Geo4270 - Reseval PDF

GEO4270 – EXERCISE 2
PROSPECT EVALUATION
GEO4270
Integrated Basin Analysis and Prospect Evaluation
1. Integrated Seismic (reflection/refraction), Gravity and Magnetics

and Basin Modelling
– Large Scale Structures of the Basin
– Deeper Parts of the Basin
– Tectonic Development of the Basin
– Maturation of Hydrocarbons
2. Prospect Evaluation
2 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

GEO4270
Prospect Evaluation
Tampen Spur:
Gullfaks; Snorre; Statfjord
Statfjord, Horda Platform:
Visund, Tordis Troll, Oseberg
Migration
Mature HC

GEO4270
Prospect Evaluation
Prospect, n. An examination or test of the mineral

richness of a locality or of the material from which
the ore, etc. is extracted
OED IV.
OED, IV 10.
10 Mining b
b.
Evaluation, The action of evaluating or

determining the value of (a mathematical expression,
a physical quantity, etc.), or of estimating the force of
(e.g. probabilities, evidence)
OED, 2.

GEO4270
Course Contents
• Introduction
• PETREL™ Introduction Course
• Exercise: Statfjord Field
– Data
D t loading
l di
– Interpretation
– Reservoir Modelling and Prospect Evaluation
– Report
• Follow up meetings
• Lecture on Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling

GEO4270
Prospect Evaluation – Exercise Data
• Offshore Norway – Northern North Sea
• What will we be using during the project:
– Seismic data
• 2D
• 3D
– Well data
• Formation Tops
• Geophysical
G h i l wellll llogs

WELL LOGGING / CORRELATION
Æ Resistivity
Æ Porosity
Æ SP
GEO4250
Short summary
GEO4270 – Well Logging / Correlation
Formation Evaluation
Formation evaluation, the process of using borehole

measurements to evaluate the characteristics of subsurface
formations.
H l d D.P.,
Helander, D P 1983.
1983 Fundamentals
F d t l off F
Formation
ti E Evaluation
l ti

Formation Evaluation – Objectives
• Identification of the reservoir (primary)

• Estimating hydrocarbons in place (primary)
• Reservoir properties
– Shape
– Thickness
– Porosity and permeability
– Lithology
• Well-to-well correlation
• Formation dip
• Surface seismic well tie
• A few more additional related to HC production

GEO4270 – Well Logging /Correlation
Hydrocarbons in Place
7758 AhφS oi
N = initial oil in place (stb)
A = drainage area (acres)
N= h = productive interval thickness (ft)
Boi

φ = effective porosity (fraction)
Soi = initial oil saturation (fraction)
43,560 AhφS oi
Boi = initial oil formation volume factor (reservoir
bbl/stb)
G= G = initial gas in place (scf)
Sgi = initial gas saturation (fraction)
Bgi
Bgi = initial gas formation volume factor (ft3/scf)
Oil formation volume factor: Oil and dissolved gas volume at reservoir conditions divided by oil volume at
standard conditions.
Gas formation volume factor: Gas volume at reservoir conditions divided by gas volume at standard
conditions.
Hydrocarbon Reserves
Np = Oil Reserves (stb)

φe = effective porosity (fraction)
N p = φe S o hAr

So = Oil saturation (fraction)
h = productive interval thickness (ft)
A = drainage area (acres)
r = Recovery Factor

Important Parameters
Saturation (S), n. [Formation Evaluation]

The relative amount of water, oil and gas in the pores of a rock, usually
as a percentage of volume
volume. The pore space that does not contain
formation water is assumed to contain hydrocarbons. Mathematically this
can be expressed as:
Shc = 1 – Sw
Where Shc = hydrocarbon saturation

Sw = water saturation
If Sw is low, the formation is potentially productive

Porosity (φ), n. [Geology]

The percentage of pore volume or void space, or that volume
within rock that can contain fluids.
– Total Porosity (φt): The total pore volume per unit
volume of rock
– Effective Porosity (φe): The interconnected pore volume
or void space in a rock that contributes to fluid flow or
permeability in a reservoir

Permeability (k), n. [Geology]

The ability, or measurement of a rock's ability, to transmit
fluids.
Permeability is required to calculate the flow rate at which

hydrocarbons can be produced, following Darcy’ law:
k dpp
u=−
μ dx
Permeability will not be addressed in the course

How can we measure these parameters?
Water Saturation
Water saturation can be measured with the help of:

Resistivity (R), n. [Formation Evaluation]
The ability of a material to resist electrical conduction. It is the
inverse of conductivity and is measured in ohmmohmm. The
resistivity is a property of the material, whereas the resistance
p
also depends on the volume measured.
!! Hydrocarbons are resistive while formation water is

conductive !!

Water Saturation
• The Resistivity of a formation is dependent on:

– Presence of Formation water / Hydrocarbons
– Salinity of Formation water
– Temperature of Formation water
– Volume of water-saturated ppore spacep
– Geometry of the pore space
– Morphology
p gy and species
p of clayy minerals

Water Saturation
Relation between Water Saturation and Resistivity

• Archie’s equation
q ((Archie,, G.E.,, 1942))
• Sw = Water saturation
• ( φm)):
y Factor (a/φ
F = Formation Resistivity
• Porosity (φ)
FRw Ro
Sw = = • Tortuosity factor (a)
Rt Rt • Cementation factor (m)
• Rw = Resistivity of the formation water
• Rt = Resistivity of a rock with HC, i.e.
true resistivity
• Ro = Resistivity of the 100% water-
water
saturated rock

Porosity
• Direct measurements
– Conventional coring
– Sidewall coring
• Indirect Measurements
– Sonic Logg
– Density Log
– Neutron Logg

Porosity
Sonic Log, n. [Geophysics]

A type of acoustic log that displays traveltime of P-waves versus depth
(recorded in interval transit time (Δt), μs/ft, which is the reciprocal of
velocity) Sonic logs are typically recorded by pulling a tool on a wireline up
velocity).
the wellbore. The tool emits a sound wave that travels from the source to the
formation and back to a receiver.
L symbol:
Log b l DT

Porosity
• Dependent on lithology and porosity
• Sonic porosity derived by:
T φsonic =
⎛ Δtlog
⎜ l − Δt matrix
⎞
⎟× 1
⎜ Δt − Δt ⎟ Cp
⎝ f matrix ⎠
φsonic = sonic derived porosity

Δtmatrix = interval transit time of the matrix (table)
Δtlog = interval transit time of the formation
R1 Δtf = interval transit time of the fluid in the wellbore (fresh mud = 189; salt mud = 185)
Cpp = compaction
p factor =
Δt sh × C
R2
100
with:
– Δtsh = interval transit time for adjacent shale
– C = a constant, normally 1.0

Porosity
Density Log, n. [Formation Evaluation]

A well log that records formation density. The logging tool consists of a
gamma-ray source (e.g., Cs137) and a detector shielded from the source so
that it records backscattered gamma rays from the formation (Compton
scattering).
i ) Th
The backscattering
b k i ddepends
d on theh electron
l ddensity
i off the
h
formation, which is roughly proportional to the bulk density.
Log symbol: RHOB, DEN

Porosity
Density Log
1. Identify evaporite minerals
2. Detect gas-bearing zones
3. Determine hydrocarbon
density
4. Evaluate shaly sand reservoirs
and complex lithologies

Porosity
• DRHO is a correction curve, if DRHO >
0.20 gm/cc the RHOB curve is invalid
• RHOB (formation bulk density) is a
function of matrix density, porosity and
density of the fluids in the pores,
th f
therefore:
ρ matrix − ρ b
φden =
ρ matrix − ρ f
with:
φden = density derived porosity
ρmatrix = matrix density (table)
ρb = formation
f ti bbulk
lk ddensity
it
ρf = fluid density
DRHO = 0.20 L symbol:

Log b l DPHI
Porosity
Neutron Porosity, adj. [Formation Evaluation]

Referring to a log of porosity based on the effect of the formation on fast neutrons emitted
by a source.
source Hydrogen has by far the biggest effect in slowing down and capturing
neutrons. Since hydrogen is found mainly in the pore fluids, the neutron porosity log
responds principally to porosity. However, the matrix and the type of fluid also have an
effect.
S l d in
Scaled i equivalent
i l t limestone
li t porosity
it units,
it i.e.
i low
l NPHI values
l representt limestone
li t
Log symbol: NPHI, CN
H d
Hydrogen iin pore water,
t hhydrocarbons
d b and h l NOT in
d shales i quartz,
t ffeldspars
ld and
d
carbonates

Correlation Logs
Gamma Ray Log

• A well log of the natural
formation radioactivity level
• The log mainly reflects clay
content because clay
contains
t i ththe radioactive
di ti
isotopes of K, U and Th
• Often used in association
with the SP-log

Correlation Logs
Spontaneous Potential Log
• A record of Direct Current (DC)
voltage (or Potential) that develops
naturally (spontaneous) between a
moveable electrode in the well and
a fixed electrode located at the
surface
• Used to
– Correlation
– Detect permeable beds
– Detect boundaries of permeable beds
– Determine formation-water resistivity (Rw)
– Determine the volume of shale in permeable
b d
beds
– Detection of hydrocarbons by the suppression of
the SP curve
• Often used in association with the
GR-log
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
Æ Reservoir Identification
Æ Seismic Attributes
GEO4240
Sh t summary
Short
GEO4270 – Seismic Interpretation
Reservoir Identification
• Phase
• Polarity
• Amplitude
• Spatial Extent Seismic characteristics
• Frequency helping to identify HC
• V l it
Velocity
• AVO
• Shear wave

Identify Phase and Polarity
Minimum Phase
RC+ RC-
Normal Polarity Reverse Polarity

Zero Phase
RC+ RC-


Seismic Attributes
• An attribute is a derivative of a basic seismic measurement

• All th
the hhorizon
i andd fformation
ti attributes
tt ib t available
il bl ((see Fi
Fig. 88-
1) are not independent of each other but simply different
ways of presenting and studying a limited amount of basic
information
f
• That basic information is time, amplitude, frequency and
attenuation and these form the basis of our attribute
classification
• Seismic attributes may be defined as “all the information
obtained from seismic datadata, either by direct measurements
or by logical or experience based reasoning.” (Taner, 1998)

Seismic Attributes
• Time-derived attributes provide structural information

• Amplitude derived attributes provide stratigraphic and reservoir
Amplitude-derived
information
• Frequency-derived attributes are not yet well understood but there is
wide-spread
wide spread optimism that they will provide additional useful
stratigraphic and reservoir information
• Attenuation is not used today, but there is a possibility that in the future
it will yyield information on ppermeabilityy
• Most attributes are derived from the normal stacked and migrated data
volume but variations of basic measurements as a function of angleg of
incidence (and hence source to receiver offset) provides a further source
of information. The principal examples of these pre-stack attributes is
AVO

Seismic Attributes

Seismic Attributes

Seismic Attributes
• Time Slice!

Property Modeling (or Reservoir Modeling)
”It is better to have a model of uncertainty

th an illusion
than ill i off reality”
lit ”
Andre Journel
GEO4270 – Property Modeling
Introduction
• Goal of Property modeling:

– Capture geology and build realistic property models
• Goal of Reservoir modeling:

– Predicting rock properties at unsampled locations and forecasting the future
flow behaviour of complex geological and engineering systems (Deutsch,
12002)
b use off G
by Geostatistics
t ti ti

Why create a realistic reservoir property model?
• We are making big decisions based on limited data

• Maximize the usage of all information – optimise production
• Correct upscaling of logs and a proper facies interpretation
is important
• Reservoir properties are critical factors affecting production

Geostatistics
• Geostatistics is a branch of applied statistics that places

emphasis
h i on:
– The geological context of the data
– The spatial
p relationshipp between the data
– Data measured with different volumetric support and precision
Business
B i Need:
N d make k th
the bbestt possible
ibl ddecision
i i iin th
the fface off
uncertainty. Uncertainty exists because of our incomplete
g of a dataset ((always
knowledge y incomplete
p data).
) One of
the biggest uncertainties is the numerical description of the
subsurface

Examples of Geostatistics
• Analysis of variables in space

• Samples located close to each other are probably more
similar than samples located far from each other
• The spatial coordinates of the observed samples are built
into the statistic formulas
• Examples:
– Gold content in ore (ppm)
– Reservoir sandstone porosity (%)
– Reservoir sandstone bed thickness (meter/feet)

Incorporate the Maximum Amount of Data
Well data Seismic data Production Outcrops Other geological studies
Integrated study
• Structure ((horizon,, fault))
• Stratigraphic correlation
• Facies images
• Framework
Deterministic
information
• Sedimentological model • Histogram

• Facies description Conceptual Statistical • Variogram
• Connectivity information information • Correlation
• Trend
• Variation

Sequential Approach to Property Modeling
1. Defining the geometry and stratigraphic layering of the reservoir interval to be

modeled
– Involves the development of a conceptual model for the major architecture and continuity of
facies, porosity and permeability witihin each layer
2. The facies rock types are modeled by either (1) cell-based or (2) object-based
techniques within each stratigraphic layer
3. The porosity is modeled on a by-facies basis before permeability because there
are more reliable porosity data available
4. The 3-D models of permeability are constrained to the porosity, facies and
l
layering
i previously
i l established
t bli h d
5. Multiple equally likely realizations are created by repeating the entire process
― Each realization is ”equally likely to be drawn”; however, some realizations are more similar to
others, hence their class has higher probability
6. These models are input to a simulator or visualized and used to aid in decision
making

Tampen Spur
Introduction
Tampen Spur
Location
F

Statfjord Field
Facts
• Discovery well: 33/12-1

• Discovery Year: 1974
• Gullfaks producing since 24.11.1979
24 11 1979
– Total production of saleable products 04.2007: 633.786214 mill. Sm3 o.e.
– Recoverable reserves:
• Oil: 13.60 mill Sm3 Statfjord Production
• Gas: 25.70 bill Sm 3 50
• NGL: 11.40 mill tonne

45
40
• Total number of wells: 282 35
30
Sm3
25
20
15
10
0
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
Year
Oil [mill Sm3] Gas [bill Sm3] Sm3o.e. [mill] Water [mill Sm3]
NGL: Natural Gas Liquids, incl. propane, butane, pentane, hexane and heptane, but not methane and ethane
1 tonne NGL: 1.9 Sm3 o.e.

Tampen Spur
Stratigraphy

From: Evans et al, 2003, Millenium Atlas
Tampen Spur
Cross Section

GEO42 0 – Prospect
GEO4270 P Evaluation
E l i
• IMPORTANT!
– PETREL™ is ”just” a tool which helps you with your interpretation and
modeling
– Thiss eexercise
e c se iss meant
ea for
o leaning
ea g reservoir
ese o identification,
de ca o , reservoir
ese o
evaluation and reservoir modeling
– The results depend completely on your own interpretation
andd the
th accuracy off the
th available
il bl data
d t

I
Important lilinks
k
• http://www.npd.no/English/Produkter+og+tjenester/Fakta+og
+statistikk/fakta-start.htm (Norway Wells)
• http://www.og.dti.gov.uk/information/wells.htm (UK Wells)

R f
References
• Asquith, G. and Krygowski, D. (2004). Basic Well Log

Analysis
• Brown, A. (2004). Interpretation of Three-Dimensional
Seismic Data
• Deutsch, C. (2002). Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling
• Evans, D. et al. (2003). Millenium Atlas
• Schlumberger (2006). Petrel Seismic to Simulation Software
– Property
P t Modeling
M d li Course,
C v.2005
2005

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GEO4270 – EXERCISE 2

1. Integrated Seismic (reflection/refraction), Gravity and Magnetics

2 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

3 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

Prospect, n. An examination or test of the mineral

Evaluation, The action of evaluating or

4 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

5 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

6 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

Formation evaluation, the process of using borehole

8 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

• Identification of the reservoir (primary)

9 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

 Np = Oil Reserves (stb)

11 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

Saturation (S), n. [Formation Evaluation]

Where Shc = hydrocarbon saturation

If Sw is low, the formation is potentially productive

12 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

Porosity (φ), n. [Geology]

13 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

Permeability (k), n. [Geology]

Permeability is required to calculate the flow rate at which

Permeability will not be addressed in the course

Water saturation can be measured with the help of:

!! Hydrocarbons are resistive while formation water is

16 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

• The Resistivity of a formation is dependent on:

17 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

Relation between Water Saturation and Resistivity

18 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

19 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

Sonic Log, n. [Geophysics]

20 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

φsonic = sonic derived porosity

21 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

Density Log, n. [Formation Evaluation]

22 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

23 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

DRHO = 0.20 L symbol:

Neutron Porosity, adj. [Formation Evaluation]

25 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

Gamma Ray Log

26 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

29 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

Normal Polarity Reverse Polarity

30 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

31 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

• An attribute is a derivative of a basic seismic measurement

32 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

• Time-derived attributes provide structural information

33 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

34 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

35 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

36 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

”It is better to have a model of uncertainty

• Goal of Property modeling:

• Goal of Reservoir modeling:

38 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

• We are making big decisions based on limited data

39 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

• Geostatistics is a branch of applied statistics that places

40 10/14/2008 GEO4270 - Michel Heeremans

Np = Oil Reserves (stb)