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Nanomaterials for
Energy Applications
Dr Peter Bishop
Technology Manager
Johnson Matthey Technology Centre
Reading U.K
bishopt@Matthey.com
HORIZON 2020
EUROPEAN UNION FUNDING
FOR RESEARCH & INNOVATION
Todays Presentation
• Introduction
• Low Emission Vehicles JM Activities
• Nanomaterials Opportunities
• Nanomaterial Synthesis
• Examples in Functional Coatings, Batteries, Fuel cells
Divisional Structure
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JM Activities in Low Emission Vehicles
JM has a broad set of products, technology and research linked to the automotive sector
Light duty gasoline and diesel Fuel Cells
Gasoline: Research and Development of fundamentals of Automotive and niche stationary power sectors
emission control by catalysts Research and development of catalysts and catalysed
Application engineering to customise solutions for most OEMs components
Diesel: Research, development and manufacture of a range of
• Fuel cell stack catalysts
catalyst and filter configurations
- Flow through catalysts • Membrane electrode assemblies
- Diesel particulate filters (CRT® technology) • Reforming and gas processing catalysts
- Selective catalytic reduction (SCR)
• Design & supply of glass obscuration enamels • Supply of piezo-electric actuators for seats
• Supply of conductive Inks (heated windscreens) • PGM tips for spark plugs
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Challenges Opportunities for Nanomaterials
Johnson Matthey is investigating the
challenges and opportunities arising from
the automotive sector’s need to reduce
carbon and increase efficiency in vehicles
2014
2011 2012 Low Carbon
Electrification Purification Vehicles
On-board H2
Thermoelectrics
Generation
Piezoelectric Friction
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Case study
JM has used its materials expertise to approach problems in new ways
On-board H2 Generation
Three year project funded by Technology Strategy
Board to reduce CO2 and improve fuel economy
1.On-board H2 generation
2.Catalyst development
3.Total powertrain optimisation
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Nanoparticle Formation
Nanoparticles have different properties to atomic or bulk materials:
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Key Competence
Controlling Materials on a Nanometre Scale
2 nm Pd particles 2 nm
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Core-Shells and Alloys
Aucore-Pdshell AuPd nanoalloy Pdcore-Aushell
2-chloronitrobenzene hydrogenation
Au@Pd
2:1Pd@Au
PdAu
Pd:Au 5:1
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Flame Spray Pyrolysis
Coagulation and agglomeration
Nucleation
Precursor dispersion,
evaporation, and
combustion
Precursor(s)
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FSP Nanomaterials
Pt on Alumina
Increase in
transmittance due to in
decrease in crystallite
size
CeO2
ZnO
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Materials Development Nanoparticle
– Materials Expertise
• Synthetic expertise – Manufacturing Capability
– Solid State, Solvo/Hydro-thermal, • R&D
Precipitation,
– Novel nanotechnology
– Microwave assisted technology,
etc
• Scale Up
• Particle Design
– Size, Shape, Composition (e.g.
multimetallic) structure (e.g. alloys,
core-shells) at nano-dimensions
– Fundamental relationship between
structure and activity
– Application to battery materials
• Manufacturing
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Vacuum Deposition Metal to Metal Synthesis
University of Birmingham
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From Clusters to Catalysts
• Precise clusters (e.g. Au923) can be deposited onto substrate and the
rich top layer diced to provide an active powder
• Scale currently limited
STEM images
of Au923
particles
University of Birmingham
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Challenges and Opportunities Nanomaterials
Johnson Matthey is investigating the challenges and opportunities arising from the automotive
sector’s need to reduce carbon and increase efficiency in vehicles
Thermal
On-board H2 Materials
Generation
Thermoelectrics Emissive
Coatings
Smart
Windows
Piezoelectric Lightweighting
Commercial
products Time
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Smart Windows: Existing technologies
Solar Control Glazing
Non-Spectrally Selective
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NEAT Material to TEG Process
SiGe
Ag
Cu
AlN
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Nano Embedded Composite: (CoSi2)0.015:n-Si80Ge20
mix and mill 3bar Ar
• 2011-2014, eight-partner , EU project to develop
advanced nano-embedded alloy materials for
high-temperature thermoelectric applications.
FSP 6nm Co3O4 + n-Si80Ge20
• A host-guest approach was followed with two reduce H2 500ºC
principal host alloys: (i) SiGe and (ii) Mg2SiSn.
(CoSi2)0.015:n-Si80Ge20
• A range of nano-embedded guest materials
were investigated with a central theme of host-
guest lattice-matching
(CoSi2)0.015:n-Si80Ge20
• Synthetic methods based on controlled
atmosphere,
high-energy ball-milling.
CoSi2 Nanoparticle
• Selected area diffraction confirms CoSi2 along
[00-1] within less than 1%
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Johnson Matthey Battery Technologies
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JMBM – A leading supplier of LiFePO4
Physical
characteristics
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Going “Nano” for Lithium Ion Batteries
Advantages
2. A high surface area permits a high contact area with the electrolyte and hence a high
lithium-ion flux across the interface.
3. The range of composition over which solid solutions exist is often more extensive for
nanoparticles, and the strain associated with intercalation is often better accommodated.
Disadvantages
1. High electrolyte/electrode surface area may lead to more significant side reactions with the
electrolyte, and more difficulty maintaining inter-particle contact.
2. The density of a nano-powder is generally less than the same material formed from micro-
meter-sized particles. The volume of the electrode increases for the same mass of material
thus reducing the volumetric energy density.
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Ordered Inorganic-Organic Hybrids using
Ionic Liquids for Emerging Applications
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http://www.cidetec.es/ORION/index.html
Ordered Inorganic-Organic Hybrids using Ionic
Liquids for Emerging Applications
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Lithium Sulfur battery Exploiting
Nanotechnology
• nanostructured electrodes & electrolyte materials
• practical implementation of high energy Li-S battery
• lithium metal-free battery configuration
• lithiated silicon as anode and a nanostructured sulfur-carbon
• Cegasa
composite as the cathode • Volkswagen
• Chalmers Univerity
• Consorsio Sapienza
Ctheo = 1672 mAh g-1
S8 Innovazione
• Stena Recycling
Highest practical capacity International AB
reported so far ≈ 800 mAh g-1 • WWU Muenster
(but: high fading) • DLR
• Hanyang Univeristy
• Unichieti
• Uniroma 1
• ZSW
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http://www.lissen.eu
FC Cars for 2015
Hyundai ix35
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Automotive Research: New Materials for New Challenges
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The Catalyst
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Thank You
Dr Peter Bishop
Johnson Matthey Technology
Center
Reading U.K
bishopt@matthey.com
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