Tutorials

Q.1. Determine the inductance of a 1-phase transmission line having the following arrangement of
conductors. One circuit consists of three wires of 2 mm dia each and the other circuit two wires of 4 mm
dia each.

Q.2. A 3-phase 50 Hz transmission line has conductors of section 90 mm2 and effective diameter of 1 cm
and they are placed at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of side 1 metre. The line is 20 km long and
delivers a load of 10 MW at 33 KV and p.f. 0.8. Neglect capacitance and assume temperature of 20°C.
Determine the efficiency and regulation of the line.

Q.3. A load of three impedances each (6 + j9) is supplied through a line having an impedance of (1 + j2)
ohm. The supply voltage is 400 volts 50 Hz. Determine the power input and output when the load is (i)
star connected and, (ii) delta connected.

Q.4. Determine the efficiency and regulation of a 3-phase, 100 km, 50 Hz transmission line delivering 20
MW at a p.f. of 0.8 lagging and 66 kV to a balanced load. The conductors are of copper, each having
resistance 0.1 ohm per km, 1.5 cm outside dia, spaced equilaterally 2 metres between centres. Neglect
leakage and use nominal-T method.

Q.5. Determine the efficiency and regulation of a 3-phase, 100 km, 50 Hz transmission line delivering 20
MW at a p.f. of 0.8 lagging and 66 kV to a balanced load. The conductors are of copper, each having
resistance 0.1 ohm per km, 1.5 cm outside dia, spaced equilaterally 2 metres between centres. Neglect
leakage and use nominal-π method.

Q.6. Find the critical disruptive voltage and the critical voltages for local and general corona on a 3-phase
overhead transmission line, consisting of three stranded copper conductors spaced 2.5 m apart at the
corners of an equilateral triangle. Air temperature and pressure are 21°C and 73.6 cm Hg respectively.
The conductor dia, irregularity factor and surface factors are 10.4 mm, 0.85, 0.7 and 0.8 respectively.
Q.7. Determine the corona characteristics of a 3-phase line 160 km long, conductor diameter 1.036 cm,
2.44 m delta spacing, air temperature 26.67°, altitude 2440 m, corresponding to an approximate
barometric pressure of 73.15 cm, operating voltage 110 kV at 50 Hz.

Q.8. A transmission line conductor having a dia of 19.5 mm weights 0.85 kg/m. The span is 275 metres.
The wind pressure is 39 kg/m2 of projected area with ice coating of 13mm. The ultimate strength of the
conductor is 8000 kg. Calculate the maximum sag if the factor of safety is 2 and ice weighs 910 kg/m3.

Q.9. An overhead line at a river crossing is supported from two towers of heights 30 metres and 90 metres
above water level with a span of 300 metres. The weight of the conductor is 1 kg/metre and the working
tension is 2000 kg. Determine the clearance between the conductor and the water level mid-way between
the towers.

Q.10. A conductor of 1 cm dia passes centrally through a porcelain cylinder of internal dia 2 cms and
external dia 7cms. The cylinder is surrounded by a tightly fitting metal sheath. The permittivity of
porcelain is 5 and the peak voltage gradient in air must not exceed 34 kV/cm. Determine the maximum
safe working voltage.

Q.11. In a 33 kV overhead line, there are three units in the string of insulators. If the capacitance between
each insulator pin and earth is 11% of self-capacitance of each insulator, find (i) the distribution of
voltage over 3 insulators and (ii) string efficiency.

Q.12. A 3-phase transmission line is being supported by three disc insulators. The potentials across top
unit (i.e., near to the tower) and middle unit are 8 kV and 11 kV respectively. Calculate (i) the ratio of
capacitance between pin and earth to the self-capacitance of each unit (ii) the line voltage and (iii) string
efficiency.

Q.13. A string of 5 insulators is connected across a 100 kV line. If the capacitance of each disc to earth is
0·1 of the capacitance of the insulator, calculate (i) the distribution of voltage on the insulator discs and
(ii) the string efficiency.

Q.14. Each line of a 3-phase system is suspended by a string of 3 indentical insulators of self-capacitance
C farad. The shunt capacitance of connecting metal work of each insulator is 0·2C to earth and 0·1 C to
line. Calculate the string efficiency of the system if a guard ring increases the capacitance to the line of
metal work of the lowest insulator to 0·3 C.

Q.15. A 3-phase line has conductors 2 cm in diameter spaced equilaterally 1 m apart. If the dielectric
strength of air is 30 kV (max) per cm, find the disruptive critical voltage for the line. Take air density
factor δ = 0·952 and irregularity factor mo = 0·9.

Q.16. A 3-phase, 220 kV, 50 Hz transmission line consists of 1·5 cm radius conductor spaced 2 metres
apart in equilateral triangular formation. If the temperature is 40ºC and atmospheric pressure is 76 cm,
calculate the corona loss per km of the line. Take mo = 0·85.

Q.17. A transmission line has a span of 150 m between level supports. The conductor has a cross-
sectional area of 2 cm2. The tension in the conductor is 2000 kg. If the specific gravity of the conductor
material is 9·9 gm/cm3 and wind pressure is 1·5 kg/m length, calculate the sag. What is the vertical sag?

Q.18. A transmission line has a span of 200 metres between level supports. The conductor has a cross-
sectional area of 1·29 cm2, weighs 1170 kg/km and has a breaking stress of 4218 kg/cm2. Calculate the
sag for a safety factor of 5, allowing a wind pressure of 122 kg per square metre of projected area. What
is the vertical sag?

Q.19. Find the inductance per phase per km of double circuit 3-phase line shown in fig below. The
conductors are transposed and are of radius 0·75 cm each. The phase sequence is ABC.
Q.20. A single core lead covered cable is to be designed for 66 kV to earth. Its conductor radius is 0.5 cm
and its three insulating materials A, B and C have relative permittivities of 4, 2.5 and 4.0 with maximum
permissible stresses of 50, 30 and 40 kV/cm respectively. Determine the minimum internal diameter of
the lead sheath. Discuss the arrangement of the insulating materials.

Q.21. A conductor of 1 cm dia passes centrally through a porcelain cylinder of internal dia 2 cms and
external dia 7 cms. The cylinder is surrounded by a tightly fitting metal sheath. The permittivity of
porcelain is 5 and the peak voltage gradient in air must not exceed 34 kV/cm. Determine the maximum
safe working voltage.

Q.22. A 66 kV concentric cable with two inter-sheaths has a core diameter 1.8 cm. Dielectric material 3.5
mm thick constitutes the three zones of insulation. Determine the maximum stress in each of the three
layers if 20 kV is maintained across each of the inner two.