Biol 10 – Spring 2016

Final Study Guide

Scientific Thinking
 Explain how science can help us answer questions
 Name common misconceptions related to how science works and explain why
they are misconceptions
 Be able to determine whether or not if something is scientific
 Identify key components that give scientific studies validity
 Compare theories and laws in science

Nutrition
 Name and describe the essential nutrients (biological molecules) that are needed
for fuel and raw building materials by the human body
 Explain how and why extra energy taken in is stored in the human body.
 Describe the process through which carbohydrates are broken down to provide
energy to organisms. (cellular respiration)
 Distinguish between the different types of carbohydrates and how they are
broken down at different rates by the human body.
 Distinguish between the different types of fats and how the human body breaks
them down differently.
 Explain how the process of photosynthesis is essential to all life on earth.
 Know what BMI is and why it may not be the best indicator of health.
 Understand that all nutrients on Earth are cycled

Infection
 Name the three lines of defense the human body has against infection and
how they function.
o Describe all three lines of defense: How do they each function? How
do they provide you with protection?
 Define Immunity
o Compare Active and Passive Immunity
 Compare a primary response to a secondary response (first contact, second
contact)
 Explain how a vaccination can protect you from an infectious disease
 Describe how antibiotics work and why they are not effective against viral
diseases
o Explain why there are negative side effects on the human body from
the use of antibiotics
o Describe how natural variation in genetic traits of bacteria can lead to
antibiotic resistance
  Know what could go wrong with your immune system: allergies and
autoimmune diseases
 Cancer
o What is metastasis?
o How is cancer related to the cell cycle?
o What are carcinogens?

Ecology
 What is evolution?
 Explain natural selection. How does variation in a population and changes in
the environment lead to changes in the traits of a population over time?
 Why is mutation random but natural selection is not?
 What does species “fitness” refer to?
 How do scientists define a species?
 What conditions can cause one population to become two different species (a
speciation event)?
 Explain some of the observed examples of speciation in nature.
 List the seven lines of evidence for evolution given in class and
describe/explain the examples given for each.
 What is biodiversity?
 What factors affect biodiversity? Distinguish between abiotic and biotic
factors (give examples of each).
 How does climate affect biodiversity?
 What is climate?
 What makes Earth’s climate?
 Describe the greenhouse effect.
 How do we know that Earth’s climate has changed over the last 400,000+
years?
 What causes climate to change?
 List some consequences of climate change and describe specific examples.