Fluid Mechanics

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FLUID FLOW
IDEAL FLUID
BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE
How can a plane fly?
How does a perfume spray work?
What is the venturi effect?
Why does a cricket ball swing or a baseball curve?
 A1 A1
A2

v2 v1
v1
Low speed high speed Low speed
Low KE high KE Low KE
High pressure low pressure High pressure
 p large p large

p small

v small v large v small

 In a serve storm how does a house loose its
roof?
Air flow is disturbed by the house.
The "streamlines" crowd around the top of the roof
 faster flow above house
 reduced pressure above roof than inside the house
 room lifted off because of pressure difference.
Why do racing cars wear skirts?

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VENTURI EFFECT

low pressure velocity increased

high
pressure decreased
pressure
(patm)
 force

high speed
low pressure

force

What happens when two ships or trucks pass alongside each other?
Have you noticed this effect in driving across the Sydney Harbour Bridge?
 artery

Flow speeds up at External forces causes

constriction artery to collapse
Pressure is lower
Internal force acting on
artery wall is reduced

Arteriosclerosis and vascular flutter

Y x2 p2

m A2
v2
X

time 2

p1 x1
y2
A1 m
v1

y1 time 1
 Bernoulli’s Equation
for any point along a flow tube or streamline

p + ½  v2 +  g y = constant

Dimensions
p [Pa] = [N.m-2] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]

½  v2 [kg.m-3.m2.s-2] = [kg.m-1.s-2] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]

gh [kg.m-3 m.s-2. m] = [kg.m.s-2.m.m-3] = [N.m.m-3]

=[J.m-3]
Each term has the dimensions of energy / volume or energy
density.

½ v2 KE of bulk motion of fluid

gh GPE for location of fluid

p pressure energy density arising from internal

forces within moving fluid (similar to energy
stored in a spring)

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Derivation of Bernoulli's
Equation

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Y x2 p2

m A2
v2
X

time 2

p1 x1
y2
A1 m
v1

y1 time 1
 Derivation of Bernoulli's equation
Mass element m moves from (1) to (2)

m =  A1 x1 =  A2 x2 =  V
where V = A1 x1 = A2 x2
Equation of continuity A V = constant

A1 v1 = A2 v2 A1 > A2  v1 < v2
Since v1 < v2 the mass element has been accelerated by the net force

F1 – F2 = p1 A1 – p2 A2
Conservation of energy
A pressurized fluid must contain energy by the virtue that work
must be done to establish the pressure.

A fluid that undergoes a pressure change undergoes an energy

change.

K = ½ m v22 - ½ m v12
= ½  V v22 - ½  V v12
U = m g y2 – m g y1
=  V g y2 –  V g y1
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 Wnet = F1 x1 – F2 x2
= p1 A1 x1 – p2 A2 x2
Wnet = p1 V – p2 V = K + U

p1 V – p2 V
= ½  V v22 - ½  V v12 +  V g y2 -  V g y1
Rearranging
p1 + ½  v12 +  g y1 = p2 + ½  v22 +  g y2
Applies only to an ideal fluid (zero viscosity)
Ideal fluid

Real fluid
 Applications of Bernoulli
Torricelli’s Discharge (Free jet)

Flow around a Body

Flow along a Solid Wall

Pitot and Pitot-Static Tube

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Flow of a liquid from a hole at the bottom of a tank

(1) Point on surface of liquid

y1

v2 = ? m.s-1

y2
(2) Point just outside hole
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Assume liquid behaves as an ideal fluid and that Bernoulli's
equation can be applied

p1 + ½  v12 +  g y1 = p2 + ½  v22 +  g y2

A small hole is at level (2) and the water level at (1) drops
slowly  v1 = 0

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p1 = patm p2 = patm

 g y1 = ½ v22 +  g y2

v22 = 2 g (y1 – y2) = 2 g h h = (y1 - y2)

v2 = (2 g h) Torricelli formula (1608 – 1647)

This is the same velocity as a particle falling freely through a

height h

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Torricelli’s Discharge (Free jet)

 
p0  0   g h  p0 
2
U2   g0
2 2
U2  2gh ; U  2gh
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 Emptying Time : t ?

1 A1 dh
 A1 dh  U A2 dt dt  
2 g A2 h

t 1 A1 he dh
t  
0
dt  
2 g A2 
ha
h

t 
2 A1
g A2
 ha  he 

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How do you measure the speed of flow for a fluid?

(1)

(2)

v1 = ? F

m
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Assume liquid behaves as an ideal fluid and that
Bernoulli's equation can be applied for the flow along a
streamline

p1 + ½  v12 +  g y1 = p2 + ½  v22 +  g y2

y1 = y2

p1 – p2 = ½ F (v22 - v12)

p 1 - p 2 = m g h

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A1 v1 = A2 v2  v2 = v1 (A1 / A2)

m g h = ½ F { v12 (A1 / A2)2- v12 }

= ½ F v12 {(A1 / A2)2 - 1}

2 g h m
v1 

 A1 
2 

 F    1

 A2  


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Flow around a Body
Bernoulli constant for different streamlines?

p1   g z1  p2   g z2  ...

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  
p1  U    g z1  p2  U    g z2  ...  C
2 2

2 2
 
p    g z  p2    g z2 
2 2
U U
2 2

 
p  U    g z   p4  U    g z4
2 2

2 2
 
p  U   g z  p  U    g z
2 2

2 2

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Flow along a Solid Wall

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 p1i  p1   g h  z1 

pre  p2   g h  z2 

pM   p1   g z1    p2   g z2 


pM 
2
U 2
2 U 2
1 

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Example:
A fluid of constant density = 960 kg/m3 is flowing steadily
through the above tube. The diameters at the sections
are d1 = 100mm and d2 = 80mm. The gauge pressure at 1
is P1 = 200 kN/m2 and the velocity here is V1 = 5m/s.
What is the gauge pressure at section 2.

Figure : A contracting and expanding pipe

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Bernoulli equation is applied along a streamline joining
section 1 with section 2.
The tube is horizontal, with z1 = z2 so Bernoulli gives us
the following equation for pressure at section 2:

P2  P1  (V12 – V22 )
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But we do not know the value of V2. We can calculate
this from the continuity equation: Discharge into the
tube is equal to the discharge out i.e.

1 1  A2V2
AV
2
AV  d1 
V2  1 1 ; V2    V1
A2  d2 

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 2
 0.1 
V2     5  7.8125 m / s
 0.08 
So we can now calculate the pressure at section 2


P 2 = P1 + (V12 – V22) = 200000 + 960 (52 – 7.81252)
2 2

p2 = 200000 -17296.87
= 182703 N/m2
= 182.7 kN/m2

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