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Relu Ilie
The Israel Electric Corporation Ltd.,
Email reluilie@iec.co.il.
2.45 2.45
2.1 2.1
1.75 1.75
1.4 1.4
1.05 1.05
0.7 0.7
0.35 0.35
pu 0 pu 0
40 85 130 175 220 265 310 355 400 445 490 40 85 130 175 220 265 310 355 400 445 490
-0.35 -0.35
-0.7 -0.7
-1.05 -1.05
-1.4 -1.4
-1.75
-1.75 Rotating field flux density Armature reaction flux density
Resultant air-gap flux density Total air-gap magnetizing voltage Resultant air-gap flux density Total air-gap magnetizing voltage
-2.1 -2.1
-2.45 -2.45
Degrees Degrees
Fig. 2. Calculated flux density and magnetizing voltage curves for Fig. 3. Calculated flux density and magnetizing voltage curves for
133.75MVA, 11.5kV, 2 poles, 50Hz generator, @ no-load. 133.75MVA, 11.5kV, 2 poles, 50Hz generator, loaded @ 70MW, 30MVAR.
Flux probe data induced by leakage flux One solution to this drawback is obvious but difficult to
implement: performing the shorted turn test when the
generator is short-circuited and the field fundamental flux is
essentially cancelled by the armature reaction [5].
A more practical solution results from the above explanation
of generator basics: monitoring of each field winding coil by
slot alignment with zero flux means shifting BF angle
relatively to BR, i.e. changing the angular displacement δ'.
According to (3), this can be performed easily by choosing
different MW and MVAR loads during generator operation.
Larger angles can be obtained increasing the generator active
load or decreasing its reactive load. Highest angle values can
be usually achieved at full MW and under-excited (negative)
reactive loads.
Ignoring slot leakage flux harmonics, Fig. 2 vs. Fig. 5 and
Fig. 4. Rotor tooth tip leakage flux and flux probe data component.
Fig. 3 vs. Fig. 6 show good EM and BR waveform correlation
between calculated curves and actual measured flux probe
The main goal of the flux probe is achieved by the fact that
data. This is a promising conclusion that will be quantitatively
the voltage induced in front of each slot by the rotor leakage
verified below.
flux is proportional to the ampere-turns of the embedded coil.
Consequently, a reduced voltage is observed when shorts
occur in that coil. This principle permits comparing adjacent
slots of the same pole and diametrically opposite slots of IV. FLUX PROBE PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
different poles, leading to shorted turn detection. In order to shift the zero flux line, the manufacturers
The generator air-gap main flux is in fact an undesired noise recommend performing 5 to 12 incremental tests from zero to
for flux probe readings that alters the useful slot leakage flux full MW load, mostly at unity power-factor [6], [7], [8].
data (mainly by teeth saturation) [3]. The shorted turns For peak machines like two-shift operated gas turbines, the
detection sensitivity is highest when the background main flux flux probe data can be easily accumulated during the daily
is negligible, i.e. when the slot centerline of any particular normal starting and loading. Testing large base load generators
tested coil is located at zero BR angle. Fig. 7 shows zooms of is more difficult: some low load data can be obtained at
flux probe data exemplifying this fact: the shorted turns in synchronization, but generally the testing sequence is likely
slots #2, #4 of one pole and #3 of opposite pole are very contradictious to optimized generation and requires lengthy
prominent in the upper reading for zero BR line close to slot coordination between the test performer and the load
#3, but almost invisible when zero BR is aligned with slot #6 dispatcher. In addition, the recommended equal load
(bottom curves). (Fig.7 shows flux probe data conveniently increments do not exactly meet the zero flux requirements and
inverted and aligned to facilitate peak magnitude comparison extreme minimum / maximum loads may be unavailable due to
between poles.) operational reasons.
Fig. 5. Actual measured flux probe data (GeneratorTech, Inc. software) for Fig. 6. Actual measured flux probe data (GeneratorTech, Inc. software) for
133.75MVA, 11.5kV, 2 poles, 50Hz generator, @ no-load. 133.75MVA, 11.5kV, 2 poles, 50Hz generator, @ 70MW, 30MVAR.
MD1
15
excitation limits settings, ±5% generator terminal voltage
AT2
HG6
limits, etc.)
10
RH2 Test Input: Rotor slots centerline angles, saturation-correction
5
ZA3
factor k; System expected kV at plant location.
RT1 0
RT2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Test Output: Generator predicted MW, MVAR.
-5
- Predict MVAR for small coils (e.g. slots #1 to #4), testing as
Actual measured angular displacement δ'
long as possible at optimized or full MW required by
dispatcher. Normally, it is much faster and cheaper for plant
WITH CORRECTION
and tester to play with reactive than active loads.
20
- Predict MVAR for larger coils (e.g. slots #5 to #7), testing at
Calculated δ' absolute error
0.4
0.3
Q (pu)
0.2
0.1
0.0 Fig. 10. Block mount type flux probe (GeneratorTech, Inc. hardware) installed
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
-0.1 in a 133.75MVA, 11.5kV, 2 poles, 50Hz generator.
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
P (pu)
Fig.9. Example of constant angular displacement curves per each rotor slot.
RATED INPUT SATURATION FIELD ACTUAL INPUT OUTPUT FLUX PROBE DATA
GENERATOR MAIN TRANSFORMER CORRECTION SLOT ANGULAR DISPLACEMENT δ'
Rated Rated Unsaturated Rated Rated Rated FACTOR Active Reactive System Load
Reactance Calculated Corrected Measured Error Test time
output voltage reactance power low high power power voltage point
MVA kV pu MVA kV kV pu # MW MVAR kV deg (º) deg (º) deg (º) deg (º) # d/m/y h:m
MD1
464.4 18 2.1 450 18 169.05 0.137 1.15 8 22 38 165.2 4.9 4.3 4.6 -0.3 10 17/05/2006 19:41
464.4 18 2.1 450 18 169.05 0.137 1.15 7 75 100 164.5 13.1 11.4 13.4 -2.0 31 23/05/2006 00:11
464.4 18 2.1 450 18 169.05 0.137 1.15 6 130 107 164.0 21.6 18.8 21.8 -3.1 39 23/05/2006 00:36
464.4 18 2.1 450 18 169.05 0.137 1.15 5 150 33 164.2 31.4 27.3 29.8 -2.5 17 22/05/2006 08:57
464.4 18 2.1 450 18 169.05 0.137 1.15 4 350 120 165.0 45.5 39.6 39.9 -0.3 60 28/06/2006 23:52
464.4 18 2.1 450 18 169.05 0.137 1.15 3 350 40 164.8 54.1 47.1 44.9 2.2 59 28/06/2006 23:51
464.4 18 2.1 450 18 169.05 0.137 1.15 2 350 -30 164.0 63.9 55.6 53.7 1.9 58 28/06/2006 23:49
464.4 18 2.1 450 18 169.05 0.137 1.15 1
AT2
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 7 10 0 163.0 8.7 8.1 6.7 1.4 5 20/03/2006 16:29
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 6 20 25 163.5 12.0 11.2 14.7 -3.4 7 20/03/2006 16:31
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 5 40 30 164.3 21.8 20.4 24.3 -4.0 10 20/03/2006 16:33
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 4 70 30 164.3 35.0 32.7 34.6 -1.9 15 20/03/2006 16:36
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 3 110 30 165.0 47.7 44.6 43.8 0.8 21 20/03/2006 16:40
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 2 110 10 164.7 54.9 51.4 52.2 -0.9 26 20/03/2006 16:52
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 1 110 -10 164.5 63.7 59.5 55.2 4.4 29 20/03/2006 16:55
AT2
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 7 6 0 163.5 5.2 4.9 5.9 -1.0 3 23/10/2006 08:56
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 6 19 0 163.2 16.2 15.1 16.4 -1.3 6 23/10/2006 09:01
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 5 32 0 162.8 26.2 24.5 26.7 -2.2 11 23/10/2006 09:14
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 4 100 60 165.5 36.7 34.3 34.7 -0.4 12 23/10/2006 09:53
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 3 100 27 164.6 46.1 43.0 43.0 0.1 16 23/10/2006 10:04
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 2 100 4 163.4 55.2 51.6 49.5 2.1 17 23/10/2006 10:07
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 169.05 0.13 1.07 1 100 -10 162.8 62.0 58.0 54.0 4.0 20 23/10/2006 10:09
HG6
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 7 12 0 399.6 10.0 9.6 8.4 1.2 8 07/03/2006 14:50
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 6 20 0 399.6 16.3 15.7 13.8 1.9 10 07/03/2006 14:51
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 5 60 40 408.4 27.4 26.3 29.4 -3.0 102 10/05/2006 16:01
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 4 80 40 408.4 34.7 33.3 33.1 0.2 104 10/05/2006 16:04
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 3 90 20 408.4 44.0 42.3 43.2 -0.9 109 10/05/2006 16:08
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 2 90 5 408.4 49.7 47.7 47.8 -0.1 112 10/05/2006 16:10
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 1
HG6
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 7 7 0 403.4 5.7 5.5 6.5 -0.9 6 08/01/2007 08:35
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 6 21 0 403.4 16.8 16.2 17.2 -1.0 8 08/01/2007 08:37
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 5 37 0 403.4 28.0 27.0 29.1 -2.2 12 08/01/2007 08:40
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 4 100 52 404.4 38.1 36.6 37.8 -1.2 19 08/01/2007 08:49
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 3 100 20 404.6 47.4 45.6 45.1 0.5 23 08/01/2007 08:51
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 2 100 -6 404.0 58.0 55.8 52.6 3.1 26 08/01/2007 08:54
148.5 11.5 1.959 150 11.5 421.23 0.12 1.04 1 100 -13 404.0 61.4 59.0 54.7 4.3 28 08/01/2007 08:55
RH2
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 165.03 0.13 1.06 7 4 15 160.4 2.8 2.6 5.5 -2.9 8 25/09/2006 12:03
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 165.03 0.13 1.06 6 19 14 160.4 13.0 12.3 14.5 -2.2 10 25/09/2006 12:05
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 165.03 0.13 1.06 5 35 13 160.5 23.4 22.0 23.5 -1.5 13 25/09/2006 12:07
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 165.03 0.13 1.06 4 55 13 160.5 34.2 32.3 34.0 -1.7 19 25/09/2006 12:09
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 165.03 0.13 1.06 3 74 13 160.6 42.5 40.1 43.0 -2.9 23 25/09/2006 12:12
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 165.03 0.13 1.06 2 95 0 160.2 55.4 52.2 52.9 -0.6 29 25/09/2006 12:18
133.75 11.5 1.905 140 11.5 165.03 0.13 1
ZA3
295 15.75 2.07 350 15.75 425.25 0.166 1.21 8 11 25 408.2 3.9 3.3 3.8 -0.5 4 28/11/2006 14:56
295 15.75 2.07 350 15.75 425.25 0.166 1.21 7 70 128 410.2 14.2 11.7 13.0 -1.3 13 28/11/2006 15:18
295 15.75 2.07 350 15.75 425.25 0.166 1.21 6 70 29 408.2 23.1 19.1 21.7 -2.6 8 28/11/2006 15:05
295 15.75 2.07 350 15.75 425.25 0.166 1.21 5 70 -20 407.4 33.0 27.2 29.5 -2.2 20 28/11/2006 15:29
295 15.75 2.07 350 15.75 425.25 0.166 1.21 4 230 116 405.6 41.6 34.4 34.8 -0.4 43 28/11/2006 18:03
295 15.75 2.07 350 15.75 425.25 0.166 1.21 3 230 60 404.7 49.7 41.0 41.2 -0.2 39 28/11/2006 17:56
295 15.75 2.07 350 15.75 425.25 0.166 1.21 2 230 14 407.4 57.8 47.8 47.1 0.7 34 28/11/2006 17:45
295 15.75 2.07 350 15.75 425.25 0.166 1.21 1 230 -25 403.7 66.9 55.3 51.0 4.3 36 28/11/2006 17:49
RT1
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 8 30 10 401.9 4.6 3.6 3.8 -0.2 7 26/04/2006 12:51
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 7 120 100 403.0 14.1 11.0 10.5 0.5 14 26/04/2006 14:05
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 6 204 70 402.8 24.8 19.3 19.3 0.0 22 26/04/2006 15:41
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 5 240 0 402.8 33.8 26.4 26.6 -0.2 24 26/04/2006 15:52
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 4 390 28 404.7 44.8 35.0 34.8 0.2 30 23/05/2006 00:05
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 3 450 -70 405.6 58.5 45.7 42.2 3.6 38 23/05/2006 00:39
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 2 500 -70 403.7 61.6 48.1 46.2 1.9 42 23/05/2006 00:52
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 1
RT2
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 8
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 7
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 6 219 109 411.8 23.5 18.3 18.6 -0.3 20 21/01/2007 01:45
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 5 240 3 411.6 32.4 25.3 26.6 -1.3 15 21/01/2007 01:29
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 4 390 36 410.8 43.3 33.9 34.2 -0.4 9 21/01/2007 00:24
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 3 575 100 407.4 50.2 39.2 37.6 1.6 1 02/01/2007 12:29
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 2
647 22 1.74 651 22 409.5 0.17 1.28 1