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    3 2 PDF

    Загружено:

    Kev Huaranga Arauco

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    из 6
    g E £ 3 : £ 3 a Fig. 32. 2.5VRI , where R is defined as (R, + R,V/2, and ris defined as (f, + 1,2 where 1, and 1, are the minimum thickness at each ofthe regions considered, and R, and R, ae the midsurface radii of curvature measured normal to the surface from the axis of rotation at these regions where the membrane stress exceeds 1.1 5,, Discrete regions of local primary membrane stress, such as those resulting from concentrated loads acting on brackets, where the membrane stress exceeds 1.1 5, shall be spaced so that there is no overlapping of the areas in which the membrane stresses exceed 1.1 5,, ‘An example of a local primary membrane stress is the ‘membrane stress in a shell produced by external loads acting on a permanent support or a nozzle connection. ‘Another example is the membrane stress intensity at the junction of a cylindrical to conical section, P, must not exceed 1.5 KS. SALI Primary Bending Stress (P,) in Shells and Plates The primary bending sess (P,) as used in this ‘manual applies (o shells and plates in which the bending is ‘across the thickness ofthe shell or plate and is primary in the sense that no redistribution of the load occurs as a result of yielding. An example of bending is ST in the central portion ff a flat head or cover caused by pressure loading. P, must not exceed 1.5 KS. The sum of P, and P, likewise must not exceed 1.5 KS. SALLE Secondary Stress (Q) A secondary stress (Q) is a normal stress, either bending or axial, or a shear stress developed by the constraint of adjacent parts or by self-con- straint of a structure. The basic characteristic of a second lary stress is that itis self-limiting. Local yielding and minor distortions can satisfy the conditions that caused the stress to occur. Failure from one application of the stress is not to bbe expected, DESIGN CRITERIA AND ALLOWABLE STRESSES 31 shell internal pressure Examples of secondary stress inchude (1) thermal stesses generally 2) bending stress intensities across the thickness of a shell or plate ata gross structural discontinuity and (@)rrim bending stresses ating girder supports There is no need to limit Qype stress intensities acting alone, The combination of Q with primary stress intensities (P,P, P,), however, should be limited tothe lesser of mini- mu fensle strength ()or 38. The limit ensues shakedown to elastic action ater few repetitions ofthe load producing chem and is aim on the SY range. K factors (other than 1) should not be applied tothe 3$ Limit. 34.12 Representative SI Classifications Table 3-2 lists the SY classifications for parts typically found in penstocks and tunnel liners, 34.13 Equivalent Stresses For a three-dimensional state of stress in which the three orthogonal principle stresses are 5, 5, and S,, the equivalent stress (S,) based on the distortion energy theory (the octahe~ dal shearing stress theory) is given by 1, = (12 (8, — $,)? + (S, — 58 + (8, — $9) B-2) For a two-dimensional state of stress, the equation reduces to 5,2-5,5, + 52)!" G3) ‘The equivalent stress (S,) based on the distortion energy theory is equivalent to stress intensity (ST) based on the max- imum shear stress theory. In applying the distortion energy theory, itis suggested that the two-dimensional equation be applied using the two prin- cipal stesses that result in the greatest algebraic difference. 32 STEEL PENSTOCKS ‘Table 3-2 ST Classifications for Typical Parts Found in Penstocks and Tunnel Liners cae ‘ST eategory Ring girder supports and aiflener rings Rim bending e [Local membrane hoop srs int penton the cieumfeenal eetin P, ending sess in ng ginger andor sifeners acting sos the depth ofthe pnder ’, Bending + axil Sin ring ’, Rim bending inthe penstck sell pls decor and axial oad @+P,) “Sade (Penstock shall immediatly above hom or ip of ade) Frm bending (bending a up of sade) om hoop membrane load (hoop memirane lad a tip of sue) », Sear in sll ajacent to bor ons Beating or compression from bearing loads - Bending inate plates and sade plates aro thickness of element p, Loaded atachments and nozzles Meaibrane Sin sel of penstosk caosed Wythe Toads 7, Bening Sin shel of penstock caused bythe loads e ‘Neca necks outside niu of enforcement Gon extemal loads and momeoa, ad pressure ?, [Nozzle necks within limits of reinforcement from extemal loads and moments, snd presire a Bifurcations ‘Menibrane sess intensity away from reinforcing girder and away rom changes in direton ?, Meaibrane stes intensity adjacent to reinforsng girders and changes indirection r, Bending suet accossthicknes of shell e Masirnum sens intensity in reinforcing giders Peek, Miscellaneous 3 ‘Membrane hop sex from internal peste in yndieal and conical peniock sections and Tor formed sels away ?, 5 tromaiscontnaties 2 Metbrane Sin the vicinily of tachment under load, horn aeaof sade supports, conical-to-

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