Adhesion and tractive effort

The tractive force between a car wheel and the surface can be expressed as

F = μt W

= μt m ag (1)

where

F = traction effort or force acting on the wheel from the surface (N, lbf)

μt = traction - or friction - coefficient between the wheel and the surface

W = weight or vertical force between wheel and surface (N, lbf))

m = mass on the wheel (kg, slugs)

ag = acceleration of gravity (9.81 m/s2, 32.17405 ft/s2)

Traction Coefficients for normal Car Tires

Traction Coefficient
Surface
- μt -

Wet Ice 0.1

Dry Ice/Snow 0.2

Loose Sand 0.3 - 0.4

Dry Clay 0.5 - 0.6

Wet rolled Gravel 0.3 - 0.5

Dry rolled Gravel 0.6 - 0.7

Wet Asphalt 0.6

Wet Concrete 0.6

Dry Asphalt 0.9

Dry Concrete 0.9

https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/tractive-effort-d_1783.html