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Introduction to
Electrical Power Systems
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Cooling towers
Electrical substation
Coal fired power station
Generation:
Q1. What is the output current per phase if a 500MW turbine +generator is
used and is operating at its rated output power ?
500MW/3 ÷ (22kV/√3) = 13kA at 22kV
Q2. Why is the generator operating at 22kV rather than 400kV or 400V ?
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Load
Generator Load
Generator
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Transmission:
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= circuit breaker
400kV Substation
= disconnector
= transformer
Transmission feeders
Substation:
interconnecting 4
transmission feeders
Miss July
Transmission
Pylon of the Month!
Mr
January
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= circuit breaker
Bulk Substation
= disconnector
= transformer
Transmission
network
Sub-transmission
network
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busbar
isolator
circuit breaker CT’s
Electrical Substation
Sub-transmission &
distribution line on
same tower (USA)
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Distribution Network
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Distribution substation
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11 kV overhead line
V1 V2 V3 SW3
33/11 kV
Transformer SW1 SW2 680V/11 kV
Transformer
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3-phase supply
Transmission network:-
overhead lines are used across the country and cables in urban areas
generated power = consumed power, demand increases must be matched by increases in generation
system frequency (50Hz) increases if generated power > demanded power
system frequency (50Hz) decreases if generated power < demanded power
system frequency is controlled to be 50Hz.
Distribution network:-
transfer power from transmission network to regions, towns and homes
discuss reasons for different voltage levels.
Environmental impact:-
impact of fossil fuels on air quality, CO2, SOX, NOX emissions
advantages/disadvantages of renewable energy sources and nuclear
Economic cost of different sources of energy and need for reliability
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Revision
Revision
• Why 3-phase?
– Increases the rating of a.c. generators
– a.c. allows conversion of electrical to mechanical energy
– Comparative capacity of machines operating with different phases:
• 1-phase = two connecting wires = 1.00 capacity
• 2-phase = three connecting wires = 1.41 capacity
• 3-phase = three connecting wires = 1.50 capacity
• 4-phase = four connecting wires = 1.53 capacity
• -phase = connecting wires = 1.57 capacity
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Revision
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Diesel Generators:
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Power
company
Photo Voltaic Wind power Hydraulic Fuel cell
Gas
company Measure
ment
Information
network
Buildings,
hospitals, Hydrogen
schools, etc. Control Supply side
system
Sewage Biomass
Co-generationDemand side treatment power
Electricity
Heat
Residential Public Energy storage
load Refuse power
load (NAS battery)
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Biomass バイオマスプラント
牛糞尿 plant (Night soil)
PV power
太陽光発電 Bio Gas
Gen
← Engine
Load
負荷
Historical perspective
• Some countries (e.g. Sweden) maintained town and city authorities and
constructed CHP plants (provides district heating & local electricity generation)
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Distributed Generation
Distribution
Network
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Future ??
• Future
– DG provides system reinforcement
(i.e. local real & reactive support)
– DG provides fuel security (depends on energy source)
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Issues:
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S Tr. S Tr.
Main Centralized
Generation Plant
TL TL
Transmission System
DSS DSS
Gas Turbine
Fuel Cell
DSS Micro Turbine
DSS
PV Gas Turbine
Flywheel
Batteries
Commercial Load Industrial Load
Fuel Cell
Distribution System
Residential Loads
Distribution Network Is No More Vertically Operated
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P,Q P,Q
Load
Dispersed Generation
P,Q? P,Q?
P,-Q
pv
P+/-Q
P,+/-Q
CHP S
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Power
Load curve
Supply from the
utility grid
(constant)
0
Charge Charge
energy DG output energy
storage storage
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
hour
Fuel cell
Hydrogen
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CIRED Data
Dispersed generation/Total installed generating capacity
EnergieNed Data
CIGRE Data
45
40
35
30
25
%
20
15
10
5
0
Netherlands
Germany
Ireland
Belgium
Italy
Denmark
Finland
Poland
Sweden
Australia
Portugal
Greece
Austria
France
Spain
UK
Distributed generation & consumption in
Denmark (source Eltra)
7000
6000
5000
Consumption
4000
MW
Offshore wind
3000 CHP
Onshore wind
2000
1000
0
1990 1998 2005 2015
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• Estimate the average output in MW from gas, coal, nuclear, wind, water, oil and other
power stations by 2020?
Q&A
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