SIMULATION AND DESIGN TOOLS

EXPERIMENT NO: 1
RECTIFIER/CLIPPER/CLAMPER
AIM: Simulation of one rectifier circuit and one clipper/clamper circuit.
THEORY:
Rectifier:
In half-wave rectification, the rectifier conducts current only during the positive half- cycles
of input ac supply.

The negative half-cycles of ac supply are suppressed during negative half-cycles, no current
is conducted and hence no voltage appears across the load.

Therefore, current ways flows in one direction (dc) through the load though after every half-
cycle. The process of removing one-half the input signal to establish a dc level is called half-
wave rectification.

Clipper:
 There are a variety of diode networks called clippers that have the ability to “clip”
Off a portion of the input signal without distorting the remaining part of the alternating Waveform.
 The half-wave rectifier is the simplest form of diode clipper. Depending on the orientation of the
diode, the positive or negative region of the input signal is “clipped” off.
 There are two general categories of clippers: series and parallel.
 The series configuration is defined as one where the diode is in series with the load, while the
parallel.
Variety has the diode in a branch parallel to the load.

Clamper:
 The clamping network is one that will “clamp” a signal to a different dc level.
 The Network must have a capacitor, a diode, and a resistive element, but it can also employan
independent dc supply to introduce an additional shift.

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 The magnitude of Rand C must be chosen such that the time constantRC is large enough to
ensurethat the voltage across the capacitor does not discharge significantly during the intervalthe
diode is non-conducting.
 Throughout the analysis we will assume that for allpractical purposes the capacitor will fully charge
or discharge in five time constants.

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT:

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OUTPUT:

CLIPPER CIRCUIT:

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OUTPUT:

CLAMPER CIRCUIT:

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OUTPUT:

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment we studied about the rectifier, clipper and clamper circuit and
obtained its waveforms using multisim software.

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EXPERIMENT NO:2
TRANSISTOR BIASING CIRCUIT

AIM: Simulation of one transistor biasing circuit.

THEORY:
VOLTAGE DIVIDER BIAS:

 Voltage divider bias circuit that is less dependent, or infact, independent of the transistor beta.
 The resulting levels of ICQ and VCEQ can be almost totally independent of beta.
 The level of IBQ will change with the change in beta, but the operating point on the characteristics
defined by ICQ and VCEQ can remain fixed if the proper circuit parametersare employed.
 There are two methods that can be applied to analyze the voltage divider configuration
 The first to be demonstrated is the exact method that can be applied to any voltage-divider
configuration.
 The second is referred to as the approximate method and can be applied only if specific conditions
are satisfied. The approximate approach permits a more direct analysis with a savings
in time and energy.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
From this experiment we studied about the circuit and obtained its waveforms
using multisim software.

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment we analyzed voltage divider bias circuit, obtained its
voltages at different resisters using multisim software and compared with
theoretically obtained values.

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EXPERIMENT NO:3
CE SINGLE/DOUBLE STAGE AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

AIM:Simulation of CE single/double stage amplifier circuit.

THEORY:
Emitter of common-emitter amplifier is at ac ground.
With a CE amplifier, the ac input signal is coupled into the base, and the amplified output signal appears
at the collector.
The ac grounded emitter is common to both the input and output signals.
The current gain Ai of a common-emitter amplifier equalsthe ratio of the output current to the input
current.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

.OUTPUT:

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CONCLUSION:
From this experiment, we studied about common emitter single stage
amplifier, obtained its output waveforms using multisim software.
We also obtained graph of magnitude vs frequency and phase vs frequency.

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EXPERIMENT NO:4
JEFT AMPLIFIER CIRCUIT

AIM: Simulation of any one JFET/MOSFET amplifier circuit.

THEORY:
 The coupling and bypass capacitors are ac shorts.
 Because of this, the signal is coupled directly into the gate.
 Since the source is bypassed to ground, all of the ac input voltage appears between the gate and the
source.
 This produces an ac drain current.
 Since the ac drain current flows through the drain resistor, we get an amplified and inverted ac
Output voltage. This output signal is then coupled to the load resistor.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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OUTPUT:

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment we studied about JFET amplifier circuit and obtained its
output waveforms using multisim software.

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EXPERIMENT NO:5
NEGETIVE FEEDBACK CIRCUIT

AIM: Simulation of any one negative feedback circuit.

THEORY:
 The input to a negative-feedback amplifier can be either a voltage or a current.Also, the output signal
can be either a voltage or a current.
 This implies that four types of negative feedback exist.
 The first typehas an input voltage and an output voltage.The circuit that uses this type of
negativeFeedback is called a voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
 A VCVSis an ideal voltage amplifier because it has a stabilized voltage gain, infinite input
Impedance, and zero output impedance.
 In the second type of negative feedback, an input current controls an outputVoltage. The circuit
using this type of feedback is called a current- controlledVoltage source (ICVS). Because an input
current controls an output voltage, anICVS is sometimes called a Trans resistance amplifier.
 The third type of circuit using this type of negative feedback is called a voltage controlledcurrent
source (VCIS). Because an input voltage controls an outputcurrent, a VCIS is sometimes called a
transconductance amplifier.
 In the fourth type of negative feedback, an input current is amplified to geta larger output current.
The circuit with this type of negative feedback is called a current-controlled current source
(ICIS).

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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OUTPUT:

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment we studied about the negative feedback circuit(OP-
AMP-Inverting Amplifier) and obtained its waveforms using multisim
software.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 6
ENCODER/MULTIPLEXER CIRCUIT

AIM: Simulation of any encoder/multiplexer circuit.

THEORY:
Encoder:
 An encoder is a device, circuit, transducer, software program, algorithm or person that converts
information from one format or code to another.
 Encoders are combinational logic circuits and they are exactly opposite of decoders. They accept one
or more inputs and generate a multi-bit output code.
 An encoder has M input and N output lines. Out of M input lines only one is activated at a time and
produces equivalent code on output N lines. If a device output code has fewer bits than the input
code has, the device is usually called an encoder.

Octal to Binary Encoder

Truth table:

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Logic Diagram:

Multiplexer:
 In electronics, a multiplexer or mux is a device that selects one of several analog or digital input
signals and forwards the selected input into a single line.
 A multiplexer of 2n inputs has n select lines, which are used to select which input line to send to the
output.
 An electronic multiplexer can be considered as a multiple-input, single-output switch i.e. digitally
controlled multi-position switch. The digital code applied at the select inputs determines which data
inputs will be switched to output.

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8 X 1 Multiplexer:
Truth table:

Logic diagram:

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MULTIPLEXER:
LOGIC DIAGRAM:

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OUTPUT:

(1).

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(2).

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment we studied about the Encoder and Multiplexer logic
circuit and obtained its output using multisim software.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 7
DECODER/DEMULTIPLEXER CIRCUIT

AIM: Simulation of any decoder/demultiplexer circuit.

THEORY:
Decoder:
In digital electronics, a decoder can take the form of a multiple-input, multiple-output logic circuit that
converts coded inputs into coded outputs, where the input and output codes are different e.g. n-to-2n ,
binary-coded decimal decoders. Decoding is necessary in applications such as data multiplexing, 7
segment display and memory address decoding.

3:8 Decoder

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DECODER:
(1)

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(2).

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(3)

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment we studied about Decoder circuit and obtained its output
using multisim software.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 8
FLIP-FLOP CIRCUIT USING GATES

AIM: Simulation of any one flip-flop circuit using gates.

THEORY:
SR-Latch:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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OUTPUT:
CASES:

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment we studied about Flip Flop logic circuit and obtained its
various conditions using multisim software.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 9
REGISTER/COUNTER CIRCUIT

AIM: Simulation of any one register/counter circuit.

THEORY:
In digital logic and computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays) the number
of times a particular event or process has occurred, often in relationship to a clock signal. The most
common type is a sequential digital logic circuit with an input line called the "clock" and multiple output
lines. The values on the output lines represent a number in the binary or BCD number system. Each
pulse applied to the clock input increments or decrements the number in the counter. A counter circuit is
usually constructed of a number of flip-flops connected in cascade. Counters are a very widely-used
component in digital circuits, and are manufactured as separate integrated circuits and also incorporated
as parts of larger integrated circuits.
The countdown counter can be constructed as follows, the inputs to the AND gates must come from the
complement outputs instead of the normal outputs of the previous flip flops. The Up and down counters
can be combined in one circuit to form a counter capable of counting either up or down.

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jn

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Conclusion:
From this experiment we studied about counter circuit and obtained its output
using multisim software.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 10
CONTINOUS WAVEFORMS USING MATLAB

AIM: Plot continuous sine, cosine, triangle and exponential waveforms using MATLAB.
PROGRAM:

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OUTPUT:

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment we studied about different continuous
waveforms(sine,cosine,saw tooth,exponential waveforms)using matlab
software.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 11
SAMPLED WAVEFORMS USING MATLAB

AIM:Plot sampled sine, cosine, triangle and exponential waveforms using MATLAB.
PROGRAM:

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OUTPUT:

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CONCLUSION:
From this experiment we studied about different sampled waveforms
(sine,cosine,saw tooth, exponential waveforms) using mat lab software.

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EXPERIMENT NO: 12
STUDY OF SIMULINK

AIM: Study of Simulink.

MODEL:

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SINE WAVE 1

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SINE WAVE 2:

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OUTPUT:

CONCLUSION:
From this experiment we studied about Simulink software and obtained
various waveforms by making block diagrams and circuits using predefined
block functions in Simulink.

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