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HOTEL HORISON BANDUNG, AGUSTUS 2008

GAS GEOCHEMISTRY OF BETARA COMPLEX,


JABUNG AREA, SOUTH SUMATRA BASIN : GENETIC
CHARACTERIZATION AND HABITAT OF NATURAL GASES
Lambok P. Marpaung1, I Nyoman Suta1, Awang H. Satyana2, Johnson A. Paju2
1
PetroChina International Jabung Ltd., Menara Kuningan lt. 19
Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said Blok X-7 Kav-5, Jakarta 12940, Telp. 021-57945300,
E-mail:Lambok.parulian@petrochina.co.id
2
BPMIGAS, Patra Office Tower, Jl. Gatot Subroto Kav. 32-34 Jakarta 12950

ABSTRACT

Jabung area located in northern part of South Sumatra Basin has been proven as prolific
hydrocarbon in Jambi Province. It is proved by oil and gas production since 1997 after the
discovering of North Geragai and Makmur Fields in 1995 and North East Betara Field in
1997. There has been boosted of growth of gas reserves in Jabung area after subsequent
discoveries of North Betara, Gemah, West Betara, South Betara, Suko and Panen Fields.
This will impact a shift from oil to gas production as oil depleted in Jabung area.

A better understanding of the gas geochemistry, origin, distribution, and habitat is important
for focusing gas exploration that result in more efficient future gas exploration strategy in
Jabung area.

Based on concentration, molecular and isotope data from 25 samples, thermogenic gas type
is commonly observed in Betara complex. True thermogenic gases of Betara complex are
simply characterized by : wet gas methane (CH4) component of less than 80 % or wet gas
components (C2+) are more than 20 % after normalization of hydrocarbon gases (by
excluding nonhydrocarbon gases) and ratios of 13-carbon isotope to 12-carbon (d13CCH4)
values are heavier (more positive) than -48 ‰.

In Betara Complex, high trends (>48 vol %) of nonhydrocarbon CO2 gas mainly occur in
Lower Talang Akar Formation of the eastern compartment of the North East Betara Field.
Based on heavy values of d13CCO2, CO2 gas occurrences are related to inorganic origin by
carbonate thermal destruction in North East Betara Fields. Low trend (<5% vol %) and
medium values of d13CCO2 related to organic matter maturity. Most of the reservoirs are in
Gumai, Upper Talang Akar and Lower Talang Akar Formations of South West Betara, West
Betara and South Betara fields. Concentration of nonhydrocarbon gas of H2S is nil in Betara
Complex.

Sources and reservoirs of natural gases in Betara complex encompass almost whole of
Oligocene to Miocene sediments. Gas habitats of the Jambi sub-basin are strongly controlled
by stratigrapic, structural, and geologic evolution of the basin.

INTRODUCTION

Jabung Block PSC is located in Jambi found the first discovery of 5052 BOPD, 339
province become part of South Sumatra BCPD and 32.659 MMSCFD from North
Basin, Indonesia, one of the most Geragai-1 well in Air Benakat and Gumai
hydrocarbon prolific Indonesian Paleogene Formations. The original block encompassed
back-arc basins (Figure 1). It was signed in 8,214 square kilometers in the onshore of
1993 by Santa Fe Energy Resources and Jabung Block. Continous exploration

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PERTEMUAN ILMIAH TAHUNAN IAGI KE-37
HOTEL HORISON BANDUNG, AGUSTUS 2008

resulted new discovery from NE. Betara-1 exploration and development wells in Betara
(1996), Makmur-1 (1997), North Betara-1 Complex, Jabung Block. 25 gas sample
(1998) and Gemah-1 wells (1998). Devon analyses have been collected from drill
acquired operatorship in August 2000 and steam test that shown in Table 1. These gas
discovered oil and gas in Ripah-1 Well. It samples were taken from reservoirs in three
also found tested gas in Sabar-1 and different stratigraphic units (Figure 3), The
Berkah-1 wells. PetroChina acquired this Lower Talang Akar (Late Oligocene), Upper
block with Petronas and Pertamina as a Talang Akar (Late Oligocene to Early
partner in 2002 with the acreage of 1642 sq Miocene) and Gumai (Early Miocene-Mid
Km. At least found other discoveries of oil Miocene) Formations.
and gas in West Betara, SW. Betara, South
Betara, Panen and Suko. The latest The concentration (expressed in either mole
discoveries such as Panen and Suko mostly or weight percentage) of gas is typically the
gas in Lower Talang Akar and Gumai first factor considered in the classification of
Formations. natural gas. Most natural gases are mixtures
of hydrocarbon gases (methane, ethane,
The first gas production occurred in North propane, iso-butane, normal butane,
Geragai Field in May 2001 and keep pentane) and nonhydrocarbon gases
producing until now (Figure 2). After (carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen
installing the Betara Gas Plant (BGP) in and other more rare gases).
2005, most of producing gas in West Jabung
delivered to this station while Geragai CPS The molecular ratios used in this study
continue the gas from North Geragai and consist of C1/ S Cn, S C2+ and C1/(C2+C3)
Makmur field. The current total cumulative (Bernard parameter) and gas wetness ratio
production of Jabung Block is over 56 (S C2 to C5/ S C1 to C5 x 100 %) after
MMBO and nearly 500 BCFG since its normalization by excluding nonhydrocarbon
commerciality in 1997. Trend of gas gases. The stable isotope ratios include
discoveries and producing are increased carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios of light
while oil production is gradually decline in hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide (d13CCH4,
North Geragai, Makmur, North Betara and d13CC2H6, d13CC3H8, d13CC4H10, d13CC5H12
Gemah. d13CCO2, dDCH4). The carbon and hydrogen
isotope signature of natural gas can often
Exploration for natural gas is growing in provide information about its source rocks, in
importance as a result of increased demand addition to identifying the genetic type of
(Katz, 2001). Future exploration program natural gas. The interpretation of the gas
need a better understanding of gas data follows the methods of Schoell (1983)
geochemistry such as how gas accumulation for natural gases characterization, Whiticar
form and change through time. However, the (1994) for natural gases correlation with their
molecular and isotopic composition of gas sources and Katz (2001) for understanding
can be used to infer its mode of formation formation and alteration processes. It should
(thermogenic versus biogenic; and primary be emphasized that the available geologic,
versus secondary cracking) and the level of geophysical, and geochemical information
thermal maturity of the generative sequence. are integrated into the petroleum system
This paper presents the first gas investigation to understand the gas habitats.
geochemistry study of natural gases in
Betara Complex. It is intended to assist GEOLOGIC SETTING
development of focused strategies that result
in efficient and effective gas exploration. The tectonic evolution of South Sumatra
Basin was influenced by the convergent
DATA AND METHODS vector between the Indian and Eurasian
plates. There were three tectonic events that
Gas geochemistry data of natural gases controlling the structural history in South
(hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases) Sumatra Basin. First, major extensional
began with inventory of gas database from event from Eocene to Early Oligocene times
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PERTEMUAN ILMIAH TAHUNAN IAGI KE-37
HOTEL HORISON BANDUNG, AGUSTUS 2008

resulted in opening up of numerous half GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION AND


grabens whose geometry and orientation HABITAT OF NATURAL GASES
was influenced by basement heterogeneity.
This process was followed by deposition of Hydrocarbon Gases
fluvio-lacustrine Lahat Formation.
Large quantities of natural gas have been
Second, rifting ceased approximately 29 Ma discovered in Jabung area since North
ago and the continental crust continued to Geragai discovery since the early 1995. The
subside under South Sumatra Basin. High source rock of gas considered to be the
subsidence rates and high relative sea level Talang Akar formation (Marpaung, 2005).
resulted in a long-live transgression of the Coal and shale of Talang Akar Formation
basin. This process was followed by derived from type II and III kerogens with
deposition of the following syn- and post- rift type III being more predominant (Figure 4).
of Talang Akar, Baturaja and Gumai Shales of Gumai Formation were marine
Formations. Lower Talang Akar, Upper deposit, anoxic to suboxic environment,
Talang Akar and Gumai Formation are indicating a good preservation of organic
demonstrated economic reservoir in Jabung materials, being rich of marine algae,
block. Baturaja carbonates is not uniformly although some inputs of terrestrial organic
developed in the area of study to the west materials were recognized. Shale of Gumai
and east due to increased sediment input Formation also identified as potential source
northwards of the South Sumatra Basin and rock (Marpaung, et. al. 2006).
more pronounced exposure of bioherms
enhancing secondary porosity to the south Based on compositional analysis and
and east (Ginger and Fielding, 2005). carbon-13 and deuterium isotopes, the
gases in Betara complex are thermogenic.
The regressive distal delta front to marginal Bernard plot of gas dryness (C1/C2+C3)
marine fluvio-deltaic facies of the Air versus methane isotope value indicates the
Benakat Formation was deposited as a gases are also thermogenic in origin (Figure
result of an increased sediment load from 5). The gases are generally wet with CH4
the Sunda landmass to the northeast and the content of 54-79 % wet gas components
emerging Barisan Mountains to the west. (C2+) are more than 20 %. A Schoell diagram
The regressive lower to upper delta plain reveals that methane in Betara complex
Muara Enim Formation fluvio-deltaic facies gases is consistent with source rock within
were deposited in this environment, and the late oil to wet gas window (Figure 6, left),
consist of thick channel sands alternating though the relatively high concentration of
with interdistributary shales and coals. wet gas (C2+) components is more consistent
with expulsion below peak gas generation for
A widespread orogenic event, the Barisan labile kerogen (Figure 6, right). The thermal
Orogeny, occurred across South Sumatra maturity based on d13CCH4 and dDCH4 ranges
from 5 Ma to present. Numerous from 0.8-1.2 %Ro VRE in the Betara
hydrocarbon-bearing structural traps were complex and WB-2 up to 2 %Ro VRE.
from at this time with northwest-southeast
direction that controls oil fields in the basin at Values of d13CCH4 and dDCH4 of these fields,
the present. The youngest Kasai Formation -48.21 to -34.23 ‰ and -179 to -148 ‰,
is essentially a continuation of the regressive respectively, confirm that the gases are
fluvio-deltaic Muara Enim, except for a thermogenic in origin mostly oil associated
substantial increase in volcanic extrusives in and condensate-associated in WB-2 (Figure
the form of tuffs and tuffaceous sandstones. 7). Deuterium isotope analysis shows the
Stratigraphy of Jabung area is shown in mixed gas field in SB-1 and K-1 wells (Figure
Figure 4 and its correlation to seismic and 7, left), suggested has a mixed provenance.
well log profiles. Ethane versus methane isotopes also
consistents with mixing of mature wet gas

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HOTEL HORISON BANDUNG, AGUSTUS 2008

with methane of slightly lower maturity Akar and Gumai Formations) developed in
(Figure 7, right). West Betara and South Betara Fields.
Hydrocarbon occurrence related to the
Thermogenic gas may be derived directly nearest graben as the kitchen in the east of
from kerogen (primary) or through oil the Betara Complex known as Betara Deep
cracking (secondary). Lorant et al. (1998, in (Figure 11), the proven kitchen generated oil
Katz, 2001) has suggested that the and gas in Betara Complex (Marpaung et. al,
relationship between the C2/C3 ratio and the 2005). Most of the traps were already
difference in the carbon isotopic composition present during the initial phase of
of ethane and propane can be use to hydrocarbon generation in Miocene and
differentiate between primary and secondary during inversion already reach the gas
cracking. A review of available data in Betara generation.
complex reveals that both primary and
secondary cracking are active in the region Nonhydrocarbon Gases
(Figure 8). Primary cracking were dominated
in Betara complex in various reservoirs while Nonhydrocarbon gases consist of CO2, H2S
the secondary cracking most likely occurred and N2. H2S and N2 have no significant
in shallow reservoired of Gumai Formation. number in Betara complex compare to CO2
in lower reservoir. Carbon dioxide may be
Chung et al.’s (1988, in Katz, 2001) introduced into a petroleum system through
proposed “natural gas plot” to identify the a number of different means. These include
presence of multiple sources for a gas where derivation from an organic source, the
the carbon isotope ratio is plotted against the decomposition of carbonate minerals
inverse carbon number. If unaltered, a gas through catalysis with clays, hydrolysis, high
accumulation in which all of the gas temperature processes, as well as through
components are co-generated results in a mantle degassing. The source and means of
linear plot. Betara complex reveals that formation are considered important because
there’s no biogenic contribution, all gases it has been suggested that volumetrically
are thermally from mature source (Figure 9). important carbon dioxide typically derived
NEB-1 and SB-1 DST-5 gases display from outside of the petroleum system (Katz,
isotopically heavier (more mature) ethane 2001).
and propane, but isotopically lighter (less
mature) methane than the West Betara Gas Lower concentrations of the gas (0.28-8.8 %
field.This is likely the result of complex mol CO2) in Betara complex are associated
mixing of gases of difference provenance. with isotopically lighter values suggesting an
organic origin except in North East Betara
Bacterial alteration of wet gases typically (10-56 % mol CO2) suggested with
appears as the preferential removal of the inorganic origin of carbonate decomposition
C3+ components, with the normal alkanes (Figure 12). High CO2 in eastern of NEB is
being more susceptible to microbial attack located in Lower Talang Akar Formation and
than the corresponding iso-alkanes (Katz, different with another field contained lower
2001). Consequently, there was no CO2 concentration. The origin of high CO2 in
biodegradation contribution in Betara NEB related with pre-tertiary carbonate
Complex plotted the carbon isotope with gas decomposition in Basement. This carbonate
carbon number (Figure 10). distributed along the compressional horst in
Betara complex especially in North East
The gases of Betara Complex are Betara. The absent / or significantly low
concentrated in Oligo-Miocene reservoirs content of CO2 in reservoir of Gumai sands
such as Lower Talang Akar, Upper Talang in the existing fields of the area support a
Akar and Gumai Formations. The Lower good sealing capacity in Formation such as
Talang Akar reservoir is the main objective Upper Talang Akar and Gumai Formation.
for hydrocarbon accumulation in Betara
Complex predominantly as fluvial reservoir.
Gases in younger reservoir (Upper Talang
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CONCLUSIONS Petronas for support, permission for


publication and sponsorship of this paper.
1. Based on concentration, molecular and We also express my gratitude to Tedi Satria
isotope data, natural gases of Betara (PetroChina) and I Wayan Suandana
complex can be genetically characterized (PetroChina) for their support data and
into thermogenic gas. valuable comments.
2. True thermogenic gases of Betara
complex are simply characterized by : REFERENCES
wet gas methane (CH4) component of
less than 80 % or wet gas components Ginger, D. and Fielding K., 2005, The
(C2+) are more than 20 % after Petroleum Systems and Future Potential
normalization of hydrocarbon gases (by of South Sumatra Basin, Proceedings
excluding nonhydrocarbon gases) and Indonesian Petroleum Association 30th
ratios of 13-carbon isotope to 12-carbon Annual Convention, p. 67-89.
(d13CCH4) values are heavier (more
positive) than -48 ‰. Hunt, J.M., 1996, Petroleum Geochemistry
3. Primary cracking were dominated in and Geology, 2nd edition, W.H. Freeman
Betara complex in various reservoirs and Company, New York, 743 pp.
while the secondary cracking most likely
occurred in shallow reservoired of Gumai Katz, B.J., 2001, Gas Geochemistry – A Key
Formation. to Understanding Formation and
4. Betara complex gases reveal no biogenic Alteration Processes, Proceedings
and biodegradation contribution. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 28th
5. High trends (>48 vol %) of Annual Convention, p. 789-802.
nonhydrocarbon CO2 gas mainly occur in
Lower Talang Akar Formation of the Marpaung, L.P., Mulyono, D.H., Satyana.,
eastern compartment of the North East A.H. and Subroto, E.A., 2005, Oil Family
Betara Field. Based on heavy values of Characterisation of Jabung Area, Jambi
d13C CO2, CO2 gas occurrences are Sub-Basin, Proceedings Joint
related to inorganic origin by carbonate Convention 2005–HAGI-IAGI-PERHAPI,
thermal destruction in North East Betara p. 164-172.
Fields. Low trend (<5% vol %) and
medium values of d13C CO2 related to Marpaung, L.P., Suta, I.N. and Satyana,
organic matter maturity. Most of the A.H., 2006, Gumai Shales of Jabung
reservoirs are in Gumai, Upper Talang Area : Potential Source Rocks in Jambi
Akar and Lower Talang Akar Formations Sub-basin and Their Contributions to The
of South West Betara, West Betara and New Petroleum System, Technical
South Betara fields. Concentration of Program Guide, Indonesian Association
nonhydrocarbon gas of H2S is nil in of Geologists (IAGI), 35th Annual
Betara Complex. Convention and Exhibition.
6. The gases of Betara Complex are
concentrated in Oligo-Miocene reservoirs Satyana, A.H., Marpaung, L.P.,
such as Lower Talang Akar, Upper Purwaningsih, M.E.M. and Utama, M.K.
Talang Akar and Gumai Formations. 2007, Regional Gas Geochemistry of
Hydrocarbon occurrence related to the Indonesia: Genetic Characterization and
nearest graben as the kitchen in the east Habitat of Natural Gases, Proceedings
of the Betara Complex known as Betara Indonesian Petroleum Association 31st
Deep. Annual Convention and Exhibition.

ACKOWLEDGEMENTS Schoell, M., 1983, Genetic Characterization


of Natural Gases, AAPG Bulletin, 67, No.
We acknowledge the management of 12, p. 2225-2238.
PetroChina especially for Jabung Exploration
Department, BPMIGAS, Pertamina and
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Whiticar, M.J., 1994, Correlation of Natural System – from Source to Trap : AAPG
Gases with Their Sources, in Magoon, Memoir 60, p. 261-283.
L.B. and Dow, W.G., eds, The Petroleum

TABLE 1. Analysis Data of Gas Fields in Betara Complex, Jabung Area

HC GAS Normalised Gas Gravity CO2 13 o 13 o o


GAS SAMPLE d CC1 ( /oo) d CC02 ( /oo) dD ( /oo)
C1 C2+ air=1 (%)
G-1 74.26 25.74 0.83 7.43
G-2 72.72 27.28 0.98 24.62
G-7 72.21 27.79 1.03 30.99
K-1 70.78 29.22 0.28 -48.21 -6.8 -179
NB-1 78.37 21.63 2.90 -47.83 -10.27
NB-5 79.66 20.34 0.76 2.57
NEB-1 71.84 28.16 54.60 -43.63 -5.01
NEB-2 70.94 29.06 1.20 54.76
NEB-3A 75.33 24.67 0.85 13.23
NEB-4 75.43 24.57 0.88 14.79
NEB-5 72.69 27.31 56.90 -43.58 -5.07
NEB-7 69.76 30.24 1.21 54.72
SB-1 DST-5 71.38 28.62 1.01 1.61 -45.86 -8.9 -150
SB-1 DST-3 61.33 38.67 0.85 3.07 -46.91 -149
SB-2 DST-5 72.41 27.59 0.84 2.36 -44.1 -13.79 -148
SB-2 DST-4 72.95 27.05 0.81 0.56 -41.97 -11.9 -152
SB-2 DST-1 54.26 45.74 1.01 3.02 -44.12 -13.01 -151
SWB-1 55.26 44.74 1.03 3.87
SWB-2 59.81 40.19 0.97 3.76
SWB-3ST 65.47 34.53 0.94 6.98 -47.01 -23.91 -159
SWB-5 56.21 43.79 1.03 4.74
WB-2 59.18 40.82 8.80 -34.23 -13.03 -167
WB-3 DST-4A 66.21 33.79 1.01 1.06 -43.54 -19.25 -152
WB-3 DST-2 74.94 25.06 0.85 2.34 -40.72 -18.9 -148
WB-3 DST-1 54.35 45.65 1.21 3.07 -43.24 -20.21 -155

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FIGURE 1. Jabung Block location in Sumatra Island, Indonesia.

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FIGURE 2. Oil and gas production in Jabung Block since July 1997 to 2008.

FIGURE 3. General stratigraphy of the Jabung block, South Sumatra basin and
its correlation to seismic and well log profiles.

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FIGURE 4. Cross plot TOC with HI for organic richness and Tmax with HI for
kerogen type and maturity shows a kerogen type II/III and maturity
of immature to over mature.

FIGURE 5. Bernard plot of gas dryness versus isotope value indicates these
gases are entirely thermogenic.

FIGURE 6. Genetic types of Betara Complex based on cross plot of d13CCH4 and C2+ of
Schoell (1983). Most of the gases are thermogenic with d13CCH4 values of -
48.21 to -34.23 ‰ and wet gas component (C2+) of more than 20 %.
Thermogenic gases are both associated and non-associated and both
primary from kerogen cracking and secondary oil cracking.

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FIGURE 7. Deuterium isotope analysis shows the mixed gas field in SB-1 and K-1
wells (left), suggested has a mixed provenance. Ethane versus
methane isotopes also consistents with mixing of mature wet gas with
methane of slightly lower maturity (right).

FIGURE 8. Relationship between the C2/C3 ratio and the difference in stable
carbon isotope of ethane and propane in Betara Complex shows that
the gas was derived through primary or secondary cracking.

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-20

-25

-30

-35 WB-2
Isotop C-13

WB-3 DST-4A
-40 WB-3 DST-2
WB-3 DST-1
-45 SB-1

-50

-55

-60
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
1/Carbon Number
(Chung et al., 1988)

Figure 9. Betara complex reveals no biogenic contribution, all gases are


thermally from mature source. If there is a biogenic gas contribution,
the methane will appear isotopically light relative to C2+ components.

-20

-25

K-1
-30
WB-2
C ( o/oo)

WB-3 DST-4A
-35
WB-3 DST-2
13

-40 WB-3 DST-1

SB-1 DST-5
-45
SB-1 DST-3

-50
1 2 3 4 5
Carbon Num ber

FIGURE 10. There was no biodegradation contribution in Betara Complex plotted


the carbon isotope with gas carbon number. Bacterial alteration of
wet gases typically appears as the preferential removal of the C3+
components, with the normal alkanes being more susceptible to
microbial attack than the corresponding iso-alkanes.

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NEB, NB,
WB, SB Field Gemah Field

Betara Deep

Top Basement Top Basement

FIGURE 11. Migration pathway from Betara Deep to the proven fields in western of the
graben.

CO 2 Distribution

0
decomposition
Carbonate
de-gassing
Mantle

-5
K- 1
C ( o/oo ) CO 2

NEB
SB- 1
-10 NB- 1
through maturation

WB- 2
Organic Matter

-15
13

SB- 2

WB- 3
-20

SWB- 3ST
-25
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
CO 2 (m ole %)

FIGURE 12. NEB field has high abundance of CO2 that related with carbonate source
derived compared to the other field with low CO2 that related with organic
source derived. Differentiating mantle de-gassing and carbonate
decomposition can only be determined by helium isotopic analysis.

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