ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT

ENV-804

Dr. Muhammad Fahim Khokhar

Energy Scenario of Pakistan

 Per capita energy consumption, is one of the indicator of

Industrial development and quality of life of a country.

 Pakistan is the poorest of the poor as far as energy

consumption per capita is concerned.

 Pakistan has 14 Million BTU’s as compared to 92 Million

BTU’s of Malaysia and 34 Million BTU’s for China.

 Per Capita electrical consumption per year of Pakistan is

470kWh, & of Malaysia is 2,708 & of Singapore is 6,775 kWh
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Human Development Index and Electricity Consumption

3
Comparison of per capita electricity and primary
energy consumption

an energy form found in nature that has not been

subjected to any conversion or transformation process 4
Energy cost is increasing

5
6
Roots of Pakistan’s energy crisis
➢ Lack of Integrated Energy Planning
➢ Demand Forecasting
➢ Absence of central & focused entity
responsible for the Energy Sector
➢ Imbalanced Energy Mix with heavy reliance
on gas (47.5%) and Oil (30.5%)
➢ (72% imported) 7
Pakistan’s Energy Mix: imbalanced
Oil Hydel
6497 MW 6489 MW
34% 33%

Nuclear
452 MW
2%
Coal
Total 19403 MW 150 MW
Gas 1%
5815 MW
30% 8
Roots of Pakistan’s energy crisis

➢ Non-utilization of vast indigenous resources

➢ Thar Coal: (6th largest coal reserves in the world,

were discovered in 1991) by Geological Survey PAK

➢ Hydel Power potential

➢ 60,000 MW (PPIB, 2011)

➢ Lack of effective project structuring

➢ planning and implementation of viable projects

➢ Inadequate Primary Energy Sources

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ELECTRICITY - INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY OF PAKISTAN

 The Electricity - installed generating capacity of Pakistan is

22.3 ( millions of kW)
 Global rank of 34.

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POWER GENERATION CAPACITY -PAK

Source: Nepra’s State of Industry Report, 2012 11

Unfortunately The Gap Continues to Increase:
Thermal power Generation

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Gap Between Oil Demand and Supply

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CURRENT SITUATION OF ELECTRICITY

 The demand of electricity in Pakistan increases day by day

Current Project Demand

Installed
Gap (MW)
Capacity Year MW
(MW)
2015 36,217 12,679
2020 54,359 30,821
23,538
2025 80,566 57,028
2030 113,695 90,157

 Using renewable sources we can compensate this gap to some extent

CURRENT SITUATION OF ELECTRICITY

17
Electricity Prices in Pakistan

Increase in electricity price

2013: Unit cost is Rs. 16 of

electricity generated from
furnace oil

Growing gap between electricity

demand and supply
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 Pakistan
Load
Shedding
Power Sector /Energy
outages Gas Sector
static non-
growth mode the demand -
from 2003- supply gap that
2015, the peak emerged in
supply-demand 2007 has grown
gap has grown to about 1400
3,500 - Consequence of energy shortage: MMcfd in
12679 MW gap increases between Supply and
demand 2014
from about 1,000
MW in 2006
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POWER OUTAGES IN PAKISTAN

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 Pakistan
It has significant socio
economic impacts:

• Law and order

• Regional conflicts
• Impede economic
development
• High Discomfort level
• unemployment
• less academic output

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 Pakistan is
heading
towards
modern
stone age

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10 MAIN CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISES OF PAKISTAN

 There are many Causes of Energy crises as:

1. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY.
 Geo-political situations in the region like: war against terror,
extremism, internally displaced persons
 Natural Disasters like earth quick of year 2005,floods fo year
2010, 2011 and 2012 etc.
 Climate Change Impacts
 Corruption
 Poor tax system
 All these substantially impact our GDP and energy growth

1. 2.FLUCTUATION OF OIL PRICE IN INTERNATIONAL

MARKET:
 WAPDA and KESC purchase expensive oil from market and transfer cost of
consumer
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10 MAIN CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISES OF PAKISTAN

 There are many Causes of Energy crises as:

1. ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INSTABILITY.
 Geo-political situations in the region like: war against terror,
extremism, internally displaced persons
 Natural Disasters like earth quick of year 2005,floods fo year
2010, 2011 and 2012 etc.
 Climate Change Impacts
 Corruption
 Poor tax system
 All these substantially impact our GDP and energy growth

 2.FLUCTUATION OF OIL PRICE IN INTERNATIONAL

MARKET:
 WAPDA and KESC purchase expensive oil from market and transfer cost of
consumer
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10 MAIN CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISES OF PAKISTAN

 3. IMPROPER ENERGY
MIX.
 Pakistan mostly relies
on power production
based on oils

 4. CIRCULAR DEBT
 It is causing less
production of
electricity as
circular debt
increase
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 10 MAIN CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISES OF PAKISTAN

 5. FAULTY DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEM:
 15% to 20% energy is wasted due
to poor distribution system

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 5. FAULTY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:

 Mostly Pakistani steals electricity /energy

 the government’s unwillingness to confront them.
 non-payment of utility bills

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COMPARATIVE COST OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCED
 The expensive electricity, coupled with exceedingly poor rule of law, in turn
encourages outright theft of electricity and leaves little for maintenance of
the infrastructure, which causes yet more rises in the cost of producing
electricity.

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10 MAIN CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISES OF PAKISTAN

 6- AGING OF EQUIPMENT:
 Unable to generate required electricity

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10 MAIN CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISES OF PAKISTAN

 7- . SILTING PROCESS:

 It is naturally cased process which reduce shortage capacity of

our reservoirs
 8. INCREASE IN GROWTH:
 due to increase in population growth demand of energy
increase but no serious efforts have been made to install new
capacity of energy

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10 MAIN CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISES OF PAKISTAN

 9- INDUSTRIAL AND AGRICULTURAL GROWTH:

 industrial
and agricultural growth in country also
caused energy crisis.

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10 MAIN CAUSES OF ENERGY CRISES OF PAKISTAN

 10. GREATER TRANSPORTATION and other NEEDS:

 increase in population also lead to greater transportation

needs which also increased demand of energy.
 Public Awareness:
 energy management:
 individual and community levels
 efficient use of resources
 advocacy of renewable energy
 Outreach program
 schools, colleges
 media campaigns
 print, social and electronic

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IMPLICATIONS OF ENERGY CRISES IN PAKISTAN
 Adverse impacts of energy crisis are large in Pakistan are:
 political
 industrial
 social lives
 and from economic prospect.
 this shortage of energy has a crucial impact on the economic
growth of Pakistan.
 lack of electricity now put a full stop to the economic growth.

 no electricity no industries would be there. as we all know that

Pakistan is earning large amount of national income on the basis of
textile sector.
 textile sector is contributing around 60% of exports input but due to
lack of electricity factory owners bound to close their factories.
 and also fled to other countries like Bangladesh and Malaysia

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HOW TO OVERCOME THE ENERGY SHORTAGE

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HOW TO OVERCOME THE ENERGY SHORTAGE

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 Road To Sustainability: Creativity & Innovation
Success rate

Environmental cost 39
In only one day, the sun provides the
Earth with the same energy to that
consumed by humanity in 35 years
"With Concentrated Solar Power Stations,
one thousandth of the deserts surface
would be sufficient to cover
the world’s need in electricity"

Hans Müller-Steinhagen
Head of the Institute of Technical Thermodynamics
German Aerospace Center
Sustainable Energy: Success Story
Morocco launches world’s largest
solar power project
•Construction of a 160 MW solar power plant of a
total planned capacity of 500 MW near the
desert city of Ouarzazate expected to be
completed in 2015

•Cost of this plant 630 million Euros

•Morocco expects to build five new solar plants by

the end of the decade with a combined
production capacity of 2,000 megawatts and at
an estimated cost of 6.9 billion Euros
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Sustainable Energy: Success Story

Morocco has no oil and gas reserves and is relying on

solar projects, along with wind farms to raise renewable
energy production to 42% of its total power supply mix
by 2020

The project would lead to savings of 3.7 million

tons of CO2 emissions per year.

This project also aims to export clean

electricity to neighboring Europe.

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Potential Of Solar Energy In Pakistan
Pakistan lies in high solar radiation belt between 40o
N and 400S

The country receives an average of about 1900

2200 KWh/ m2/ year of solar energy

On average all parts of the country have more than

300 days of sunshine

The South Western province of Balochistan and

North Eastern part of Sindh offer excellent
conditions for harnessing solar energy where sun
shines between 7 and 12 h daily 46
Solar Energy In Pakistan

In early 1980s, the

Government of Pakistan Photovoltaic systems
had 18 PV systems with of generation capacity
a composite output of 100–500 W/unit
440 kW installed in have been used for
various parts of the producing electricity
country in a few rural areas

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Solar Energy In Pakistan
Current
Scenario
of Solar AEDB (Alternate Energy Development Board)
electrified 3000 households with total PV power
Energy in generation of 200 kW in Kohat, D.G. Khan,
Pakistan Rawalpindi, Tharparkar , Turbat/Kalat

PCRET (Pakistan Council of Renewable Energy

Technology) electrified more than 500 schools,
mosques, houses through PV power with total
generation capacity of more than 80 kW.

In private sector, the PV installations in the country are

approximately in the range of 500 kW.
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Capital Cost: Main Issue

Or
Comparison Study
 Why aren’t we using
free energy from sun

High capital cost !

35 gallon capacity SWH costs Rs. 65000 for an
average household
Can not operate on cloudy days and at night

Not very effective in colder climates

Lack of awareness on efficiently utilization SWH
technology 50
 Capital cost: Conventional geysers
Much cheaper than SWH
Instant gas geyser

8 liters gas
instant water •Rs. 8000/- to Rs. 9000/-
heater:
12 liters gas •Rs. 12000/- to Rs.
instant water
heater: 13000/-

14 liters gas •Rs. 13500/- to Rs.

instant water
heater: 15000/-
 Capital cost: Conventional geysers
Much cheaper than SWH
35 Gallons gas
•Rs. 13500/- to Rs. 14600/-
geyser

55 Gallons gas
•Rs. 15000/- to Rs. 16000/-
geyser

Domestic consumers
using more than 300 •Rs. 530.69 per MMBTU (Million
cubic meters per Metric British Thermal Unit)
month
Electric geyser

8 Gallons electric geyser

Rs.7500/- to
Rs. 8500/-

Rs. 10500/-
10 Gallons electric geyser to Rs.
11500/-
Rs. 13000/-
12 Gallons electric geyser to Rs.
14000/-
 Operational Cost

Tariff: domestic power

consumers using 50 Rs. 2/unit
units/month
Tariff: power consumers
that use 1-100 Rs. 5.79/unit
units/month
Tariff for consumer
using 101-200 Rs. 8.11/unit
units/month
Tariff for above700
units/month Rs. 18/unit
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 An electric If a household
Monthly
geyser uses 6.7 consumes hot
operating cost is
kW if 9 kW is the water for an
6.7*3*30*8.11
supplied power average 3 hours
= Rs.4890.33
at 220 V a day
I don’t care the sun is free,
its so expensive to get one
of these solar water
heaters. I’ll rather go with
my cheap instant geyser.

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Solar Energy: Out Of Reach In Pakistan

 Cost for solar water heater for an average

household is Rs 65,000

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 Sustainable energy solutions for Pakistan
NUST –Case Study
H-12 main Campus

• To provide effective solutions for the

Objectives: current energy crisis in Pakistan.

• To develop a cost effective hybrid Solar

Water Heater which will provide Hot
water in all climatic conditions and of
desired temperature

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NUST –CASE STUDY: H-12 MAIN CAMPUS

• Total no of Student: 7000

• NUST Faculty :1000

• No of student Hostels :
• Boys: 13
• Girls:12

• Each Hostel consist of 12 Geysers of

capacity 35 and 55 gallons
• in total : 272 and 144
• Energy Cost : RS 14400/22680 per
month per unit 59
Hybrid solar water heater

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 NUST –CASE STUDY: H-12 MAIN CAMPUS

• A prototype Solar Water Heater has

been developed at IESE

• Conventional Design SWH

Achievements:
• Special Design SWH

• Hot water Temperatures:

• 60 0C
• 85 0C

• Cost Effectiveness
• 30 - 50 % 61
NUST –CASE STUDY: H-12 MAIN CAMPUS

• Hybrid Solar Water Heater

• specially Designed coupled with
existing /conventional heating
system
Targets
• Implementation of Hybrid SWH system
at NUST H-12 premises

• Expected out comes

• Saving Electricity
• Saving Natural Gas
• Saving Revenue (RS: 16 millions per
month) 62
Saving energy cost from SWH depends on:

 The amount of hot water used on regular

basis
 System's performance

 Geographic location and solar resource

 The cost of conventional fuels (natural

gas, oil, and electricity)

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The bright side of SWH

Low operational cost

A 100 liters capacity SWH can

• save 1500 units of electricity annually

• prevent emission of 1.5 tons of CO2 per year

Drop in water heating bills by 50%–

80%
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SOLUTIONS OF ENERGY CRISES
 All the developed nations has relied/generate large amount of energy
from coal
 in contrast Pakistan's generation of energy from coal is very low.
 Coal reserves in Pakistan are estimated at 186 billion tonnes.
 the measured or drill proven reserves are estimated at 579 million
tonnes, which are enough to last for 180 years at the present rate of
excavation which averages 3.2 million tonnes annually.
 Thar coal can generate 50,000 MW of electricity, 100 million barrels
of oil every year for the next 500 years by using only 2% of existing
coal reserves we can generate around 20,000 MW power of almost
40 years
 to lack of technology and proper utilization these reserves are still
untouched.
 Energy crisis can be reduced by developing new energy resources.

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SOLUTIONS OF ENERGY CRISES
 Govt should use advanced technology for proper utilization of Thar coal reserves.
 generate more energy by constructing new dams and hydro power plants.
 Govt should also utilize alternative energy resources.
 Can reduce these energy crisis through reducing unnecessary use of energy.
 Use of electricity saving devices for this purpose.
 Govt should start awareness campaign for energy saving.
 reduction in unnecessary transportation by developing good public transport
systems.
 decreasing line losses by using efficient power transmission cables.
 decrease reliance on rental power projects, because instead of doing any good they
are increasing prices of electricity.
 hydel power is the cheapest source to generate energy so we should utilize more
hydel power to generate energy.
 small hydro projects are also very important as Pakistan has a great potential in this
sector.
 at present, some 300 small and mini hydro power plants installed by the private and
public in the northern hilly areas, are supplying electricity to these areas.

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CONCLUSION
 Energy crisis are more or less affecting all sectors
of Pakistan
 economy to industry,
 agriculture to social life
 inflation to poverty
 and it is hampering national progress in very bad
manner.
 energy crisis can be solve by Govt through
effective policies.
 it is the responsibility of us , the people of
Pakistan to utilize the available energy resources
in proper way and wisely play our due role for the
progress of our country Pakistan. 67
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 The Current
Generation

Just hold it: This

belongs to us