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of long-
long-span bridges
in atmospheric turbulent flow
Le Thai Hoa
Kyoto University
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Bridge aerodynamics
3. Literature reviews on stability and response
analyses
4. General formation of stability and response
5. Analytical method for stability analysis
6. Analytical method for response prediction
7. Numerical example and discussions
8. Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Suspension Bridges
Akashi (Japan) 1991
K ie n 2 7 0 m
M yTh u a n 3 5 0 m
Span length (m)
Th u Th ie m 4 0 5 m
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
B a iC h a y 4 3 5 m
Stonecutter 1018
Sutong(China)1088
LONG-SPAN BRIDGES IN WORLD AND VIETNAM
RESEARCH TOOLS IN WIND ENGINEERING
Computational tools:
Fluid and solid mechanics
+
Experimental tools:
Wind Tunnel Tests
+
Simulation tools:
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
WIND TUNNEL TESTS
Serviceable Discomfort
Dynamic Fatique
Vortex-induced vibration
Structural Catastrophe
Aeroelastic Instability
Flutter Instability
Extreme vibration and failure images of Tacoma Narrow
RESPONSE AMPLITUDE AND VELOCITY
Response Vortex-induced Buffeting Flutter and Galloping
Response
Amplitude Response Instabilities
Karman-induced ‘Lock-in’
Response Response
Random Forces Self-excited Forces
in Turbulence Wind in Smooth or
Forced Forces Self-excited
Turbulence Wind
Forces
Resonance
Peak Value
U
Reduced Velocity U re
nB
Note: Classification of low, medium and high velocity ranges is relative together
FLUTTER INSTABILITY
The target of Flutter analysis and Flutter resistance design for long-span
bridges is to
Tracing the critical condition of Flutter occurrence
Determining the critical wind velocity of Flutter occurrence
LITERATURE REVIEW IN STABILITY ANALYSIS (2)
Quasi-steady/ corrected
Linear analysis buffeting forces
Frequency Domain Methods Turbulence modeling
(Power spectral density)
Spectral analysis method
(Correction functions)
Buffeting response
prediction methods Quasi-steady/unsteady
buffeting model
Time Domain Methods Time-history
turbulence simulation
Mechanical
Admittance
Background and
Resonance Parts
K K P ; C C P
*
2
*
1
K [ K ] ; C [C ]
* T * * T *
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 H * 0 BH *
0 0 0 0 0 H *
0 0
1 2 3
0 0 P1* BP *
0 0 0 0 0 P *
0 0
P1 1 U 2 B K L 2
1
P2 U 2 BK 2 L 3
4 U 0 BA1* 0 B2 A *
2 0 0 4 0 0 0 BA *
3 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MULTIMODE FLUTTER ANALYSIS
Generalized basic equation in the State Space
I
C * K * 0
A Y B Y
Y e
0 I I 0
A I C * B 0 K * Y et t
Where:
A B
B Z A Z Z
A1 B Z Z
D Z Z
K Z Z
C * * C * K *
D
I 0 I 0
Standard form of Eigen Problem
SINGLE-MODE AND TWO-MODE FLUTTER ANALYSIS
1DOF motion equation associated with ith mode in modal space
i 2 i i i i2 i pi (t )
Where: pi (t ) i P1 i i P2 i :Generalized force of ith mode
T T
1 BK * 1
pi (t) U 2 [H1 Ghi hj P1* Gpi p j B2 A2* Gi j ]i U 2 BK2 [ BA3* Gi j ]i
2 U 2
m
Grmsn l k ( r ,k ) m ( s , k ) n : Modal sums
k 1
Transformation processes
Fluctuating buffeting forces (Lift, Drag and Moment) per unit deck
length can be determined as follows due to the Quasi-steady Assumption
1 2 2u (t ) ' w(t )
Lb (t ) U B[C L 0 CL ]
2 U U
1 2u (t ) w(t )
Db (t ) U 2 B[C D 0 C D' ]
2 U U
1 2 2 2u (t ) ' w(t )
M b (t ) U B [C M 0 CM ]
2 U U
u(t), w(t): Horizontal and vertical fluctuations
SPECTRUM OF BUFFETING FORCES (1)
Spectrum of unit (point-like )buffeting forces can be computed
as such form
1
S L ( ) ( UBl ) 2 [4C L 0 Lu ( ) S u ( ) C L' Lw ( ) S w ( )]
2
1
S D ( ) ( UBl ) 2 [4C D 0 Du ( ) Su ( ) CD' Dw ( ) S w ( )]
12
S M ( ) ( UB 2 l ) 2 [4C M 0 Mu ( ) S u ( ) C M' Mw ( ) S w ( )]
2
Aerodynamic Admittance Spectra of fluctuations
| Lu (n h ) | 2 | Lw (n h ) | 2 | L (n h ) | 2
SPECTRUM OF BUFFETING FORCES (2)
Spectrum of spanwise buffeting forces can be expressed
4 L12 L22
S L ,i (n) [ 2 S u (nh ) 2 S w ( nh )]| J L (n h ) | 2 | L (n h ) | 2
U U
2
4 D1 D22
S D ,i (n) [ 2 S u (n p ) 2 S w (n p )]| J D ( n p ) | 2 | D (n p ) | 2
U U
2
4M 1 M 22
S M ,i (n) [ 2 S u (n ) 2 S w (n )] | J M (n ) | 2 | M (n ) | 2
U U
1 1 2 ' 2
2
L1 U C L 0 B 2 L 2 U C L B
2 2
1 1
2
D1 U C D 0 B 2
D2 U 2 C D' B 2
2 2
1 1 2 ' 2
2
M 1 U C M 0 B 2 M 2 U C D B
2 2
SPECTRUM OF RESPONSE
Generalized response of ith mode and total generalized response
in three coordinates (response combination by SRSS principle)
2, F ,i S , F ,i (n)dn F=L, D or M
0
N
2, F SQRT ( 2 , F ,i )
i 1
System response
N
2
X2 , F SQRT { r [riT ( x k ) 2 , F ,i ri ( x k )]}
i 1
r= h, p or
B r h or p
r
1 r
BACKROUND AND RESONANCE COMPONENTS OF
SYSTEM RESPONSE
Background and resonance components of generalized response
of ith mode
n2 2 2 n
2
2
S ,i (n) dn
i | H (ni ) | S b ,i (n)dn {I [(1 2 ) 4 i 2 ]}1 S b ,i (n)dn
2
i
2
0 0 0 ni ni
2
,i 2 2 2 1 2 ni
Bi Ri B,i 2 Sb ,i (n)dn and R ,i 2
Sb, i (ni )
I i0 4 i I i
Background Resonance
2 (Hz) (s)
22
FLUTTER DERIVATIVES
20 3.5
15 3
10 2.5
H2* A3*
A *i (i= 1 , 2 , 3 )
H *i(i= 1 ,2 ,3 )
5 2
0 1.5
A1*
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1
-5 H*1
H*2
H3*
-10 H1* 0.5
H*3
0 A2*
-15
-0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
-20
CD CL
0.1
0.5
0.08 0.4
Force coefficient
0.06 0.3
0.04 0.2
0.1
0.02
0
0
-8 -4 0 4 8 -0.1 -8 -4 0 4 8
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
Static force coefficients above
0
-8 -4 0 4 8
were determined by wind-tunnel
Attack angle (degree) experiment [T.H.Le (2003)]
JOINT ACCEPTANCE FUNCTION
Joint acceptance function can be computed by following formulas
L L
2 cn h x
| J F ( x A , x B , nh ) | 0 exp( U )ri ( x A )ri ( x B )dxdx
0
i: The number of mode
Discretization F=L, D or M
r=h, p or
2 cnh x
| J L ( x, n h ) | exp( )(x)G hi hi
U
2 cn x
| J M (x, n ) | exp( )(x)G i i
U
2 cn p x
| J D (x, n p ) | exp( )(x)G pi pi
N U
Grmsn Lk (r , k )m (s , k ) n : Modal sum coefficients
k 1
( r ,k ) m : Modal value
Lk: Spanwise separation
MECHANICAL ADMITTANCE
Mechanical admittance is known as Transfer function of linear SISO
system in frequency domain
2 in ith mode,
2 determined as
2 n 2 2 n
H ni {I [(1 2 ) 4 i 2 )]}1
i
2
ni ni i s ,i a ,i
Ii: Generalized mass inertia i: Total damping ratio
6
10
(Structural s,i+ Aerodynamica,i)
4
10
Damping ratio 0.003
Resonance
Damping ratio 0.01
Damping ratio 0.015 Modes s,i a,i i
Amplitude Log(|H(n/ni)|2)
2
10
Mode 1 0.005 0.00121 0.00621
-2
10
Background Mode 4 0.005 0.0000716 0.005072
0.6
Mode 1 Mode 2
0.4 Mode 5
0.2
Mode 4
0
Mode 3
-0.2
10 20 30 40 50 60 64.5 70
64.5 80 88.5 90
88.5
Wind velocity (m/s)
1.1
Frequency (Hz)
Aerodynamic interaction
0.9
0.8
Mode 4
0.7
0.6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Wind velocity (m/s)
-1 -1
10 10 20 30 40 50
Mode 2
60 70 80 90 100 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mode 2
U= 65m/s
0 0
U= 50m/s
-1 -1
Modal Amplitude
Modal Amplitude
10 10 20 30 40 50
Mode 3
60 70 80 90 100 20 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Mode 3 (Divergence)
80 90 100
0 0
-1 -2
10 10 20 30 40 50
Mode 4
60 70 80 90 100 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mode 4
0 0
-1 -1
10 10 20 30 40 50
Mode 5
60 70 80 90 100 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Mode 5
0 0
-1 -1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (s) Time (s)
1 1
Mode 1 Mode 1
0 0
-1 -1
10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
U= 90m/s
Mode 2 Mode 2
0 0
U=70m/s
50 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 10 20 30 40 50
Mode 3 (Divergence)
60 70 80 90 100
Mode 3
0 0
-5 -1
10 10 20 30 40 50
Mode 4
60 70 80 90 100 20 10 20 30 40 50
Mode 4 (Divergence)
60 70 80 90 100
0 0
-1 -2
10 10 20 30 40 50
Mode 5
60 70 80 90 100 10 10 20 30 40 50
Mode 5
60 70 80 90 100
0 0
-1 -1
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (s) Time (s)
0.1 0.015
0.01
0.05
0.005
0
Modal response
Modal response
0
-0.005
-0.15 -0.025
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Deck nodes Deck nodes
Sa(n)
-5 -5
10 10
-10 -10
10 -1 0 1
10 -1 0 1
10 10 10 10 10 10
0
Node 15 0
Node 15
10 10
Sh(n)
-5 Sa(n) -5
10 10
-10 -10
10 -1 0 1
10 -1 0 1
10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency n(Hz) Frequency n(Hz)
0.6
0.25
RMS of vertical disp. (m)
0.4
0.15
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.05
0.1
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Mean velocity (m/s) Mean velocity (m/s)
0.15
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.05
0.1
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Deck nodes Deck nodes