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ABSTRACT
Jabung area located in northern part of South Sumatra Basin has been proven as prolific
hydrocarbon in Jambi Province. It is proved by oil and gas production since 1997 after the
discovering of North Geragai and Makmur Fields in 1995 and North East Betara Field in
1997. There has been boosted of growth of gas reserves in Jabung area after subsequent
discoveries of North Betara, Gemah, West Betara, South Betara, Suko and Panen Fields.
This will impact a shift from oil to gas production as oil depleted in Jabung area.
A better understanding of the gas geochemistry, origin, distribution, and habitat is important
for focusing gas exploration that result in more efficient future gas exploration strategy in
Jabung area.
Based on concentration, molecular and isotope data from 25 samples, thermogenic gas type
is commonly observed in Betara complex. True thermogenic gases of Betara complex are
simply characterized by : wet gas methane (CH4) component of less than 80 % or wet gas
components (C2+) are more than 20 % after normalization of hydrocarbon gases (by
excluding nonhydrocarbon gases) and ratios of 13-carbon isotope to 12-carbon (d13CCH4)
values are heavier (more positive) than -48 ‰.
In Betara Complex, high trends (>48 vol %) of nonhydrocarbon CO2 gas mainly occur in
Lower Talang Akar Formation of the eastern compartment of the North East Betara Field.
Based on heavy values of d13CCO2, CO2 gas occurrences are related to inorganic origin by
carbonate thermal destruction in North East Betara Fields. Low trend (<5% vol %) and
medium values of d13CCO2 related to organic matter maturity. Most of the reservoirs are in
Gumai, Upper Talang Akar and Lower Talang Akar Formations of South West Betara, West
Betara and South Betara fields. Concentration of nonhydrocarbon gas of H2S is nil in Betara
Complex.
Sources and reservoirs of natural gases in Betara complex encompass almost whole of
Oligocene to Miocene sediments. Gas habitats of the Jambi sub-basin are strongly controlled
by stratigrapic, structural, and geologic evolution of the basin.
INTRODUCTION
Jabung Block PSC is located in Jambi found the first discovery of 5052 BOPD, 339
province become part of South Sumatra BCPD and 32.659 MMSCFD from North
Basin, Indonesia, one of the most Geragai-1 well in Air Benakat and Gumai
hydrocarbon prolific Indonesian Paleogene Formations. The original block encompassed
back-arc basins (Figure 1). It was signed in 8,214 square kilometers in the onshore of
1993 by Santa Fe Energy Resources and Jabung Block. Continous exploration
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resulted new discovery from NE. Betara-1 exploration and development wells in Betara
(1996), Makmur-1 (1997), North Betara-1 Complex, Jabung Block. 25 gas sample
(1998) and Gemah-1 wells (1998). Devon analyses have been collected from drill
acquired operatorship in August 2000 and steam test that shown in Table 1. These gas
discovered oil and gas in Ripah-1 Well. It samples were taken from reservoirs in three
also found tested gas in Sabar-1 and different stratigraphic units (Figure 3), The
Berkah-1 wells. PetroChina acquired this Lower Talang Akar (Late Oligocene), Upper
block with Petronas and Pertamina as a Talang Akar (Late Oligocene to Early
partner in 2002 with the acreage of 1642 sq Miocene) and Gumai (Early Miocene-Mid
Km. At least found other discoveries of oil Miocene) Formations.
and gas in West Betara, SW. Betara, South
Betara, Panen and Suko. The latest The concentration (expressed in either mole
discoveries such as Panen and Suko mostly or weight percentage) of gas is typically the
gas in Lower Talang Akar and Gumai first factor considered in the classification of
Formations. natural gas. Most natural gases are mixtures
of hydrocarbon gases (methane, ethane,
The first gas production occurred in North propane, iso-butane, normal butane,
Geragai Field in May 2001 and keep pentane) and nonhydrocarbon gases
producing until now (Figure 2). After (carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen
installing the Betara Gas Plant (BGP) in and other more rare gases).
2005, most of producing gas in West Jabung
delivered to this station while Geragai CPS The molecular ratios used in this study
continue the gas from North Geragai and consist of C1/ S Cn, S C2+ and C1/(C2+C3)
Makmur field. The current total cumulative (Bernard parameter) and gas wetness ratio
production of Jabung Block is over 56 (S C2 to C5/ S C1 to C5 x 100 %) after
MMBO and nearly 500 BCFG since its normalization by excluding nonhydrocarbon
commerciality in 1997. Trend of gas gases. The stable isotope ratios include
discoveries and producing are increased carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of light
while oil production is gradually decline in hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide (d13CCH4,
North Geragai, Makmur, North Betara and d13CC2H6, d13CC3H8, d13CC4H10, d13CC5H12
Gemah. d13CCO2, dDCH4). The carbon and hydrogen
isotope signature of natural gas can often
Exploration for natural gas is growing in provide information about its source rocks, in
importance as a result of increased demand addition to identifying the genetic type of
(Katz, 2001). Future exploration program natural gas. The interpretation of the gas
need a better understanding of gas data follows the methods of Schoell (1983)
geochemistry such as how gas accumulation for natural gases characterization, Whiticar
form and change through time. However, the (1994) for natural gases correlation with their
molecular and isotopic composition of gas sources and Katz (2001) for understanding
can be used to infer its mode of formation formation and alteration processes. It should
(thermogenic versus biogenic; and primary be emphasized that the available geologic,
versus secondary cracking) and the level of geophysical, and geochemical information
thermal maturity of the generative sequence. are integrated into the petroleum system
This paper presents the first gas investigation to understand the gas habitats.
geochemistry study of natural gases in
Betara Complex. It is intended to assist GEOLOGIC SETTING
development of focused strategies that result
in efficient and effective gas exploration. The tectonic evolution of South Sumatra
Basin was influenced by the convergent
DATA AND METHODS vector between the Indian and Eurasian
plates. There were three tectonic events that
Gas geochemistry data of natural gases controlling the structural history in South
(hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases) Sumatra Basin. First, major extensional
began with inventory of gas database from event from Eocene to Early Oligocene times
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with methane of slightly lower maturity Akar and Gumai Formations) developed in
(Figure 7, right). West Betara and South Betara Fields.
Hydrocarbon occurrence related to the
Thermogenic gas may be derived directly nearest graben as the kitchen in the east of
from kerogen (primary) or through oil the Betara Complex known as Betara Deep
cracking (secondary). Lorant et al. (1998, in (Figure 11), the proven kitchen generated oil
Katz, 2001) has suggested that the and gas in Betara Complex (Marpaung et. al,
relationship between the C2/C3 ratio and the 2005). Most of the traps were already
difference in the carbon isotopic composition present during the initial phase of
of ethane and propane can be use to hydrocarbon generation in Miocene and
differentiate between primary and secondary during inversion already reach the gas
cracking. A review of available data in Betara generation.
complex reveals that both primary and
secondary cracking are active in the region Nonhydrocarbon Gases
(Figure 8). Primary cracking were dominated
in Betara complex in various reservoirs while Nonhydrocarbon gases consist of CO2, H2S
the secondary cracking most likely occurred and N2. H2S and N2 have no significant
in shallow reservoired of Gumai Formation. number in Betara complex compare to CO2
in lower reservoir. Carbon dioxide may be
Chung et al.’s (1988, in Katz, 2001) introduced into a petroleum system through
proposed “natural gas plot” to identify the a number of different means. These include
presence of multiple sources for a gas where derivation from an organic source, the
the carbon isotope ratio is plotted against the decomposition of carbonate minerals
inverse carbon number. If unaltered, a gas through catalysis with clays, hydrolysis, high
accumulation in which all of the gas temperature processes, as well as through
components are co-generated results in a mantle degassing. The source and means of
linear plot. Betara complex reveals that formation are considered important because
there’s no biogenic contribution, all gases it has been suggested that volumetrically
are thermally from mature source (Figure 9). important carbon dioxide typically derived
NEB-1 and SB-1 DST-5 gases display from outside of the petroleum system (Katz,
isotopically heavier (more mature) ethane 2001).
and propane, but isotopically lighter (less
mature) methane than the West Betara Gas Lower concentrations of the gas (0.28-8.8 %
field.This is likely the result of complex mol CO2) in Betara complex are associated
mixing of gases of difference provenance. with isotopically lighter values suggesting an
organic origin except in North East Betara
Bacterial alteration of wet gases typically (10-56 % mol CO2) suggested with
appears as the preferential removal of the inorganic origin of carbonate decomposition
C3+ components, with the normal alkanes (Figure 12). High CO2 in eastern of NEB is
being more susceptible to microbial attack located in Lower Talang Akar Formation and
than the corresponding iso-alkanes (Katz, different with another field contained lower
2001). Consequently, there was no CO2 concentration. The origin of high CO2 in
biodegradation contribution in Betara NEB related with pre-tertiary carbonate
Complex plotted the carbon isotope with gas decomposition in Basement. This carbonate
carbon number (Figure 10). distributed along the compressional horst in
Betara complex especially in North East
The gases of Betara Complex are Betara. The absent / or significantly low
concentrated in Oligo-Miocene reservoirs content of CO2 in reservoir of Gumai sands
such as Lower Talang Akar, Upper Talang in the existing fields of the area support a
Akar and Gumai Formations. The Lower good sealing capacity in Formation such as
Talang Akar reservoir is the main objective Upper Talang Akar and Gumai Formation.
for hydrocarbon accumulation in Betara
Complex predominantly as fluvial reservoir.
Gases in younger reservoir (Upper Talang
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Whiticar, M.J., 1994, Correlation of Natural System – from Source to Trap : AAPG
Gases with Their Sources, in Magoon, Memoir 60, p. 261-283.
L.B. and Dow, W.G., eds, The Petroleum
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FIGURE 2. Oil and gas production in Jabung Block since July 1997 to 2008.
FIGURE 3. General stratigraphy of the Jabung block, South Sumatra basin and
its correlation to seismic and well log profiles.
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FIGURE 4. Cross plot TOC with HI for organic richness and Tmax with HI for
kerogen type and maturity shows a kerogen type II/III and maturity
of immature to over mature.
FIGURE 5. Bernard plot of gas dryness versus isotope value indicates these
gases are entirely thermogenic.
FIGURE 6. Genetic types of Betara Complex based on cross plot of d13CCH4 and C2+ of
Schoell (1983). Most of the gases are thermogenic with d13CCH4 values of -
48.21 to -34.23 ‰ and wet gas component (C2+) of more than 20 %.
Thermogenic gases are both associated and non-associated and both
primary from kerogen cracking and secondary oil cracking.
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FIGURE 7. Deuterium isotope analysis shows the mixed gas field in SB-1 and K-1
wells (left), suggested has a mixed provenance. Ethane versus
methane isotopes also consistents with mixing of mature wet gas with
methane of slightly lower maturity (right).
FIGURE 8. Relationship between the C2/C3 ratio and the difference in stable
carbon isotope of ethane and propane in Betara Complex shows that
the gas was derived through primary or secondary cracking.
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-20
-25
-30
-35 WB-2
Isotop C-13
WB-3 DST-4A
-40 WB-3 DST-2
WB-3 DST-1
-45 SB-1
-50
-55
-60
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1/Carbon Number
(Chung et al., 1988)
-20
-25
K-1
-30
WB-2
C ( o/oo)
WB-3 DST-4A
-35
WB-3 DST-2
13
SB-1 DST-5
-45
SB-1 DST-3
-50
1 2 3 4 5
Carbon Num ber
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NEB, NB,
WB, SB Field Gemah Field
Betara Deep
FIGURE 11. Migration pathway from Betara Deep to the proven fields in western of the
graben.
CO 2 Distribution
0
decomposition
Carbonate
de-gassing
Mantle
-5
K- 1
C ( o/oo ) CO 2
NEB
SB- 1
-10 NB- 1
through maturation
WB- 2
Organic Matter
-15
13
SB- 2
WB- 3
-20
SWB- 3ST
-25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
CO 2 (m ole %)
FIGURE 12. NEB field has high abundance of CO2 that related with carbonate source
derived compared to the other field with low CO2 that related with organic
source derived. Differentiating mantle de-gassing and carbonate
decomposition can only be determined by helium isotopic analysis.
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