Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
THEORY
Tensile loading on material causes the material to undergo deformations. The kind of deformation can either
be elastic or plastic deformation. The elastic deformation is characterised by linear relationship between the
extension and applied load. Engineering stress 𝜎 is given by the ratio of load applied to the original cross
sectional area, while engineering strain 𝜀 is given by change in length (extension) ∆𝐿 over the original length L.
(G & Barry, 2012)
Hence;
𝑃
𝜎= and (1)
𝐴𝑜
∆L
𝜀= (2)
𝐿𝑜
Where,
𝜎 is engineering stress
∆L is the extension
B. Young’s modulus
The engineering stress- strain relationship for elastic deformation is based on Hooke’s law. The gradient
on this curve gives a modulus of elasticity called The Young’s Modulus E.
𝜎
𝐸= , (3)
𝜀
Where:
𝐸 is Youngs modulus
Figure 1: stress- strain relationship under uniaxial loading. Source (Richard Budynas, 2014)
OBJECTIVES
To determine:
1. Tensile strength
2. Yield strength
3. Elastic coefficient
4. Strain
APPARATUS
1. Universal testing machine
2. Calliper
3. Sample
PROCEDURE
1. The machine is switched on
2. Create a new method
3. A new test is opened
4. The thickness, width and gauge length are measured and recorded for each sample
5. The crosshead by the button is moved on the control panel and find tune by rotary
knob to grip the sample
6. Click start from the trapezium 2 software
7. Sample will break
8. The data is saved and you may process for further data analysis by reanalysis mode