceq
m  mk   ms - mk  e ,
mk
where dc is the decay coefficient.
• Two methods for defining this model: eq
• Provide the static, kinetic, and
decay coefficients directly
• Use test data to fit the exponential
model
*FRICTION, EXPONENTIAL DECAY

L7.24
Friction Enforcement
• Rough friction
• Sticking conditions are always enforced while surfaces are in contact
(i.e., while normal constraints are active)
• Enforcement method: Lagrange multipliers (strict enforcement)
• Similar to Coulomb friction with m = 
• But if ―NO SEPARATION‖ behavior is also specified, resist relative
motion even if normal contact forces are tensile
• Only available for contact pairs
• Motivation for using rough friction may be physical or numerical (avoid
convergence problems)

*FRICTION, ROUGH

L7.25
“Stick” Constraint Enforcement
• Penalty enforcement of stick conditions is used by default except for

rough friction
• G = penalty stiffness (t = G)
• Ideally, G = 
• Instead, G is finite
• Enforce upper bound on ―elastic slip‖: cr
• Thus, value of G depend on contact pressure
t cr  m p2
2
t cr  m p
G2  cr  Ff li
t  m p1
1
cr
G  t cr  cr
G1
 cr 

L7.26
• Default value of cr:

•  cr  F f li ,
• Default ―slip tolerance‖: Ff = 0.005
• Characteristic contact surface face dimension: li
• This small tolerance balances accuracy and efficiency
• Can override default by:
• Adjusting Ff t cr  m p2
2
• Or, directly specifying cr

G2
• Careful! t
1
 m p1
cr
• Too large—inaccurate G1
• Too small—poor convergence  cr 

L7.27
• To adjust Ff :
li
 cr  Ff li

*FRICTION, SLIP TOLERANCE=Ff
m

L7.28
• To directly specify cr:
*FRICTION, ELASTIC SLIP=cr
m
cr
• Useful when Abaqus cannot calculate a reasonable value of li :
• Node-based contact (node sets have no faces)
• Models in which contact surface face dimensions vary greatly
• Contact surfaces along beam elements, where cross-sectional
dimensions may be more important than segment length in
determining allowable elastic slip
• Models with very refined meshes, in which the default value of
cr is too small
L7.29

t
• Lagrange multiplier method Assuming : ms  mk  m
• Optional exact enforcement of sticking tcrit
conditions with Lagrange multipliers
• Only available for contact pairs
 (SLIP)
• This method enforces zero relative
slip during stick stick (no relative sliding)
• Drawbacks
• Often degrades convergence
• Likelihood of overconstraint problems
*FRICTION, LAGRANGE
m

L7.30
• Lagrange multiplier method

P
• Intended for problems where
accurate resolution of stick/slip Q
behavior is of utmost importance
• Example: friction present in
rolling contact between two fretting zones
elastic bodies (fretting
problems)
• Typical metal forming
applications do not require
such close attention to
stick/slip detail

Tie Constraints
L7.32
Tie Constraints
• In Abaqus fully constrained

contact behavior is defined
using tie constraints.
• A tie constraint provides a
simple way to bond surfaces
together permanently
• Easy mesh transitioning
• Surface-based constraint
using a master-slave Tie constraints
formulation
• The constraint prevents
slave nodes from separating
or sliding relative to the
master surface

L7.33
Tie Constraints
• Slave nodes that contact the master

surface at the start of the simulation will be
tied to it
• Slave nodes not initially tied will
remain unconstrained throughout the
analysis; they will never ―see‖ the
master surface and will be able to
penetrate it
• A table is printed in the data (.dat)
file listing each slave node and the
master surface nodes to which it will
be tied if the preprocessor printout of
the model data is requested
*PREPRINT, MODEL=YES

L7.34
Tie Constraints
• Usage:
*TIE, NAME=name, POSITION

TOLERANCE=a
slave, master
• The POSITION TOLERANCE

parameter has the same interpretation
as the ADJUST parameter on the
CONTACT PAIR option
• The default value is 5% of the typical
element size in the master surface

L7.35
Tie Constraints
• By default, all slave nodes in the

tolerance region are moved strain-
free onto the master surface. Use
ADJUST=NO if the slave nodes
should not be moved
*TIE, NAME=name,
POSITION TOLERANCE=a, ADJUST=NO
• Rotations of the tied slave nodes are

not constrained if the NO ROTATION
parameter is used
• Boundary conditions should not be
applied to the nodes on the slave
surface of a tie constraint pair; doing
so will overconstrain the model at
those nodes

L7.36
Tie Constraints
• Example: Tube crush problem
BotTube
BotPlate
The bottom of the tube is attached

to the bottom plate via tie
constraints

L7.37
Tie Constraints
*TIE,NAME=TubePlateTie, POSITION TOLERANCE=0.01, ADJUST=YES
Surface-based constraint
(Can select either predefined
surfaces or regions directly in
the viewport)
The surface-to-surface
method is used by default
Only slave nodes

within this distance Warnings will be issued in the
from the master data (.dat) file for these nodes
surface are tied to
the master surface
Slave nodes can be moved

Both translational and onto the master surface in the
rotational degrees of initial configuration without any
freedom can be strain
constrained

L7.38
Tie Constraints
• Node-based surfaces and tie constraints

• The node-based surface can be either the master or the slave
• If a node-based master surface is specified:
• The actual distance from a slave node to the surface is the closest
distance to any node on the master surface
• The default POSITION TOLERANCE is 5% of a typical distance
between the master nodes

Rigid Bodies and Contact
L7.40
• Rigid bodies
• Abaqus has a general rigid body capability
• A rigid body is a collection of nodes and elements whose motion is
governed by the motion of a single node called a ―reference node‖
• Any body or part of a body can be defined as a rigid body
• A rigid body can undergo arbitrarily large rigid body motions
• Rigid bodies are computationally efficient
• Their motion is described completely by no more than six degrees
of freedom
• There are no element calculations for elements making up a rigid
body
• Model a body as rigid if it is much stiffer than other bodies with which it
will come in contact
• For example, rigid bodies are commonly used to model dies in
metal forming simulations
L7.41
• Rigid body reference node

• The reference node’s degrees of freedom represent the motion of the
rigid surface
• In two dimensions: three degrees of freedom (two translations, one
rotation)
• In three dimensions: six degrees of freedom (three translations,
three rotations)
• You can control the rigid body’s motion directly by prescribing boundary
conditions (displacement, velocity, acceleration) to the reference node’s
degrees of freedom
• It is also possible to apply concentrated loads to the node

L7.42
• The rigid body can be made to rotate about the reference node by
prescribing the rotational degrees of freedom
• In dynamics problems where the rigid body moves freely, the
reference node should be placed at the center of mass of the rigid
body
• The location of the reference node is irrelevant if its rotational
degrees of freedom are suppressed
• Elements can be connected to the reference node. For example:
• Attach MASS and/or ROTARYI elements to simulate the mass
and/or rotary inertia of the rigid body in dynamic problems
• Attach spring elements to remove rigid body motion or simulate a
supporting structure

L7.43
• Rigid body geometry

• The geometry of a rigid body is
defined by:
• Meshing the body with
nodes and elements
(discrete rigid body)
or
• Revolving or extruding
a two-dimensional
geometric profile
(analytical rigid surface)

L7.44
• Analytical rigid surfaces

• Can only be used with contact pairs
• Surface geometry of limited shape
• Three types of analytical surfaces are
available:
• Two-dimensional rigid surface.
• Three-dimensional rigid surface
that is extruded infinitely in the
out-of-plane direction
• Three-dimensional surface of
revolution
• Details are discussed in later

L7.45
• Discrete rigid bodies

• More general rigid bodies can be constructed using discrete geometry
• Can be used with both general contact and contact pairs
• Most element types can be part of a rigid body
• For example, solid elements can be used to model the same effect
as discrete rigid elements as long as a rigid body constraint is
applied to the solid elements
• Example of defining a rigid body containing solid elements:
*ELEMENT, TYPE=C3D8R, ELSET=SOLID1
...
*SOLID SECTION, ELSET=SOLID, MATERIAL=STEEL
*MATERIAL, NAME=STEEL
*ELASTIC
200.0E9, 0.3
*DENSITY
7800.0,
*RIGID BODY, REF NODE=refPt, ELSET=SOLID

L7.46
• Rigid elements 2
• Legacy feature to define discrete R2D2 and RAX2

Y
rigid bodies
1
• The surface of the body is
X
meshed using:
3
• 2D: R2D2: planar strip
• RAX2: axisymmetric shell
R3D3
• 3D: R3D3: triangular shell 1
• R3D4: quadrilateral shell 2
4 3
Z
Y
• Preferred method is meshing a
R3D4
body with deformable elements X 1 2
and then applying a rigid body
constraint

L7.47
• Example: Superplastic forming of a box

• Box dimensions: 60‖ long, 40‖ wide,
20‖ deep
• One-quarter of blank is modeled
• Blank modeled using M3D4R elements
• Die modeled with S3 elements
(declared rigid)
• Blank material is elastic-viscoplastic
• Loading: Gas pressure with schedule
automatically adjusted to achieve
maximum strain rate of 0.02/sec

L7.48
• Rigid die
• The die is meshed with S3
elements which are
declared rigid
*RIGID BODY, ELSET=DIE,

REFNODE=REF-PT
**
*ELEMENT,TYPE=S3,ELSET=DIE
:
*SHELL SECTION, ELSET=DIE,
MATERIAL=SUPRAL
.001,

L7.49
• Contact interaction with general contact

• A single contact interaction using the default all-inclusive element-based
surface
*SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=FRICTIONLESS

*CONTACT
*CONTACT INCLUSIONS, ALL EXTERIOR
*CONTACT PROPERTY ASSIGNMENT
, , FRICTIONLESS

L7.50
• Contact interaction with contact pairs

• The surface corresponding to the rigid body must always be the master
surface
SURFA
RSURF
*CONTACT PAIR, INTERACTION=FRICTIONLESS

SURFA, RSURF
*SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=FRICTIONLESS

L7.51
Automatic loading: deformed Automatic loading: deformed

configuration after 35 seconds configuration after 61 seconds

L7.52
Automatic loading: deformed Automatic loading: inelastic

configuration after 78 seconds strains in the formed box

Analytical Rigid Surfaces
L7.54
• Analytical rigid surfaces: Abaqus/CAE interface

L7.55
• Analytical rigid surfaces: Abaqus/CAE interface (cont'd)
Profile is sketched in
the Sketch module
Reference point assigned
in the Part module

L7.56
• Analytical rigid surfaces: Abaqus/CAE interface (cont'd)
The order of the points used to

define the sketch is not important
in the GUI interface
The "side" of the part forming the
ARS is defined independently

L7.57
• Analytical rigid surfaces: Keywords interface

• Defined using SURFACE and RIGID BODY
x0 , y0
x1, y1
Normal must point
toward deformable body
x2 , y2
*SURFACE, NAME=RSURF, TYPE=SEGMENTS

START, x0, y0
LINE, x1, y1 order of segments determines normal n
CIRCL, x2, y2, x3, y3 n  zs
...
*RIGID BODY, ANALYTICAL SURFACE=RSURF, REF NODE=1001

L7.58
• Analytical rigid surface smoothing

• Since rigid surfaces are always the master surface in a contact pair,
they should be smoothed to avoid convergence problems
• Define a smoothing radius using the FILLET RADIUS parameter:
*SURFACE, TYPE=SEGMENTS, NAME=RSURF, FILLET RADIUS=r
Note: In Abaqus/CAE, smoothing

can be performed using the Create
Fillet tool when sketching the
part profile

L7.59
• Available types of analytical rigid surfaces

• Two-dimensional segmented surface, composed of lines, circles, and/or
parabolas
*SURFACE, TYPE=SEGMENTS, NAME=RSURF

START, x1, y1 Coordinates define surface profile and
... are given in the local system
*RIGID BODY, ANALYTICAL SURFACE=RSURF, REF NODE=999

L7.60
• Three-dimensional
analytical surfaces require
definition of a two-
dimensional profile in a
local coordinate system
• The figure shows a three-
dimensional infinite
rectangular projection of a
two-dimensional profile
*SURFACE,TYPE=CYLINDER, NAME=RSURF
xa, ya, za, xb, yb, zb Coordinates define local system for surface definition. Point c is on
the negative local z-axis.
xc, yc, zc
START, x1, y1 Coordinates define two-dimensional surface profile and are
... given in the local system above.
*RIGID BODY,ANALYTICAL SURFACE=RSURF,REF NODE=999

L7.61
• Three-dimensional surface of
revolution
*SURFACE,TYPE=REVOLUTION,
NAME=RSURF
xa, ya, za, xb, yb, zb
START, x1, y1
...
*RIGID BODY, REF NODE=999,
ANALYTICAL SURFACE=RSURF
Define axis of revolution in

the global coordinate
system
Define cross-section in two
dimensions using local x–y (r–z in
the figure) axes defined above.
Surface is generated by revolution
of the cross-section about the
local y-axis

L7.62
*SURFACE,TYPE=REVOLUTION
*SURFACE,TYPE=CYLINDER
*SURFACE,TYPE=SEGMENTS

Lecture 6 Summary
L7.64
Review of Topics Discussed in this Lecture
• Contact Constitutive Models

• Pressure-Overclosure
• Friction
• Tie Constraints
• Rigid Surfaces

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Additional Features

• Contact Constitutive Models

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

• The default physical pressure-overclosure model is “hard” contact

No penetration; Constraint enforced;

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

• Abaqus provides alternative physical pressure-overclosure models

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

• Three softening models 500 m

• Exponential, tabular, linear

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

• Surfaces come into contact when when gap exponential

and hi increase monotonically

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

Softened Contact Nonlinearity

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

Contact Without Separate Model

• Useful for modeling adhesives

Toggled off to invoke

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

• Available friction models in Abaqus:

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

• The stick/slip discontinuity for friction is similar to the open/closed

Contact Constraints enforced Shear

Gap Penetration Slip

Gap Penetration Slip

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

Isotropic Coulomb Friction

• Defining isotropic Coulomb friction

• Basic keyword syntax

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

Isotropic Coulomb Friction

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

• With anisotropic friction the equivalent frictional shear stress is:

m1 and m2 are friction coefficients in the two surface directions

• If a cap tmax is specified, the caps on the individual components are

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

• Can use either penalty (default) or

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

• For most three-dimensional surface normal

material directions and are 1

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

Nonlinear Friction Coefficient

• The friction coefficients for isotropic or anisotropic friction models can

• The average surface temperature (or field variable) is calculated using

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

Nonlinear Friction Coefficient

• User subroutine FRIC_COEF (and VFRIC_COEF)

fs = one + props(2)*slipRate + props(3)*slipRate**2

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

Nonlinear Friction Coefficient

• Kinetic friction model: Specific form m

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

*SURFACE INTERACTION, NAME=name

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

“Stick” Constraint Enforcement

• Penalty enforcement of stick conditions is used by default except for

Solving Contact Problems with New Capabilities in Abaqus

“Stick” Constraint Enforcement

• Default value of cr:

• Or, directly specifying cr

fs = one + props(2)slipRate + props(3)slipRate**2