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2. Why is the cell called the structural and functional unit of life?
Cells are called the structural and functional unit of life because all the living organisms are
made up of cells and also all the functions taking place inside the body of organisms are
performed by cells.
1. How do substances like CO2 and water move in and out of the cell? Discuss.
The substances like CO2and water move in and out of a cell by diffusion from the region of high
concentration to low concentration.
When the concentration of CO2and water is higher in external environment than that inside the
cell, CO2and water moves inside the cell. When the concentration outside the cell becomes low
and it is high inside the cell, they moves out.
1. Fill in the gaps in the following table illustrating differences between prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
1. Size: generally small ( 1-10 µm) 1 µm== 10- 1. Size: generally large (5-100 µm)
6
m
2. Nuclear region: poorly defined because of the 2. Nuclear region: well-defined and
absence of a nuclear membrane, and is known surrounded by a nuclear membrane
as nucleoid
1. Can you name the two organelles we have studied that contain their own genetic
material?
Mitochondria and plastids
2. If the organisation of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence, what
will happen?
If the organisation of a cell is destroyed due to some physical or chemical influence then cell will
not be able to perform the basic functions like respiration, nutrition, excretion etc. This may stop
all the life activities and may result in its death.
1. Make a comparison and write down ways in which plant cells are different from animal
cells.
The do not have cell wall. They have cell wall made up of cellulose.
Lysosomes are larger in number. Lysosomes are absent or very few in number
Prominent Golgi bodies are Subunits of Golgi bodies known as dictyosomes are
present. present.
Size of the cell is generally small (0.5- 5 Size of the cell is generally large (50- 100 µm).
µm).
Nuclear region is poorly defined due to the Nuclear region is well-defined and is surrounded
absence of a nuclear membrane or the cell by a nuclear membrane, or true nucleus bound by
lacks true nucleus. a nuclear membrane is present in the cell.
Cell division occurs through binary fission Cell division occurs by mitosis.
Prokaryotic cells are found in bacteria and Eukaryotic cells are found in fungi, plants, and
blue-green algae. animal cells.
4. What would happen to the life of a cell if there was no Golgi apparatus?
Golgi apparatus has the function of storage modification and packaging of the products. If there
is no Golgi apparatus then the packaging and transporting of materials synthesized by cell will
not happen.
6. Where do the lipids and proteins constituting the cell membrane get synthesized?
Lipids are synthesized in Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and the proteins are synthesized
in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).
Cells [IISDSG] Page 3
7. How does an Amoeba obtain its food?
Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger-like extensions of the cell surface which fuse over
the food particle forming a food-vacuole as shown in figure. Inside the food vacuole, complex
substances are broken down into simpler ones which then diffuse into the cytoplasm. The
remaining undigested material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out.
8. What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the process in which water molecules moves from the region of high concentration to
a region of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane.
Take four peeled potato halves and scoop each one out to make potato cups. One of these
potato cups should be made from a boiled potato. Put each potato cup in a trough
containing water. Now,
(a) Keep cup A empty
(b) Put one teaspoon sugar in cup B
(c) Put one teaspoon salt in cup C
(d) Put one teaspoon sugar in the boiled potato cup D.
Keep these for two hours. Then observe the four potato cups and answer the following:
(i) Explain why water gathers in the hollowed portion of B and C.
(ii) Why is potato A necessary for this experiment?
(iii) Explain why water does not gather in the hollowed out portions of A and D.
(i) Water gathers in the hollowed portions of set-up B and C because water enters the potato as a
result of osmosis. Since the medium surrounding the cell has a higher water concentration than
the cell, the water moves inside by osmosis. Hence, water gathers in the hollowed portions of the
Cells [IISDSG] Page 4
potato cup.
(ii) Potato A in the experiment acts as a control set-up. No water gathers in the hollowed portions
of potato A.
(iii) Water does not gather in the hollowed portions of potato A because potato cup A is empty. It
is a control set-up in the experiment.
Water is not able to enter potato D because the potato used here is boiled. Boiling denatures the
proteins present in the cell membrane and thus, disrupts the cell membrane. For osmosis, a semi-
permeable membrane is required, which is disrupted in this case. Therefore, osmosis will not
occur. Hence, water does not enter the boiled potato cup.
Plasma membrane also called as cell membrane, is the outer covering of a cell that
separates the cell contents (protoplasm) from the surrounding medium.
It is made up of proteins and lipids.
It gives form (shape and size) to the cell
It maintains the individuality of the cell (i.e. seperates cells)
It keeps the cell contents in place
2. What are cell organelles?
Ans: The certain specific living parts of a cell with a definite function are celled Cell organelles.
All cell are found to have same organelles and together these constitute to the basic unit of life.
Ans: Cellulose is the main component of a plant cell wall. It is responsible for giving structural
shape to the cell and also to protect the protoplasm.
Ans: The cells that do not have a nuclear membrane and membrane bound cell organelles (i.e.
well-defined nucleus) are known as Prokaryotic Cells. Example:- Blue green
algae, Bacteria, Mycoplasma etc.
The Chromatin material mainly consists of DNA’s, therefore plays an important role in storing
and transmittinghereditary information (DNA) from one generation to another.
Ans: Ribosomes is a cell organelle which lacks membrane and is prepared in the Nucleolus.
10. What is plasmolysis? What happens to a plasmolysed cell when it is placed in water ?
The detachment of cell membrane of the plant cell from the cell wall when put in
Hypertonic Solution is known as Plasmolysis.
The cell that has undergone plasmolysis i.e. plasmolysed cell when placed in water, the
water moves into the cell from the solution due to the higher concentration of water in the
solution (Endosmosis) and therefore the cell swells.
The undefined nuclear region of prokaryotic cells like blue green algae are known as nucleoid.
The nucleoid contains nucleic acid but does not have any membrane covering it.
Chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis and helps in preparing food (in case of plant
cells).
Leucoplast are the site of storage of food.
Chromoplast provide colour to various flowers and fruits.
15. Write down the main functions of cell wall.
Nucleoplasm – the semi-fluid part of protoplasm lying inside the nucleus, in which
nucleoli and Chromatin fibers are found.
Nucleolus – a dense, spherical, darkly stained structure, which the site of formation and
store house of RNA’s.
Nuclear Membrane- The membrane that bounds the nucleus, which semi-permeable,
double layered and porous.
17. What role does a nucleus play in cellular reproduction?
The nucleus plays the central role in the cell division/reproduction. Nucleus carry
the hereditary information and it divides to form two new cell by the process of cellular
reproduction. Apart from that, nucleus also plays a vital role in determining when the cell will
divide.
Diffusion
Diffusion is defined as the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region
of low concentration.
Osmosis
Osmosis is defined as the passage of water from a region of high water concentration to a region
of low concentration through a Semi-permeable membrane.