IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIVE FAULT BASED ON TECTONIC GEOMORPHOLOGICAL

DATA AND EARTHQUAKE SEISMICITY ALONG PANGULURAN FAULT ZONE SUMBER

AGUNG AREA, DISTRICT OF MALANG, EAST JAVA

Hendra Setiawan1, Koes Haryanto1, M. Hafizh Ensya1, M. Akbar Mulyadi1

1
University Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Yogyakarta, Faculty of Mineral Technology,
Department of Geology, Jalan SWK 104, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Introduction

The research area is located in Sumber Agung Village, Sumbermanjing District, Malang Regency, East
Java Province covering Sumber Agung Village, Kedung Banteng Village, Ringin Kembar Village,
Sitiarjo Village, and Argotirto Village. Physiographically, the research area belongs to the southern part
of South East Java (Van Bemmelen, 1949), according to the second geomorphological concept of
Thornbury (1954), the geological structure is the dominant controlling factor in the evolution of the
landscape and is reflected on the land.

The study area is included in the geological map of the Turen sheet made by Sujanto (1992), consisting
of four formations, including: Mandalika Formation, Tuf Mandalika member, Wuni Formation,
Wonosari Formation and Swamp and River Deposition. The structure that developed in the research
area is generally northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest direction intersect each other to form V,
this is in accordance with the structure pattern in Java Island according to Pulunggono and Martodjojo
(1994).

Research area is an area that often experience earthquake. This is evidenced by the number of epicenter
of earthquake center found close to the research area, based on data from the Meteorology and
Climatology Geophysics Agency (BMKG). Relating to earthquakes in the research area when plotted
in the map of research areas epicenter earthquake points from 1921 - 2016 there are many point of
earthquake epicenter in research area and if pulled a straightness by using red line hence its direction of
straightness southwest-northeast and this direction is in line with the pattern of fault that exist in Java
(Sudrajad, 1975, d. Nahrowi et al., 1978, in Hanang Samudro et al., 1994), and in particular on
Panguluran Fault in the study area. The direction of sesar Panguluran has the same direction with the
direction of the seismic alignment in the research area, because there are many points of the epicenter
on the area, Panguluran Fault can be reactivated and can also produce an active fault. To understand
more details about the characteristics and activities of Panguluran Fault, then through tectonic
geomorphology approach is expected to provide information about it.

Theory and Method

Tectonic geomorphology
The definition of tectonic geomorphological terms has been suggested by some experts: Mayer (1986),
Keller and Pinter (1996), Yeats et al. (1997), Burbank and Anderson (2001), Bull (2007) and Yeats
(2012). Mayer (1986) states that tectonic geomorphology is the study of landform as a result of the
interaction between tectonic and geomorphic processes. Yeats et al. (1997) states that tectonic
geomorphology is a study of landforms resulting from tectonic processes, or in other words an
application study of geomorphic principles to solve tectonic problems.
Several geomorphic indexes have been developed as an essential baseline tool for identifying new
tectonic deformations of a region. The information is used to obtain detailed information about the
active tectonics. The geomorphic index is a very important part of the tectonic study because it can be
used to rapidly evaluate a large area and the necessary data is often easily obtained from topographic
maps and aerial photographs. Some geomorphic index that are often used for active tectonic studies are:
1. Hypsometric curve and Hypsometric integral.
2. Drainage basin asymmetry.
3. Stream length – gradient index.
4. Mountain front sinuosity.
5. Ratio of valley floor width to valley height.
6. Drainage basin indice.

Contents

Tectonic activity analysis at Panguluran Fault Area using combination of morphometric parameters that
: AF, SL, SMF, VF, and Bs, This method is based on modification from Dehbozorgi et al. (2010). With
the class and created the value of active tectonic index (lat). For example if Hc is class 1, AF is class 2,
SL is class 2, and Bs are class 3, then the number of each parameter morphometry is 1 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 1
= 8. The value of 8 then divided by 5 (using 5 morphometric parameters), so that the lat value is 1.6.
Next is class division of tectonic activity based on the latitude of the five parameters of the
morphometry. Referring to El Hamdouni et al. (2007 in Dehbozorgi et al., 2010) tectonic activity classes
based on average or lat values are divided into four:
- Very high tectonic activity class (1 ≤ lat <1.5).
- High tectonic activity class (1.5 ≤ lat <2).
- Medium tectonic activity class (2 ≤ lat <2.5).
- Low tectonic activity class (lat ≥ 2.5).

Based on the calculation that has been done, the calculation of morphometry which includes aspect of
Drainage basin asymmetry (Af), Drainage basin indice (Bs), Stream length – gradient index (SL), Ratio
of valley floor width to valley height (Vf) and Mountain front sinuosity (Smf). Where each of these
calculations have been in the know the results (Table 5.6.), Based on El Hamdouni et al. (2007 in
Dehbozorgi et al., 2010). So based on the classification of tectonic activity class of research area
included into class 2 that is High Tectonic.

Table 1 Tectonic Activity Index

Indicator Class
No. S n Iat Class Category
Af Bs SL Vf Smf
1 2 1 3 2 1 9 5 1,8 2 High Tectonic

The earthquake data is important data to identify the activity of a fault, including Panguluran Fault in
the study area. Earthquake data are earthquake parameters that include the time of the incident, the
position of the center of the earthquake (epicenter), magnitude, and depth The position of the earthquake
center is expressed in coordinates, the magnitude converted to Mw units, and the depth in km. Based
on the parameters of earthquakes that have been obtained, then the spreading of the distribution of
earthquake center that is focused along the Panguluran Fault Zone. The plotting is distinguished based
on depth of earthquake center that is depth 0 - 50 km, 50 - 100 km, and 100 - 300 km. Based on the
results of the plotting it is seen that the points of the epicenter have a trend northeast-southwest direction
and follow the direction of Panguluran Fault.

Analysis of the distribution of earthquakes is done by identifying the distribution of earthquake center
with shallow depth (less than 50 km) associated with the activity at Panguluran Fault Zone. Where in
the research area there are four points of the earthquake that the point of the earthquake with a deep <50
km and earthquakes with a depth of 100 - 300 km.

center of earthquake depth 0-50 km

center of earthquake depth 50-100 km
center of earthquake depth 100-300 km
Study Area

Figure 1 Distribution map of earthquake center of research area from 2000 to 2013 (USGS catalog).

Conclusion

Based on Morphology, Geomorphology tectonic research area there are two types of facet triangle hills
and changes in river flow. Morphometric calculation, which includes the aspect of Drainage basin
asymmetry (Af), Drainage basin indice (Bs), Stream length – gradient index (SL), Ratio of valley floor
width to valley height (Vf) and Mountain front sinuosity (Smf). Which each of these calculations have
been in the know the results and class division that is classified as Af: classified as class 2, Bs : classified
as class 1, SL : classified as Class 3, Vf : classified as class 2, and Smf : classified as class 1. So based
on class classification, tectonic activity of research area is included into class 2 that is High Tectonic.
Panguluran fault is a fault that has many points of earthquake in the zone. So the panguluran fault is
classified into an active fault classification (Tjia, 1976).
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