Final Project

MEKELLE UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
In Partial Fulfillment of B.Sc. Degree in Civil

Engineering
Structural Design of A G+4 Commercial Building with Solid &

Pre-cast Slab and Cost Comparison
Prepared by:-
Keralem Adane
Osman Giragn
Samuel Tesfaye
Tewodros Kassa
Tigistu Fisseha
Advisor:- Kibrealem Mebratu June 2008

Senior project, structural design & cost comparison June 2008
Table of content
Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………..3
Introduction…………………………………………………………….…..4
Specification………………………………………………………………..5
1. Roof design...............................................................................................6
1.1. Wind load analysis………………………………………………...6
1.2. Analysis of lattice purlin………………………………………… 14
1.3. Design of truss……………………………………………………15
1.4. Design of lattice purloin………………………………………… 21
1.5. Slab roof design………………………………………………… 23
1.6. Weld design……………………………………………………… 25
2. Design of slab…………………………………………………………...26
2.1 Solid slab design…………………………………………………. 26
2.1.1 Depth determination……………………………………… 26
2.1.2 Loading…………………………………………………… 28
2.1.3 Analysis…………………………………………………… 29
2.1.4 Reinforcement design……………………………………… 38
2.2 Pre-cast slab design……………………………………………….39
2.2.1 Loading…………………………………………………… 40
2.2.2 Analysis and design……………………………………… 41
3. Design of stair………………………………………………………… 48
4. Frame analysis………………………………………………………… 55
4.1 Vertical load analysis…………………………………………… 55.
4.1.1 Solid slab………………………………………………… 55
4.1.2 Pre-cast slab……………………………………………… 59
4.2 Lateral load analysis…………………………………………… 62.
4.2.1 Earth quake analysis……………………………………… 62
4.2.2 Wind load analysis……………………………………… 64
4.3 Distribution of storey shear…………………………………… 67
4.4 Load combination……………………………………………… 83
5.Design of beam and column…………………………………………… 85
5.1 Beam design……………………………………………………85
5.1.1 Solid slab beams…………………………………………86
5.1.2 Pre-cast beams………………………………………… 93
5.1.3 Design of beams for shear and torsion………………… 99
5.2 Column design…………………………………………………104
5.2.1 Design procedure………………………………………. 104
5.2.2 Design of isolated columns…………………………… 111
5.2.3 Reinforcement design………………………………… 120
5.2.3.1 Solid slab column……………………………… 120
5.2.3.2 Pre-cast slab column…………………………… 121
6. Foundation design…………………………………………………… 124
Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 1

6.1 Footing design……………………………………………… 125

6.2 Mat foundation design…………………………………………128
7. Cost estimation…………………………………………………………135
Conclusion and recommendation…………………………………… 138
References…………………………………………………………… 139

Acknowledgment
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to our advisor Ato Kibrealem Mebratu for
giving us critical advices throughout the project work. We would also like to thank our friend
Fasil Meles for his material support. At last but not the least, we would like to thank to our
parents for giving their countless material & moral support.

Introduction
Now a day’s it is being practical to choose types of structural members for different criteria’s
especially economy after assuring safety.
So in this particular project we have determined the cost variation for solid and pre-cast floor
system. To do this we have passed many steps.
This paper is prepared in partial fulfillment for the B.Sc. degree in civil engineering. The project
is a structural design of a G+4 commercial building with solid and pre-cast slab systems with
cost estimation & comparison for each staff. The building is located in Mekelle city. The
structural design consists of the design of roof truss, Slabs, Staircase, Beams, Columns and
foundation. The cost estimation comprises of cost for slabs, beams, columns and footings with
their respective formwork.
As can be seen from the architectural drawing, the floor arrangement is typical for all floors
except some modification on the cantilever parts.
For the solid type we first determine depth for deflection and made analysis for dead and live
load as EBCS recommends. During the design of beams, columns and footings we have grouped
them in reference to the stress they are bearing i.e. each group is taking relatively similar stress.
Limit state design method has been adopted for the whole components. Ethiopian building code
of standard EBCS 1, EBCS 2, EBCS 7 and EBCS 8, are referred for the design of the building.
The roof truss, ribs and frame are analyzed using SAP 2000 V 9 for different combination of
loads. And a combination with a critical effect is taken for sizing members and determination of
rebar.
Working drawings for beams, columns, footings stair case and floor slabs are prepared. And
finally Bill of Quantity for Concrete work, Rebar and Footing are prepared.
Generally in this project we have shown the basic steps for analysis and design of frame
structures and we believe we have done a fabulous work which is almost accurate and we
deserve a big hug.

Specification
Purpose – commercial building
Approach- Limit state design method
Material – Concrete – 25, class – I works
Steel S – 300 deformed bars
RHS for roof truss and purlin
EGA- 300 for roof cover is used.
Partial safety factors – concrete γc=1.5
Steel γs=1.15
Unit weight of concrete γc=24KN/m3
Supporting ground condition = sandy gravel with bearing capacity of 560KPa
Design Data and Materials
Concrete
fck = 0.8*25MPa =20MPa
fctk= 0.21*fck 2/3 =1.547MPa
fcd= 0.85*fck =11.33MPa
γc
fctd= fctk=1.032MPa
γc
Steel
fyk= 300MPa
fcd= 260.87MPa
Design loads
Fd= γf*Fk
Where
Fk = characteristics loads
γf = partial safety factor for loads
= 1.3 for dead loads
= 1.6 for live loads
Seismic condition
Mekelle – Zone 4

1. Roof Design
Roof layout
1.1 Wind load Analysis

The roof is categorized according to EBCS-1,1995 table 2.1.3 under category-H :- roof not
accessible except normal maintenance, repair, painting and minor repairs.
From table 2.1.4 the roof will be sloping roof with category-H
qk=0.25KN/m2
Qk=1.0KN
Characteristics wind load
Wind pressure (EBCS-1, 1995 Art. 3.5)
I. External wind pressure
Wind pressure acting on external surface of the structure will be obtained from
We =qref.Ce(ze) (Cpe)
Where qref =reference wind pressure
2
= ρ/2 Vref …………… (Art. 3.7.1)
ρ= air density (from site with altitude above sea level) > 2000m (Mekelle)
ρ=0.94 Kg/m3
Vref = reference wind velocity
Vref =Cdir .Ctem .Calt .Vref o
= 1*1*1*22m/s
2
qref = ρ/2 Vref =0.5* 0.94Kg/m3*222 =227.48N/m2
Ce=pressure coefficient that accounts the effect of terrain roughness, topography and
height above the ground on the mean wind speed is defined as

2  7 * KT 
Ce(z) = C r ( Z ) * C t ( Z ) * 1 + 
 C r ( Z ) * Ct ( Z ) 
Where KT = terrain factor
- For urban area in which at least 15% of the surface is covered with buildings by their
average height is 15m.
KT = 0.24
Cr(ze)= roughness coefficient
= KT.ln.(z/z0) for Z min≤ Z
Cr(ze)=Cr(Z min) for Z<Z min
Z0 is the roughness length ( from table 3.2 Art. 3.8.3)
Z min is the minimum height
Z min=16m , Z0 =1m ( from table 3.2 Art. 3.8.3)
Z= the height of the building at roof level
Z=16.91m
Z 
Cr(Ze)=KT*ln  e  = 0.24*ln(16.91/1)
 Zo 
Cr(Ze = 0.679
Ct(ze)= is the topography coefficient (Art. 3.8.4) and is unity or 1 for not topography unaffected
zone
Ce(ze)= 0.6792 *12*[ 1+(7* 0.24/(.679 *1))]= 1.602
Cpe is the external pressure coefficient derived from appendix .A of EBCS-1, 1995 (Art. A.2.5 for
duo pitch roofs)
- the roof should be divided in to zones as shown below
Case -1 when wind direction 00
I
0.8m
J
2.6m
6.8
H
0.8m
F G F 2.6m
13m
6.5m 6.5m
26m
Wind θ=00

Reference height Ze=h=16.91m

e=b=26m
Area F=16.9m2 H= 20.8m2 J=67.6m2
G= 33.8m2 I=20.8m2
For duo pitch roof the external pressure coefficient is given on table A.4 EBCS 1, 1995
Wind ward side ( upwind face )
Pitch angle =150
Lee ward side α= 150
Since for A ≥ 10m2 Cpe= Cpe10 (EBCS 1, 1995 Art. A.2.1)
Zone for wind ward direction θ=00

Pitch F G H I J
angle
Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,1
0 0
o
15 -0.9 -0.8 -0.3 -0.4 -1.0
0.2 0.2 0.2 _ _
Case-2 when wind direction θ = 900
e/4=1.7m F
H I
1.7m
G
1.7m G
H
Θ=900 I
F
e/4 =1.7m

e/10=0.68m 2.72m 3.4m
b=6.8m
e= min b=6.8m e=6.8m
2h=33.82m
Area: F = 1.156 m2
G = 1.156m2
H = 9.248 m2
I = 11.56 m2
External pressure coefficient
Pitch Zone for wind direction θ = 900

angle
F G H I
Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,1 Cpe,10 Cpe,10
150 -1.3 -2.0 -1.3 -2.0 -0.6 -0.5
We = qref Ce(z) cpe

= 227.48*1.602 Cpe
= 0.3644Cpe KN/m2
= 0.3644 cpe K2/m 2
Cpe = Cpe 1 , a <1 m2

Cpe = Cpe1 + ( Cpe10 – Cpe1) logA10 for 1m2 < A <10m2
Cpe = Cpe10 ; a<10 m2
The calculation for the external pressure for each zones are calculated below
Case1 θ=00
Zone F = 0.3644*-0.9= - 0.328KN/m2
= 0.3644*0.2 = 0.073 KN/m2
Zone G = 0.3644*- 0.8 = -0.292 KN/m2
=0.3644*0.2 = 0.073 KN/m2
Zone H =0.3644*-0.3 = -0.109 KN/m2
= 0.3644*0.2 = 0.073 KN/m2
Zone J = 0.3644*-1.0 = -0.3644 KN/m2

Zone I = 0.3644 *-o.4 = -0.146 KN/m2
Case 2 θ=900
Cpe for F
Cpe = Cpe 1 + (Cpe10 – Cpe1) logA10
= -2+ (-1.3+2) log1.156
= -1.96
For G = -1.96
For H=-0.62
Zone F = 0.3644*-1.96 = -0.714 KN/m2

Zone G = 0.3644*-1.96 = -0.714KN/m2
Zone H = 0.3644*-0.62 = -0.226 KN/m2
Zone I = 0.3644 *-0.5 = -0.184 KN/m2
II. Internal wind pressure

Wi = qref Ce(zi) Cpi
Where Cpi is the internal pressure coefficient obtained from appendix of EBCS 1-1995 (Art
1.2.9)
-For closed buildings with internal partitions and opening windows the extreme values
Cpi = 0.8 or Cpi = -0.5
- therefore the critical wind load on the roof
Wi =0.3644 *0.8 = 0.292 K*/m2 or
Wi =0.3644 *-0.5 = -0.182 K*/m2
Critical wind load

Critical external wind pressure occurs
On zone For G of case-2 =-0.714K*/m2 (-ve pressure)
On zone F,H or G of case-1=0.073K*/m2 (+ve pressure)
Net -ve wind pressure = -0.714-0.292 =-1.006 K*/m2
Net +ve wind pressure = 0.073+0.182 = 0.255K*/m2

Cpe calculation for the flat roof

The roof is divided as shown below
F
e/4=0.675 m
wind
G H I
1.35m
e/4 =0.675m
e/10=0.27m 1.08m 5.3m
b=2.7m
e=min {b=2.7, 2h=2(19)=38 }

e=2.7
Areas
F=.675*.27=.182m2 G=1.35*.27=.364m2
H=1.08*2.7=2.916 I=2.7*5.3=14.31m2
External pressure coefficients

F G H I
Sharp Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10 Cpe1 Cpe10
eves -1.8 -2.5 -1.2 -2 -0.7 -1.2 ±0.2
Cr(z) roughness coefficient

Cr(z)=Kt ln(z/z0) for zmin < Z
Zo is the roughness length z0=1m (EBCS-1,1995 table 3.2 Art 3.8.3 )
Zmin is the minimum height =16m
Z= the height of the building at roof level

Z=19m
Cr(z)=Kt ln(z/z0)
=0.24*ln(19/1)=0.707
Ct(z) is topography coefficient (Art 3.8.4)
Ct(z)=1 for not topography affected zone
Ce(Ze)=0.7072*12 *(1+(7*0.24)/(0.707*1))
=1.688
We = qref Ce(z) cpe
=227.48N/m2 (1.688)Cpe
=384Cpe N/m2
The calculation for the external pressure for each zones are calculated below
Zone F = Cpe1= -2.5
Zone G = Cpe1=-2
Zone H = Cpe = Cpe1 + ( Cpe10 – Cpe1) logA10 for 1m2 < A <10m2
= -1.432
Zone F = 0.384*-2.5 = -0.86 KN/m2
Zone G = 0.384*-o.2 = -0.768 KN/m2
Zone H = 0.384*-1.432 = -0.55 KN/m2
Zone I = 0.384*-o.2 = -0.768 KN/m2
Internal wind pressure
Wi= 0.384*0.8=0.3072
Wi= 0.384*-0.5=0.192
Critical wind load
Occurs on zone F=-0.96KN/m2
Occurs on zone I=0.077 KN/m2
Net -ve wind pressure =-0.96 – 0.3072=-1.267 K*/m2
Net +ve wind pressure =0.077 + 0.192= 0.269 K*/m2
Point load calculation and determination of purloin spacing

By looking into the wind pressures and referring “MA*UAL OF COLD FORMED
WELDED STRUCTURAL A*D FUR*ITURE STEEL TUBI*G “(from kaliti steel
industry) we have selected EGA-300 with thickness of 0.4mm.
The possible loads on purloin
-wind load
- Self weight of EGA-300
- distributed imposed load
Using EGA-300 of thickness 0.4mm from the previous table weight =3.14Kg/m or 0.0314 KN/m
To determine per area load the weight is divided by width of the sheet
=(0.0314KN/m)/0.823
DL=0.0382KN/m2 (dead load)

The LL=0.25KN/m2
Case-1 wind load (+ve pressure)
WL=0.255KN/m2 * cos15=0.246 KN/m2
Load combination
Pd=1.3DL + 1.6LL + WL
Pd=1.3(0.0382) + 1.6(0.25) + 0.246 =0.696 KN/m2
So from table taking this load and thickness of EGA the purloin spacing is found to be
= 1.75 m
Case-2 Wind load (-ve) (suction)
Pd=1.3(0.0382) + 1.6(0.25) – 1.006 cos 15
= -0.522 KN/m2
From table for this loading purloin spacing will be 2m
Use purloin spacing of 1.75m.
Total design load on purloin (lattice girder purloin)

To get the total design load three cases are considered and compiled.
Case-1 Dead Load + Live Load (concentrated)

ST-20
40mm
Ø8 deformed bars
11@410m
205mm
Assuming a ST-30 from table which is having a weight =0.0203

Pd = 0.038cos15 *1.25+ 1KNcos15 *1
= 0.045KN/m + 0.966KN
We have only considered for design the vertical perpendicular load to the EGA sheet. We neglect
the effect of the load which is parallel since its effect is counter balance by its weight and the
wind pressure.
Case -2 Dead Load + Live Load (distributed)
Pd=0.038cos15 + 0.25*1m*cos15 = 0.036KN/m + 0.24KN/m
Case -3 Dead Load + Wind Load

Pd (+ve) =0.036KN/m + 0.255KN/m2 *1m

=0.036KN/m + 0.255KN/m
Pd (-ve) = 0.036KN/m – 1.006KN/m2 *1m
= 0.036KN/m – 1.006KN/m
Reaction determination
For case -1
0.966KN
0.0375KN/m
1.75m
R R
R=0.0394KN and 1KN at center 2R=.0788KN

For case- 2 R=0.249 2R=0.498
For case- 3 R(+ve) = 0.218 2R = 0.436
R(-ve) = -0.665 2R = -1.33
We have used factor of safety 1- for live load
0.8 – for wind load
1.25 – for dead load, according to EBCS 1, 2, 3, 1995
1.2 Analysis of lattice purloin

The analysis is done for each case and we include the effect of self weight when we do SAP
analysis by defining the sections. And also we apply the distributed load on the purloin which is
calculated as reaction from the EGA sheet. To apply this to the nodes we concentrate the
distributed load to the center and divide it to the no of nodes, but the concentrated 1KN load is
applied at the middle of the purloin as the code requires.

Load Combination where:-

COMB 1 = 1(DL) + 1.3(DLp) + LLc DLr= dead load of roof
COMB 2 = 1(DL + LLD) + 1.3DLP DLP = dead load of purloin
COMB 3 = 1(DLr + WL+) + 1.3DLP LLc = live load concentrated
COMB 4 = 1(DLr + WL-) + 1.3DLP WL+= wind load +ve
WL- = wind load -ve
SAP result(max result)

COMB 1 Top = -7.67
Diag = -1.27
Bott = 8.16
COMB 2 Top =-8.14
Diag = -1.9
Bott = 8.25
COMB 3 Top = -7.31
Diag tension = 1.79 Diag compression = -1.7
Bott = 7.4
Critical loads
Top = -8.14
Diag tesion = 1.99 Diag compress = -1.9
Bott = 8.25

1.3 Design of truss

The load on truss comprises of reaction from the purloins and the dead load of the truss itself.
Determination of reactions of purloin

Case -1 wind load
i. positive wind
Reaction from purloin R= 0.89 KN Rx= 0.23KN
Ry= 0.86KN
2Rx= 0.46KN
2Ry= 1.72KN
ii. *egative (suction) wind
Reaction from purloin R= -3.51 KN Rx= -0.91KN
Ry= -3.39 KN
2Rx= -1.82KN
2Ry= -6.78KN
Case-2 Live load (distributed)
R= 1.09 KN 2R= 2.18KN
Case -3 Dead load
*EGA sheet
R= .167KN 2R= 0.334KN
* Purloin
R=0.15KN 2R= 0.3 KN
Total dead load = 0.334 + 0.3 = 0.634KN
Load combinations
COMB -1, 1.25DL + 0.8 WL+
COMB – 2, 1.25DL + LL
COMB – 3, 1.25DL + WL-

Analysis result
COMB -1 upper chord max. comp.=10.96 KN
Max. tens. = 6.42 KN
Diagonal max. comp.= 3.04 KN
Max. tens. =12.46 KN
Bottom chord max. comp = 10.42KN
Max. tens. = 11.11KN
COMB -2 upper chord max. comp. = 10.22 KN

Max. tens. = 7.3 KN
Diagonal max. comp. = 3.38 KN
Max. Tens. = 10.63KN
COMB -3 upper chord max. comp. = 11.66 KN

Max. tens. = 22.78KN
Diagonal max. comp.= 25.43 KN
Maximum tension upper chord = 22.78 K*

Diagonal = 12.46K*
Bottom chord = 20.09K*
Post = 13.88K*
Maximum compression upper chord = 22.78 K*

Diagonal = 25.43K*
Bottom chord = 20.09K*
Post = 6.99K*
DESIG* OF TRUSS MEMBERS

Material: - Fe 430 Fy= 275 MPA
Fu= 430 MPA
Diagonal steel member design

Design actions Nsd =12.46 KN

Ncd = 25.43 KN
Design is made for the longer member of the diagonal member
i.e
1.13 1.13 1.13

0
tan 15 = y/2.26m y= 0.61m
tan α = 0.61/1.13 α = 28.360 α y
l = √1.13 + .61 = 1.28 m

design is done for compression action and checked for tension actions
section selection
Nbrd = χβAfy
γM1 where βA=1 For class 1-3
χ is reduction factor for the relevant buckling mode
Assuming the reduction factor to be χ = 0.4
25.43= 0.4*1*A*275*103 /1.1
A= 2.543cm2
So lets use ST-30 with t = 3mm
SECTIO*AL PROPERTIES
H= 30mm
b= 30mm
30mm t = 3mm
A= 3.01 cm2
Ix=Iz=3.5 cm4
Wplx = wplz=2.34cm3
30mm rx = rz=1.08 cm
check class of the x-section

d/t ≤ 90 E2
24/3 = 8 ≤ 90*0.922= 76.17
So the section is at least class 3 ⇒ βA =1

Determination of λ
λ1= 86.4
λx= λz= l/r =1.28/0.0108 = 118.52
λ x= λ-z= (118.52/86.4) * 11/2 =1.372
-
using curve c, x=0.354

check for Nb,Rd
*b,Rd= 26.64K* ≥ *sd= 25.43K* ⇒OK!
Check for tension Our design tension force Nsd=12.46KN
since our connection is welding Aeff=Agross
Resistance capacity
Npl,Rd=Afy/ γM0=3.01*10-4m2*275*106N/m2/1.1=75.25KN
Nu,Rd=0.9Aefffy/ γM2=0.9*3.01*10-4m2*275*106N/m2/1.25=59.59KN
*sd=25.43K*< *u,Rd=59.59K* ⇒ OK!
Therefore the section is capable to carry both tension and compression forces
Post steel member design

Design actions Nsd =13.88 KN Ncd = 6.99 KN
Check for tension

for rolled section first we calculate the gross area
Nu,Rd=0.9Aefffy/ γM2 ⇒ Aeff= Nu,Rd γM1/0.9fu=13.88*103*1.25/0.9*275
=70mm2
since our connection is welding Aeff=Agross
Let’s assume a square section ST-25 with the following sectional properties
A=0.93 cm2
Ix=0.88cm4
25mm S=0.71cm3
r=0.97cm
w=0.97Kg
25mm t=1mm
In the absence of any information check for slenderness ratio
λ≤ 180 ⇒ le/r ≤ 180
⇒ r≥910mm/180 =5.056mm =.5056 cm
⇒ rmin=0.5056
For rmin≥0.5056 take nominal size of 25 * 25
ry=0.97
A= 0.93 cm2

⇒ 0.93cm2 > 0.7cm2

Therefore no need to check for Npl,Rd and Nu,Rd
Check for compression

Nsd=6.99KN
l= 0.91m taking the above trial section
d/t≤90E 23/1≤90*0.92 ⇒ 23≤82.8 OK!
Therefore the class is at least class-3 and has no problem of local buckling thus βA=1
Determine λ-
λ1= 86.4
λx= λz= l/r =910/97 =9.381
λ x= λ-z= (9.381/86.4) * 11/2 =0.109
-
for cold formed RHS we use curve C and the value of the reduction factor
x=2.784 calculate the design buckling resistance
Nbrd = χβAfy = 2.784*1*93*275/1.1 = 64.73KN>>6.99KN
γM1
Compression design
Member design for upper and lower chords
Nsd=22.78KN use Fe430 fy=275
Determination of buckling length L=1.17m
Selection of trial section by assuming trial value of reduction factor x=0.8
Nbrd = χβAfy 22.78=0.8*1*A*275/1.1 A=113.9mm2
γM1
Trial section use ST-30 with cross sectional properties
t=2mm
I=2.72cm4
30mm r=1.13cm
30mm
Class of x-section
d/t ≤ 90 E2
24.5/2 = 12.25 ≤ 90*0.922= 76.17
Determine λ-
λ1= 86.4
λx= λz= l/r =1.17*102/1.13 =103.54

λ-x= λ-z= (103.54/86.4) * 11/2 =1.2

Nbrd = χβAfy = 0.4338*1*214*275/1.1 = 23.21KN >22.78 OK!
γM1
1.4 Design of members for the lattice purlion
CHECK FOR TE*SIO*
Nu,Rd=0.9Aefffy/ γM2 =0.9*214*275*/1.25 =42.37K* >22.78K* OK !
Therefore use ST-30 with thickness 2mm for lower and upper chords
Top members
Nsd=8.14KN use Fe430 fy=275
Determination of buckling length L=0.41m
Selection of trial section by assuming trial value of reduction factor x=0.45
Nbrd = χβAfy 8.14=0.45*1*A*275/1.1 A=72.36mm2
γM1
Trial section use ST-20 with thickness t=1mm
A=0.73cm2
I=0.73 cm4
20mm r=0.77cm
t=1.2mm
20mm
Class of x-section
d/t ≤ 90 E2
17/1.2 = 14.17 ≤ 90*0.922= 76.17
Determine λ-
λ1= 86.4
λx= λz= l/r =0.41*102/0.77 =53.25
λ-x= λ-z= (53.25/86.4) * 11/2 =0.616
Nbrd = χβAfy = 0.7757*1*73*275/1.1 = 14.16K* >8.14K* OK!
γM1
Bottom members
Nsd=8.25KN(tension) take asection of ST-20 with thickness t=1mm
A=0.73
I=0.73

r=0.77
Nu,Rd=0.9Aefffy/ γM2 =0.9*73*275/1.25 =14.45KN>8.25KN OK!
DESIG* ACTIO*S FOR THE DIAGO*AL MEMBERS

Nsd=1.99KN
Ncd=1.9KN
Material Ø8 ,S-300 fy=260.8
Check is done for both compression and tension actions .
Check for compression resistance
Φ8 deformed bar
buckling length for pin –pin support l= 289.91mm

class determination :-the class of the section is taken as
class -2⇒βa=1
determination of slenderness ratio (λ)
λ1=93.9є=93.9*0.92=86.4
√
λx= λy=l/r,r= (I/A), A=πD2/4=π*0.82/4=0.503cm2
I=πr4/4=0.02cm4
r= √(0.02/0.503)=0.199≅0.2cm
λx= λy=28.91cm/0.2cm=144.55
λ-=[144.55/86.4]* βa1/2=1.673
using curve C , χ =0.2667
determination of buckling resistance
Nbrd = χβAfy =0.2677*0.503*10-4m2*260.87*106N/m2

γM1 1.1
Nbrd=3.193KN > Ncd=1.9KN OK !
Check for tensile capcity ,Nsd=1.99KN
Aeff=Agross
Npl,rd=Afy =0.503*10-4m2*260.87*106N/m2
γM1 1.1

=11.93KN >1.99KN OK!

Nu,rd= 0.9Aeff*fy = 0.9*0.503*10-4m2*260.87*106N/m2
γM2 1.25
=9.45 KN > 1.99 KN OK!
So the section can carry both tensile and compressive action
1.5 Slab roof Design
For the design purpose we take the max positive pressure. The suction pressure can be easily
counter balanced by the weight of the slab.
Net positive wind pressure = 0.269 KN
ps
pc
Changing into equivalent rectangular section using Bare’s equation

Equivalent rectangular section
c/a= 3.9/5= 0.78 > 0.25
ar =2/3[(2c +a)*a/(a +c)] = 4.79
4.79 {
br = b- a*(a – c) }
6*(a + c)
br= 2.599≅2.6
2.6
Depth determination
[From EBCS 2-1995 Art. 5.2.3] for ps
d= [0.4 + 0.6*f ]le

yk =0.85*2600/24= 108.32 mm
400 βa
For pc d= 0.85*1650 =116.87 mm
12
Use for both slabs overall depth, D= d +15 +5= 116.87 + 15 +5=136.87
Use D= 150 mm
Loading :-
From water tank having a capacity of 5000 lit = 5m3

unit wt of water= 9.81KN/ m3

P= 5*9.81= 49.05 KN
Distributed load =49.05 KN =4.08 KN/ m2
12.015 m2
Self weight wt of slab = 0.15* 24KN/ m3=3.6 KN/m2
Live load =0.5KN/ m2
Wind load =0.269 KN/ m2
Pd=1.25DL+ LL + 0.8WL = 1.25*7.68 +0.5 + 0.8*.269
Pd =10.31 KN/ m2
Design of slab
For ps
ly/lx= 1.84
s.c =8
αxf =0.0922
αys= 0.0584
αyf = 0.045
Mi = αi*Pd*lx2
Mys =0.0584* 10.31*2.72= 4.36 KN-m
Myf =0.044*10.31*2.72 =3.31 KN-m
Mxf = 0.0922*10.31*2.72 = 6.85 KN-m
Moment for cantilever slab ps ,pd=5.21KN/m
M= 0.5*wl2= 5.21*1.65^2*0.5 =7.099 KN-m
Moment adjustment
Reinforcement calculation
Moment km ks As
7.091 20.35 3.96 216
Asmin =ρmin*b*d= 0.002*1000*130=260mm2

Asmin<As ⇒ use all slab minimum reinforcement =260mm2
S=1000*50.3 = 193.46mm
260
Use Ø8 c/c 190mm
Reinforcement detail
See the reinforcement detail in the auto cad file

Design of roof slab 2 is the same as that of the previous roof slab of spacing Ø8 c/c
190mm
1.3
1.65 3.9
1.6 Weld design

For the upper chord
Design actions Nsd=22.78KN
Ncom=22.7KN
Arrangement of the weld : section selection to be upper chord
ST-30 with 2mm thickness
Fe=430
s 10mm,Ls available =30mm
so lets take S=10mm
a=0.70750.707*10mm=7.07mm
lets use fy=270Mpa
fu=430Mpa
Fw,Rd =fvw,da
fvw,d=0.63fy/gmw 0.65fu/gmw
where Fw,Rd=design strength of the fillet weld per unit 0f length
fvw,d=design shear strength
gmw=1.25
fvw,d =0.63*270Mpa/1.25 =136.08Mpa 0.65fu/gmw
Fw,Rd= 136.08 N/mm2*7.07mm=962.085N/mm
But Nsd/2Fw,Rd =22.78*10^3N/2*962.085N/mm =11.84mm
So the available Ls=30mm >the needed Ls=11.84mm
So use fillet weld with length Ls=30mm and also use connected plate with Fe-430 and thickness
2mm. and also use this conection for all other joints since their design action is less than this.

2. DESIG* OF SLAB
2.1-SOLID SLAB DESIG*
Sample floor layout

2.1.1 Depth determination
The effective depth requirement for deflection can be calculated by using the following formula
(EBCS- 2; 1995 Art 5.2.3)
D ≥ (0.4+0.6 fyk) Le
400 βa
Where fyk = is the characteristics strength of the reinforcement
Le = is the effective span and for two span the shorter span
Βa = is the appropriate constant from table 5.1

Fourth floor slab
Panel 1
Ly/Lx = 1
Lx = 5000mm
Ly = 5000 mm
βa= 45
d ≥ (0.4+0.6*300) 5000 = 94.44mm

400 45
Panel 4
Lx = 5000mm
Ly = 5000 mm
Ly/Lx = 1
βa= 40
d ≥ (0.4+0.6*300) 5000 = 106.25mm
Panel 8 400 40
Ly/Lx = 5/1.65 = 3.03

βa= 12
d ≥ (0.4+0.6*300) 1650 = 116.88mm
400 12
First and second floor
A = ½ ЛD2 = 0.5*Л*3.82 = 5.67m 2

4 4
βa= 12
Equivalent rectangle
d ≥ (0.4+0.6*300) 1530 = 108.37mm

400 12
Comparing all the above critical panels d ≥ 116.88mm
Over all depth D = 116.88 + 10 + 15 = 141.88mm
Use D = 150 mm
Actual depth d =150 – 10 – 15 = 125mm
For first and second floor slabs

2.1.2 Loading
Unit weight -pvc – 16 KN/m3
-Cement – 23 KN/m3
-Terrazzo - 23 KN/m3

- Concrete - 24 KN/m3
Dead load -pvc tile = 16 *0.008 = 0.128 KN/m2
-Cement screed = 23 *0.03 = 0.69 KN/m2
-terrazzo tile = 23 *0.02 = 0.46 KN/m2
-slab concrete = 24*0.15 = 3.6 KN/m2
-plaster = 23*0.03 = 0.69 KN/m2
-partition load = 1,2 KN/m2
DL1 = (PVC floor finish) = (0.128 + 0.69 + 3.6 + 0.69 + 1.2) KN/m2 = 6.31 KN/m2
DL2 = (Terrazzo tile floor finish = (0.46 + 0.69 + 3.6 + 0.69 + 1.2) KN/m2 = 6.64 KN/m2
Live load (from EBCS-1-1995 Table 2.9 and 2.10)

Category D1 (Areas in general retail shops) = 5 KN/m2
For stairs = 3 KN/m2
Balconies = 4 KN/m2
2.1.3 Analysis
Design moment calculation
The support and span moment of simply supported (external edges) or fully fixed (contentious
edges) are calculated as
Mi = αi Pd LX2
Where; Mi = the design moment per unit width at point of reference
Pd = the uniformly distributed load
αi = the coefficient given in table A-1 as function of aspect ratio (Ly/Lx) and
Support condition
Lx = shorter span of the panel
Ly = longer span of the panel
Fig.
Where; s = support
f = field (span)
x = direction of shorter span
y = direction of longer span

Panel 1
Ly/Lx =1
αxs = 0.039 αys = 0.039
αxs = 0.029 αyf = 0.029
2
DL1 = 6.31 KN/m
LL = 5 KN/m2
Pd = ((1.3* DL1) + (1.6*LL))
((1.3* 6.31) + (1.6*5)) KN/m2 = 16.203 KN/m2
Mi = αi Pd LX2
Mys = Mxs = 0.039*16.203 KN/m2 *(5m)2 = 15.8 KN.m
Myf = Mxf = 0.029*16.203 KN/m2 *(5m)2 = 11.75 KN.m
Panel 2,3 and 4
Ly/Lx =1
αxs = 0.032 αys = 0.032
αxs = 0.024 αyf = 0.024
2
DL1 = 6.31 KN/m
LL = 5 KN/m2
Pd =16.203KN/m2
Mys = Mxs = 0.032*16.203 KN/m2 *(5m)2 = 12.96 KN.m
Myf = Mxf = 0.024*16.203 KN/m2 *(5m)2 = 9.72 KN.m

Panel 5
Ly/Lx =1
αxs = αys = 0.039
αxs = αyf = 0.03
Pd =16.203KN/m2
Mys = Mxs = 0.039*16.203 KN/m2 *(5m)2 = 15.8 KN.m
Myf = Mxf = 0.03*16.203 KN/m2 *(5m)2 = 12.15 KN.m
Panel 6
Let’s take equivalent rectangular area

Fig
Ly/Lx = 5/0.905 = 5.52m one way slab
Pd =16.203KN/m2 * 1m = 16.203KN/m
Fig
Mxs = Pd Lx2
2

= 16.203KN/m * (0,905m)2 = 6.64KN.m

2
Panel 7

2 2 2
A = ½ ЛD = 0.5*Л*3.8 = 5.67m
4 4
Equivalent rectangular area
Ly*Lx = 5.67m 2
Lx = 5.67m 2 = 1.49m
3.8m
Ly/Lx = 3.8/1.49 = 2.55 one way slab
Pd = 16 203 KN/m
Fig
Mxs = Pd Lx2 = 16.203KN/m* (1.49m)2 = 17.986KN.m

2 2
Panel 8
Equivalent rectangular area using Bales theorem
ar =2*((2c + a) * a )
3 (a + c)
br = b – a(a – c)
b(a + c)
so, ar =2*((2* 1.2m + 1.9m) * 1.9 ) = 1.756 m
3 (1.9m + 1.2m)
br = 5 m – 1.9m(1.9m – 1.2m) = 4.57 m
5(1.9m + 1.2 m)

Ly/Lx = 4.57/ 1.756 = 2.6 > 2 one way slab

Pd = 16.203KN/m
Mys = Pd Lx2 = 16.203KN/m *(1.756m)2 = 24.81KN.m
2 2
Panel 9
Equivalent rectangle
ar =2*((2c + a) * a )
3 (a + c)
br = b – a(a – c)
b(a + c)
so, ar =2*((2* 0.525m + 1.2m) * 1.2 ) = 1.043 m
3 (1.2m + 0.525m)
br = 3.1 m – 1.2m(1.2m – 0.525m) = 2.95 m
3.1(1.2m + 0.525 m)
Ly/Lx = 2.95m/ 1.043m = 2.8 > 2 one way slab
Pd = 16.203KN/m
Mys = Pd Ly2 = 16.203KN/m *(1.043m)2 = 8.8132KN.m
2
Panel 10
Lx/Ly = 3.4m/ 1.35m = 2.52 > 2 one way slab

Pd = 16.203KN/m
Mys = Pd Ly2 = 16.203KN/m *(1.35m)2 = 14.76KN.m
2 2
Panel 11

Equvalent rectangular area

Pd = 16.203KN/m
Mys = Pd Ly2 = 16.203KN/m *(1.4m)2 = 15.88 KN.m
2 2
Panel 12’ 13,14 and 15
Ly/Lx = 5m/ 1.55m = 3.23 > 2 one way slab

Pd2 = 16.632 KN/m2
Mys = Pd2 Ly2 = 16.632KN/m *(1.55m)2 = 19.98 KN.m
2 2
Panel 17
Pd2 = 16.632 KN/m2
Mys = Pd2 Ly2 = 16.632KN/m *(1.55m)2 = 19.98 KN.m

2 2
Panel 18

DL2 = 6.31 KN/m2
LL = 5 KN/m2

Pd = ((1.3* DL1) + (1.6*LL))

((1.3* 6.31) + (1.6*5)) KN/m2 = 16.203 KN/m2
For one meter strip Pd =16.203KN/m
Mys = Pd Lx2 = 16.203KN/m *(1.1m)2 = 2.45 KN.m

8 8
Panel 1
Is cantilever slab with length of 1.03m
Pd2 = 16.632 KN/m2
Mys = Pd Ly2 = 16.632KN/m *(1.03m)2 = 8.82KN.m
2 2
Adjustment of support and span moment
Support adjustment
Between 1&4 and 4&5
MR = 15.8 KN.m
M = 12.96 KN.m
ΛM = 15.8 – 12.96 = 2.84
ΛM = 2.84 *100% = 17.97% < 20% ; Then
Md =15.8 +12.86 = 14.38KN/m
2
Between 5&6
MR = 6.64 KN.m
ML = 15.8 KN.m
Md = 15.8 KN. m ; Since it is cantilever
Span moment
Panel 1&5
Mxfd = Mxf + Cx ΛM
= 11.75 + 0.38*(2.84) =12.83 KN.m
Panel 5
Mxfd = Mxf + Cx ΛM
= 12.15 + 0.38*(2.84) = 13.58 KN.m


After moment adjustment check depth for flexure, taking the maximum moment
Mmax =24.81 KN-m
From material used the design constants

fcd=11.33Mpa c1=0.0858
fyd= 260.87Mpa c2=3074
m= 28.78
ρb= 0.8Ecu * fcd
( Ecu + Eyd ) fyd
b= 1000mm, Ecu= 0.0035, Eyd= (260.87/(200*103) = 0.0013
ρb=0.8*0.0035*11.33*0.75 =
( 0.0035 + 0.0013) *260.87
Check for effective depth
d=79.89< 125 mm OK!!

Reinforcement design
Moment Km Ks As Asmin S calculated S provided

19.98 35.76 4.108 656.62 212.5 119.55 Φ10c/c110
12.83 28.66 4.03 413.64 212.5 189.78 Φ10c/c180
17.986 33.92 4.09 588.50 212.5 133.39 Φ10c/c130
24.81 39.85 4.16 825.68 212.5 95.07 Φ10c/c90
14.38 30.34 4.05 465.91 212.5 168.49 Φ10c/c160
9.72 24.94 4 311.04 212.5 252.38 Φ10c/c250
12.96 28.8 4.04 418.87 212.5 187.41 Φ10c/c180
14.76 30.73 4.06 479.40 212.5 163.74 Φ10c/c160
15.88 31.88 4.07 517.05 212.5 151.82 Φ10c/c150
13.58 29.48 4.05 439.99 212.5 178.41 Φ10c/c170
2.45 12.52 3.87 75.85 212.5 236.71 Φ8c/c220
8.813 23.75 3.982 280.75 212.5 179.16 Φ8c/c170
6.64 20.65 3.961 210.41 212.5 236.71 Φ8c/c220
Reinforcement detail
NB: The full reinforcement details are attached with AutoCAD files.

2.2Pre-cast slab design

General
Precast beam slab system is a system of slab construction in which reinforced concrete
precast beam elements, with their latticed reinforcement bars projected out, are used.
During construction, these beam elements will be placed at certain intervals, to accommodate
hollow concrete block. These blocks of specified dimensions are placed along these
prefabricated beams and across the span of these elements in a similar fashion as in the case of
ribbed slab construction. Concrete will be casted over the blocks and the beam elements.
The projected reinforcement bars from the beam elements are used as an anchorage for the
concrete, in addition to their main purpose, i.e. shear resistance.
The beam elements, together with the blocks, act as formwork for the concrete casted. In
addition the beam elements will acts as flexural members to carry the loads until the cast in-situ
concrete attains its full strength
The pre-cast beam span is 5m and it is only one type therefore from the GTZ technical manual-
II the section is recommended as follows
And also the cross-sectional dimensions of the HCB is given below
220mm
550mm

Design constants and assumptions

Material properties
C-25 fcd = 0.85 fck in compression fctd=fck/gc in tension
Therefore fcd=11.33 Mpa fctd=1.0 Mpa steel S-300 fyd=fyk/gs
Hollow concrete block (HCB) g=14KN/m2
Design of pre-cast beam element

For starting use Ø10 for top members and Ø8 for diagonal members
2.2.1Loading
A) Initial condition
625mm
Dead load – pre-cast beam and Hollow Block

Pre-cast beam = 1.3*0.12*0.08*24=0.299KN/m
Hollow block = 1.3*0.069*14=1.256 KN/m
Live load = 1.6*2*0.625= 2KN/m
qd= 0.299+1.256+2= 3.6K*/m
B)Final condition
hf
60
280
220mm
625mm
Dead load –

Pre-cast beam 1.3*.12*.08*24 = .299 KN/m
Hollow Block 1.3*.069*14 = 1.256 KN/m

Cast In situ Concrete
1.3(.625*.06+2(.14*0.06))*24= 1.69KN/m
Concrete Floor finishes and partition wall
Partition load=0.625*1.2*1.3=0.975 KN/m
Plastering = 1.3*23*0.03*0.625=0.561KN/m
PVC floor finish = 1.3*16*0.002*0.625=0.104KN/m
Terrazzo floor finish=1.3*23*0.02*0.625=0.374KN/m
Live load =5*0.625*1.6=5KN/m
qd1= 0.299+1.256+1.69+0.975+0.561+0.104+5=9.884K*/m (for PVC floor finish)
qd2= 0.299+1.256+1.69+0.975+0.561+0.374+5=10.154K*/m (for terrazzo floor finish)
2.2.2Analysis and design
Final condition Mmax=wl2/8=10.154*52/8=31.73KNm
10.154K*/m
The minimum depth required for deflection

d≥ (.4+.6*300/400)5000/20=212.5
Actual d=D-Ø/2 –cover
= 280-16/2-15=257>212.5 OK!!!
be ≤ bw + le/5=120+5000/5=1120
actual=625
be = 625mm
Determination of neutral axis
ρ= ½ c1-√(c12-4M/(c2bd2))
ρ= 0.00305
m=fyd/fcd*0.8=260.87/0.8*11.33=28.78

x= ρmd=0.00305*28.78*257=22.56
y=0.8X=0.8*22.56=18.05<60
the section is rectangular with b=be=625
M=31.73 using design table
Km=(√(m/b))/d = 27.72
Ks=4.024
As=KsM/d=4.024*31.73/0.257=496.81mm2
Therefore use 2Ø20
Check for shear
Acting shear Vsd=pdl/2=10.173*5/2=25.385KN
The shear force VC carried by the concrete in members with out significant axial forces shall be
taken as
VC = 0.25fctdK1K2bwd
Where K1= 1.6-d =1.6-0.257=1.343
K2= (1+50ρ)=1.1`
fctd= 1 Mpa
Vc=0.25*1*1.343*1.1*120*257=11.41 KN
For T-section Vc=1.1*11.41=12.55KN
VRD=0.25 *fcd *bw*d=0.25*11.33*120*257=87.354KN
Vs=Vsd-Vc=25.385-12.55=12.84KN
S=
Assume spacing =150mm
S=2*50.3*260.87*(257-20)(cos72.6+sin72.6)/12.84
S=289.69mm 240mm
0
Assume s=200mm 67.3
β= α=67.380 200mm
S=2*50.3*260.87*(257-20)(cos67.38+sin67.38)/12.84
S=372.66mm
Let’s use Ø8 c/c 200mm
Check for initial condition
3-dimentional truss model analysis

q=3.6KN/m ∆l=200mm
p=q*∆l/2 = 3.6KN/m*0.2m/2=0.36KN
p/2 =0.18K*
Location of neutral axis

Assume the neutral axis depth x to be above the concrete section (i.e x<180)
Moment about N.A

As1*x= As2*(235-X)
= 628*(235-x)
78.5x = 147.58-628.x
X=208.89mm
So the concrete part that carry the compression load is
(120*(208.89-200)=1066.8mm2
Force resisted by concrete section is
=11.33Mpa*1066.8mm2=12.086KN
To get the compressive force acting on steel members we have modeled the pre-cast beam as 3-D
truss whose members are pin connected and also we reduced the acting compressive force which
is resisted by the concrete section.

SAP result
(1) Max. Tension =6.13 KN
(2) Max. Compression = 11.91 KN
(3) Max. compression =2.72KN
Max. Tension = 1.99KN
(4) Max. Tension 0.3KN
Capacity check for members
According to EBCS-3,1995
N t,rd ≤ A*fy / γM1 γM1 = 1.1
0.9 Aeff fU/ γM2 γM2 = 1.25
Since the Top reinforcement bar is ф10 using Fe430
N t,rd 78.5*260.87/1.1=18.62 KN
0.9*78.5*300/1.25=16.96 KN
So take Ntrd = 16.96KN

And also the buckling resistance of axial loaded compression members is

Nb,rd= Nbrd = χβAfy / γM1
Design axial load Nsd=11.91KN
Buckling length l=0.2m
Determination of λ
λ1= 89.12
λx= λz= l/r =80 βA=1
λ x= λ-z= (80/89.12) * 11/2 =0.898
-

check for Nb,Rd
Nb,Rd= 11.16KN is alittle bit less than Nsd=11.91
Since the centroid of the section is below the concrete section the concrete section carrys
alittle bit so the total Nsd doesn’t apply on the steel so it’s safe. But for the safety purpose we
insert the formwork at the mid span.
Case 1 when all the LL at the 1st span and to get the maximum span moment.
2.5m 2.5m
Case 2 when all live loads are distributed over the whole span
For case 1 P1=1/2*(3.6*0.2)=0.36 KN

P1’=1/2(1.6*0.2)=0.16KN
For case 2 P2=0.36KN
Case 1
The maximum tension for(2)=1.94KN
Compression for (2) =2.37KN
Diagonal (3) comp.= 1.25KN
Tension= 1.15KN
Bott (1) comp.=1.5KN
Tens. =0.57KN
For case 2
For (2) max. tens. 2.57KN
Max.comp. 2.02KN
For bott (1) =1.2KN tension

For diagonal comp. (3) =1.02 KN

Tens. =0.76KN
For bottom horizontal comp.=0.1KN
Critical actions from the two cases
Tension = 2.57KN
Compression = 2.37KN
Ntrd = 0.9Aeff*fyd / γM2
= 0.9*78.5*300/1.25
= 16.96
Ntsd=2.57< Ntrd=16.96 KN
For compression x=0.5998
Nbrd= χβAfy / γM1=0.5998*78.5*260.87/1.1
Nbrd=11.17 KN
Nsd=2.37<11.17KN OK!
For diagonal members
Maximum tension =1.15
Maximum compression=1.25
Ntrd = 0.9Aeff*fyd / γM2 =0.9*50.3*300/1.25=10.865KN
Ntsd=1.15<Ntrd=10.865KN OK!
For compression
Buckling length =0.26
λ1= 89.92
λx= λz= l/r =130 βA=1
λ x= λ-z= (130/89.92) * 11/2 =1.446
-

Nbrd= χβAfy / γM1=0.332*50.3*260.87/1.1
Nbrd=3.96 KN
Nsd=1.25<3.96KN =Ntrd OK!
For bottom longitudinal reinforcement the max. Compression and tension are in significant, thus
no need of checking.
Hence use ф10 fo the top members and ф8 for the diagonal members.
1Ф10
Ф8
2 Ф20

NB: The irregular solid slabs are already designed in the solid slab design part.
Sample pre-cast slab layout and reinforcement detail
*B:- the remaining details are attached with AutoCAD files

3. Design of stair
DESIG* OF STAIR 1
No of risers in one flight =9
Risers height =0.17
Length of thread =0.3
tanø = 0.17 =29.50
0.3
1.65m 2.4m 2.15m

Depth required for deflection
From survisability limt state(EBCS-2 ,1995-Art 5-2-3)
d = (0.4+0.6 *fyk)/400 (le/βa ) fyk=300mpa, βa =24 (end span)
le=5400
d=0.85*4550/24=161.1
D =161.1 + 15 +8 =184.1 take D =190 for end slab
Actual d=167mm
Loading (taking 1m strip)
Dead load on the stair
RC slab (inclined) = 0.91*1*24 =5.24KN/m
Cos 29.5
Due to steps per meter width = 0.3*0.17*1*24*1 = 2.04KN/m
2 0.3
Floor Finishing
Terrazzo tile (2cm) = 0.02*23 = 0.46KN/m2
Cement Screed (2 cm) = 0.03*23 = 0.69 KN/m2
Plastering =23*0.03=0.69 KN/m2
On the tread = (0.46+0.69)*1=1.15KN/m
On the riser = 1.15*0.17*1*9/2.4 =0.73KN/m
Dead load on stair = (5.24+2.04+1.15+0.73+0.69/cos29.5)
= 9.95 KN/m
Dead load on the landing portion
Landing Slab = 0.19*1*24 = 4.56KN/m
Plastering = 0.3*1*23 = 0.69KN/m
Cement screed = 0.69*1 = 0.69KN/m
Terrazzo tile =23*0.02*1 = 0.46KN/m
6.4KN/m

Total load on the landing = 6.4KN/m

Live Load
On stair category A, qt = 3 KN/m2 (EBCS-2,1995 table 2.10)
Total live load on stair case = 3 KN/m2 * 1m = 3 KN/m
Design Load
On stair, DL1 = 1.3*9.95+1.6*3 = 17.735 KN/m
On landing, DL2 = 1.3*6.4+1.6*3 = 13.12 KN/m
Shear Force Diagram
Bending moment Diagram
Reinforcement Design
Reinforcements are calculated using design table
At support Mdes =17.86KNm
Km = √(M/b) = √(17.86/1) = 25.3
d 0.167
Ks =3.994
Hence
As = Ks * M = 3.994 * 17.86 = 427.12 mm2
d 0.167
Asmin=0.002*1000*167=334 mm2
Spacing
S = as * b = 113 * 1000 = 264.56mm
As 427.12

Spacing provided
Ф12 c/c 260
Transverse reinforcement
As=0.2As=0.2*427.12=85.424
S = as * b = 50.3 * 1000 = 588.8mm
As 85.424
Smax 2D =380
350
Use Ф8 c/c 350mm

Span moment
m=31.65KN.m
Km= =33.68 Ks=4.087
As=Ks m/d =4.087*31.63/0.167 =774.05 mm2
S= = =145.98
use ø12 c/c 140
Distribution reinforcement
A=0.2As=154.81
S= = =324.91mm
use ø8 c/c 200
Design of Stair 2
Risers height =2.3/14=0.165
tanø = 0.165 =28.810
0.3
3.9m 2.15
d= (0.4+0.6fyk) le/ba fyk=300mpa, ba=24
400 le=6050

d=(0.4+0.6*300)*6050 =214.27mm
400 24
D=214.27+15+8 = 237.27mm
Use D=240mm
d=240-15-8=217mm
Loading (taking 1m strip)
Dead load on the stair
RC slab (inclined) = 0.24*1*24 =6.574KN/m
Cos 28.81
Due to steps per meter width = 0.3*0.165*1*24*1 = 1.98KN/m
2 0.3
Floor Finishing
Terrazzo tile (2cm) = 0.02*23 = 0.46KN/m2
Cement Screed (2 cm) = 0.03*23 = 0.69 KN/m2
Plastering =23*0.03=0.69 KN/m2
On the tread = (0.46+0.69)*1=1.15KN/m
On the riser = 1.15*0.165*1*14/3.9 =0.681KN/m
Dead load on stair = (6.574+1.98+0.681+1.15+0.69/cos28.81)
= 11.17 KN/m
Dead load on the landing portion
Landing Slab = 0.24*1*24 = 5.76KN/m
Plastering = 0.3*1*23 = 0.69KN/m
Cement screed = 0.69*1 = 0.69KN/m
Terrazzo tile =23*0.02*1 = 0.46KN/m
7.6KN/m
Total load on the landing = 7.6KN/m
Live Load
On stair category A, qt = 3 KN/m2 (EBCS-2,1995 table 2.10)
Total live load on stair case = 3 KN/m2 * 1m = 3 KN/m
Design Load
On stair, DL1 = 1.3*11.17+1.6*3 = 19.321 KN/m
On landing, DL2 = 1.3*7.6+1.6*3 = 14.68 KN/m

Shear Force Diagram
Bending moment Diagram
Reinforcement Design
Reinforcements are calculated using design table
At span Mdes =82.93KNm
Km = √(M/b) = √(82.93/1) = 41.97
d 0.217
Ks =4.2094
Hence
As = Ks * M = 4.2094 * 82.93 = 1608.69 mm2
d 0.217
Spacing
S = as * b = 201 * 1000 = 124.95mm
As 1608.69
Spacing provided
Ф16 c/c 120
Transverse reinforcement
Asmin =0.002*1000*217= 434mm2
Asmin =0.2As=0.2*1608.69=321.738mm2
Asmin=434 mm2
S = as * b = 50.3 * 1000 = 156.34mm
As 434
Use Ф8 c/c 150mm
Check for shear
Vc = 0.25fctdK1 K2bwd
d=240.15-8=217mm

Where: K1 = (1+50ρ)=1.37 ≤ 2.0

K2=1.6-d=1.383 ≥ 1.0 (d in meter)
Fctd=(0.1(25/1.25)^2/3)/1.5=1.032
Vc=0.25*1.032*1.383*1.37*1000*217
Vc=106.07 KN
Vsd=56.67<106.07KN OK!
Staircase for precast and solid slab which is continuous with the slab
2.4m 2.15m

Risers height =2.3/14=0.17
tanø = 0.165 =29.810
0.3
d= (0.4+0.6fyk) le/ba fyk=300mpa, ba=24
400 le=6050
d=(0.4+0.6*300)*4550 =161.1mm
400 24
D=161.1+15+8=184.1 take D=190mm
Loading on one meter strip from the previous cases
On stair =17.35 KN/m
On landing = 13.12 KN/ m

Shear force diagram
Bending moment diagram
At the support
m=39.63KN.m
d=190-15-8=167mm
Km= =37.69 Ks=4.15
As=Ks m/d =4.15*39.63/0.167 =984.82 mm2 >Asmin=334mm2
S= = =114.74
use ø12 c/c 110mm
Since the moment on the span is minimum the design is governed by top reinforcement
For span use ø12 c/c 110mm
Transverse reinforcement Asmin
Use ø8 c/c 350mm

4. FRAME A*ALYSIS
4.1Vertical load analysis
The load on the beam includes self weight, load from the wall on it, transferred load from
slab, Live load on the beam.
According to EBCS-2, 1995(Art. 3.4) the load transferred to beams supporting a two way slab
distribution on a supporting beam is shown in figure 4.5 of EBCS-2, 1995
4.1.1Solid slabs
The design loads on beams supporting the solid slabs spanning in two directions right angles
supporting uniformly distributed loads may be assessed by using EBCS-2 1995 Art A.3.8
The equn. Is given by the formula,
V=βv PdLx
βv is a constant that depends on the support condition of the panel and Lx is the
shortest span of the panel.
The assumed distribution of the load on the supporting beam is shown. Which assures
that the load is assumed to be transferred only to 75% of the beam length.
To convert such a distribution to uniformly distributed load through out the span, we compared
the fixed end moment equation value with the span moment equation value and we took the
maximum.
From fixed end moment

Fixed end moment:

MFAB= -MF BA=W*S/24(3L2-S2)
Span moment:
MS =0.75L/2*WL/2-0.076WL2+ (0.75L/2)2*W/2.
For the equivalent beam having UDL W| and length L
W|
Fixed end moment: MFAB=-MF BA= W|L2/12

Span moment: MS = W|L2/24
Equating the fixed end moment equation
W*S/24(3L2-S2) = W|L2/12 W| = 0.914W
Equating the span moment equations:
0.75L/2*WL/2-0.076WL2+ (0.75L/2)2*W/2 = W|L2/24
W| =0.984W
Taking weighted moment distribution factor
=0.914+0.984/2=0.949
W= 0.949Vs
load transfer to beams
1st and 2nd
βvx βvy
type of
panel panel Lx Ly Ly/LX βvxc βvxD βvyc βvyD Pd Lx vxc vxD vyc
1&5 3 5 5 1 0.36 0.24 0.36 16.2 5 27.68 18 27.68
2,3,4 1 5 5 1 0.33 0.24 0.33 16.2 5 25.37 25.37
p6 cantilever 16.2 0.9 14.66
p7 cantilever 16.2 1.5 24.14
p8 cantilever 16.2 1.8 28.45
p9 cantilever 16.2 1 16.9
p10 cantilever 16.2 1.4 21.87
p11 cantilever 16.2 1.4 22.68
p12 cantilever 16.63 1.6 25.78
p13,14,15 cantilever 16.63 1.6 25.78
p16 cantilever 13.12 1.7 20.25
p17 cantilever 16.63 1.6 25.78
p18 cantilever 16.2 1.1 17.82

Vertical load on the frames
AXIS-3
AXIS-4

AXIS-A

4.1.2 Pre-cast slab

The total loads on beams include slab load, wall loads and reactions from cantilevers. The load
distribution from slab to beam is a serious of concentrated loads
AXIS-A

AXIS-E

AXIS-3

4.2 Lateral Load Analysis

The lateral loads to be considered are:
a) earthquake analysis and
b) wind load analysis
The analysis for both will be done and the critical load condition will be considered for
the design.
4.2.1 Earthquake Analysis
Determination of base shear

According to EBCS-8, 1995 static method of analysis is used
The seismic base shear force Fb for each main direction is determined by the equation.
Fb = Sd (T) WT
Where
Sd(T) = ordinate of the design spectrum at period T and is given by:
=αβγ
The parameter α is the ratio of the design bed rock acceleration to acceleration of
gravity, g, and given by:
α = αoI
α0 = the bed rock acceleration ratio for the site and depends on
the seismic zone as given in table 1.1 of EBCS-8, 1995.
For zone 4, building location in mekelle, αo=0.10
I = the importance factor of the building i.e. 1.4 for important
buildings such as hospital and 1.2 for buildings whose seismic resistance is of importance
in view of the consequences associated with a collapse e.g. schools, assembly halls, cultural
institutions etc. (Table 2.4, EBCS-1995)
use I = 1.2
The parameter β is the design response factor for the site and is given by:
β = 1.2 S ≤ 2.5
T1 2/3
S = site coefficient for soil characteristics, table 1.2
= 1.0 for subsoil class A.(includes rocks, stiff deposits of sand, gravel or over consolidated clay
T1 = the fundamental period of vibration of the structure
(in sec) for translational motion in the direction of
motion. For buildings with heights up to 80m, the value
of T1 may be approximated using:
T1 = C 1 H ¾
H=height of the building= 19.3m
C1=0.075 for moment resisting concrete frames
T1 = 0.075* 19.3 ¾ =0.691 sec

β = 1.2 *1.2 =1.84 ≤ 2.5 ok!

2/3
0.691
The parameter, γ, is the behavior factor to account energy dissipation capacity given by:
γ = γokDkRkW ≤ 0.7
γo= basic type of the behavior factor, dependent on
structural type (table 3.2)
for frame system , γo=0.20
kD= factor reflecting ductility class ,use kD =2.0 for DC “L”
kR= factor reflecting the structural regularity in elevation
use kR =1.0
kW= factor reflecting the prevailing failure mode in
Structural system with walls.
=1.0 for frame and frame equivalent dual systems.
γ =0.2*2.0*1.0*1.0=0.4 ≤ 0.7 ok!
Sd(T) = α β γ
= 0.12*1.84*0.4= 0.0883
WT = seismic dead load, obtained as the total permanent load
=11360.26
The base shear will be
Fb =0.0883*11360.26 = 1003.11 KN
Distribution of base shear over height of a building
The base shear force shall be distributed over the height of a structure, concentrated at
each floor level,
( F b − F t )W i h i
Fi = n
∑W
j=0
j hj
Where n = number of stories

Fi = the concentrated lateral force acting at floor i
Ft = the concentrated extra force at the top of the building
accounting whiplash effect for slender building, which is
given by:
Ft =0.07*T1*Fb (EBCS- 8,1995 Art. 2.3.3.2.3)
=0.07*0.691*1002KN
=48.47KN
Wi, Wj =that portion of total weight W located at or assigned to
level i or j, respectively.
hi, hj = height above the base to level i or j, respectively.

level hi wihi Fi(K*)

Ground floor 1.50 1546.76 13.29
first floor 5.30 12276.74 105.45
second floor 8.35 19082.77 163.90
third floor 11.40 26566.53 228.18
fourth floor 14.45 35161.19 302.00
roof 17.50 12704.15 109.12
head room 20.55 3677.63 31.59
∑ 111015.8
4.2.2 Wind Load Analysis

According to EBCS, 1995, the wind pressure acting on external surface, We & internal surface,
Wi are:
We=qref Ce(Zi)Cpe
WI=qref Ce(Zi)Cpi
Reference wind pressure, qref

qref = 1/2*ρ*Vref 2
Where Vref =CDIRCTEMPCALT Vref,O
=1.0*1.0*1.0*22 m/s
= 22 m/s
ρ=air density
= 0.94Kg/m3
Hence,
qref =0.5*0.94*222 =227.48N/m2
Exposure coefficient
To get the critical wind load we calculate the wind acting on the longest side of the
building.
Long side elevation of the building

4.3m
16m
27.75m
Ce(Z)=Cr(z)2Ct(z)2{ 1+7Kt/ Cr(z)Ct(z)}
Where
Z is reference height write wind load analysis
Reference height
Cross wind width, b=28m
h<b, hence the building is considered as one part.
Terrain category: category 4, urban areas in which at least 15% of the surface is covered with
buildings and their average height exceeds 15m. (table 3.1, EBCS-1995)
KT=0.24
Zo=1m
Zmin=16m
Roughness coefficient, Cr(z)
KTln(Z/ Zo) ; Z ≥ Zmin

Cr(z) =
Cr(Zmin) ; Z < Zmin
Case-1
Where
Ze =16m= Zmin =16m
Cr(16) = Cr(16) = 0.24*ln16=0.67

Case-2
Where Ze=20.3m

Cr(20.3) = 0.24*ln20.3=0.723
Topography coefficient
Ct = 1, assuming that it is topography unaffected.
The exposure coefficient will be;

Case-1
Ce(16)=Cr(16)2Ct(16)2{ 1+7Kt/ Cr(16)Ct(16)}
= 0.672*1*{1+7*0.24/(0.67*1) }
= 1.575
Case-2
Ce(20.3)=1.74
External pressure coefficient, Cpe

Wall zonation:
emin= b= 27.75 e=27.75, d <e
2h=32
The zonation is according to EBCS-1
zone A B D E
d/h=0.425 Cpe10 Cpe10 Cpe10 Cpe10
≤1 -1 -0.8 0.8 -0.3
≥4 -1 -0.8 0.6 -0.3
Determination of external pressures and internal pressure

Face upper @ lower @ Net
external internal Cpe10 20.3m 16m upper lower
D 0.8 0.32 0.29 0.52
E -0.3 -0.12 -0.11 -0.44
D -0.5 -0.2 -0.18 0.47
E 0.8 0.32 0.29 -0.4
We neglect the effect of wind on adjacent faces due to its possession of high moment of inertia.

By looking in to the earth quake and wind pressures the earth quake pressure governs and design
is done for the earth quake forces.
4.3 Distribution of Storey Shear

The horizontal forces at each level, Fi, determined in the above manner are distributed to
lateral load resistive structural elements in proportion to their rigidities assuming rigid floor
diaphragms.
a) Determination of center of mass
Center of mass is a point on a floor level where the whole mass and its inertial
effects can be replaced using lumped equivalent mass.
Xm = ∑WiXi ; Ym = ∑WiYi
∑ Wi ∑ Wi
Xm Ym = the coordinate of the point of application of Fi when the seismic action is parallel to
the Y- directin and X – direction respectively.
GROUND FLOOR
BLDNG PART TOTAL WT TOTAL MOMENT
WX WY
wall 659.27 9487.16 2830.32
beam 209.09 2890.80 638.25
column 162.82 2362.87 761.16
TOTAL 1031.17 14740.83 4229.73
Xm,Ym 14.30 4.10

FIRST FLOOR
WX WY
wall 709.69 9876.74 2798.11
beam 294.42 3934.78 1001.36
column 218.40 3244.09 1045.84
slab 734.59 8986.83 2005.45
inclined slab 56.52 1198.14 415.39
landing 19.44 464.62 117.13
pvc finishing 33.19 407.79 170.40
screed finishing 250.13 3090.75 677.47
Total 2316.37 31203.74 8231.15
Xm,Ym 13.47 3.55
SECOND FLOOR
WX WY
wall 709.69 9876.74 2798.11
beam 294.42 3934.78 1001.36
column 187.39 2719.53 876.06
slab 734.59 8986.83 2005.45
inclined slab 56.52 1198.14 415.39
landing 19.44 464.62 117.13
pvc finishing 33.19 407.79 170.40
Total 2285.36 30679.17 8061.37
Xm,Ym 13.42 3.53

THIRD FLOOR
Wx Wy
wall 732.78 9664.66 2992.85
beam 294.42 3934.78 1001.36
column 187.39 2719.53 876.06
slab 744.23 8981.63 2053.64
inclined slab 56.52 1198.14 415.39
landing 19.44 464.62 117.13
pvc finishing 40.31 422.13 157.06
Total 2330.40 30524.65 8309.19
Xm,Ym 13.10 3.57
FOURTH FLOOR
Wx Wy
wall 845.74 10937.92 3060.36
beam 294.42 3934.78 1001.36
column 187.39 2719.53 876.06
slab 745.32 9053.85 2084.45
inclined slab 56.52 1198.14 415.39
landing 19.44 464.62 117.13
pvc finishing 40.04 414.53 156.94
Total 2433.30 31562.45 8402.57
Xm,Ym 12.97 3.45
ROOF LEVEL
Wx Wy
wall 237.21 4578.80 1170.83
beam 212.25 3017.76 713.01
column 117.12 1904.78 520.01
slab 39.37 793.86 297.03
inclined slab 56.52 1198.14 415.39

landing 19.44 464.62 117.13

TRUSS+EGA+CHIPWOOD 44.05 577.53 149.76
Total 725.95 12535.49 3383.17
Xm,Ym 17.27 4.66
HEAD ROOM LEVEL

Wx Wy
beam 52.92 1138.04 330.90
column 23.42 518.84 148.74
slab 64.64 1379.37 407.03
inclined slab 28.26 599.07 207.70
landing 9.72 232.31 58.56
Total 178.96 3867.64 1152.92
Xm,Ym 21.61 6.44
Determination of center of stiffness

Center of stiffness is a point where the stiffness or strength of the floor is concentrated.
Xs = ∑ DiyXi ; Ys = ∑ DixYi
∑ Diy ∑ Dix
Where
Xi, Yi = coordinates of the shear center of the frame element
Dix, Diy = lateral stiffness of a particular element along X and Y axes, respectively.
The rigidity, D of a column has a relation with:
- stiffness of the column itself
- stiffness of upper and lower beams
- heights of upper and lower columns
- upper and lower shear forces
- location of storey
D = a Kc
Kc = column stiffness
a = factor depending on boundary conditions
Computation of ‘a’
If K represents the total sum of stiffness ratios of beams above and below the column
divided by 2Kc, the approximate formula to obtain ‘a’ for general cases is:
a = K / (2+K)

k1 k2 k2
k = I/ L Kc
Kc
k4
k3 k4
k =0.5*k1+k2+k3+k4 k =0.5*k2+k4
Kc Kc
The above expressions of ‘a’ for cases of fixed column base is
a = (0.5+K) and K = ∑Ktop

(2+k) Kc
and for pin supported columns
Calculation of shear center

LEVEL Axis Dy Xi DyXi Axis Dx Yi DxYi
GROUND A 0.000894 0 0 4 0.00299 0 0
B 0.000894 5 0.00447 3 0.003182 5 0.01590825
C 0.000894 10 0.00894 2 0.001377 7.7 0.01060269
D 0.000894 15 0.01341 1 0.001198 9 0.01078116
E 0.002393 20 0.04785 ∑ 0.008746 0.0372921
F 0.000576 23.54 0.01356 Ys 4.26372227
G 0.000103 24.02 0.00247
H 0.000913 25 0.02281
∑ 0.00756 0.11352
xS 15.0157
FIRST Axis Dy Xi DyXi Axis Dx Yi DxYi
A 0.00038 0 0 4 0.012172 0 0
B 0.00038 5 0.0019 3 0.012976 5 0.06488222

C 0.00038 10 0.0038 2 0.004799 7.7 0.03695594

D 0.00038 15 0.00571 1 0.004908 9 0.0441748
E 0.009963 20 0.19925 ∑ 0.034857 0.14601295
F 0.002886 23.54 0.06794 Ys 4.18896113
G 0.003373 24.02 0.08101
H 0.002142 25 0.05355
∑ 0.019885 0.41317
Xs 20.7777
1ST-4th Axis Dy Xi DyXi Axis Dx Yi DxYi
A 0.00038 0 0 4 0.001574 0 0
B 0.00038 5 0.0019 3 0.001678 5 0.00838865
C 0.00038 10 0.0038 2 0.00062 7.7 0.0047703
D 0.00038 15 0.00569 1 0.000634 9 0.00570805
E 0.001437 20 0.02875 ∑ 0.004505 0.018867
F 0.000369 23.54 0.00869 Ys 4.18777854
G 0.000429 24.02 0.0103
H 0.000442 25 0.01105
∑ 0.004196 0.07018
Xs 16.7262
ROOF Axis Dy Xi DyXi Axis Dx Yi DxYi
A 0.00028 0 0 4 0.001212 0 0
B 0.00028 5 0.0014 3 0.001293 5 0.00646251
C 0.00028 10 0.0028 2 0.000484 7.7 0.00372346
D 0.00028 15 0.0042 1 0.000491 9 0.00441705
E 0.001185 20 0.0237 ∑ 0.003479 0.01460303
F 0.000305 23.54 0.00718 Ys 4.19713009
G 0.000368 24.02 0.00885
H 0.000334 25 0.00836
∑ 0.003312 0.05648
Xs 17.0533
H.ROOM Axis Dy Xi DyXi Axis Dx Yi DxYi
E 0.000268 20 0.00535 3 0.000206 5 0.00103186
G 0.000116 24.02 0.0028 2 0.00024 7.7 0.00184569
H 0.000116 25 0.00291 0.000446 0.00287755
∑ 0.0005 0.01106 ∑ Ys 6.45086338
Xs 22.0981

Direct shear force distribution

For a given storey shear
Qix = Dix * Q, Qix = Diy * Q
∑ Dix ∑ Diy
Axes in x-dxn
FLOOR GROUND FIRST SECOND THIRD

FORCE 13.29 105.78 164.42 228.27
D- D- D- D-
AXIS VALUE Qi VALUE Qi VALUE Qi VALUE Qi
4 0.003 4.543171 0.012 36.9382 0.002 57.44 0.001574 79.74
3 0.0032 4.83463 0.013 39.3783 0.002 61.23 0.001678 85.007
2 0.0014 2.092359 0.005 14.5645 6E-04 22.61 0.00062 31.39
1 0.0012 1.820261 0.005 14.8947 6E-04 23.15 0.000634 32.135
0.0087 0.035 0.005 0.004505
FOURTH ROOF HEADROOM FLOOR

302.12 109.16 31.60 FORCE
D-
D-VALUE Qi VALUE Qi D-VALUE Qi AXIS
0.00157377 105.5368 0.001212 38.03917 4
0.00167773 112.508 0.001293 40.55121 0.000206372 14.61945 3
0.00061952 41.54477 0.000484 15.17151 0.0002397 16.98038 2
0.00063423 42.53109 0.000491 15.39791 1
0.00450525 0.003479 0.000446072
Axes in y-dxn
FLOOR GROUND FIRST SECOND THIRD
FORCE 13.29042136 105.7757269 164.4221758 228.2715446
D- D- D- D-
VALUE Qi VALUE Qi VALUE Qi VALUE Qi
A 0.0009 1.57154 4E-04 2.02353 0.00038 14.87 0.00038 20.65
B 0.0009 1.57154 4E-04 2.02353 0.00038 14.87 0.00038 20.65
C 0.0009 1.57154 4E-04 2.02353 0.00038 14.87 0.00038 20.65
D 0.0009 1.57154 4E-04 2.02353 0.00038 14.87 0.00038 20.65
E 0.0024 4.206323 0.01 52.9951 0.00144 56.32 0.001437 78.197
F 0.0006 1.012809 0.003 15.3529 0.00037 14.47 0.000369 20.084
G 0.0001 0.180896 0.003 17.9401 0.00043 16.81 0.000429 23.338
H 0.0009 1.604234 0.002 11.3935 0.00044 17.33 0.000442 24.053
0.0076 0.02 0.0042 0.004196

FOURTH ROOF HEADROOM FLOOR

302.1207209 109.1597995 31.59983145 FORCE
D-
D-VALUE Qi VALUE Qi D-VALUE Qi AXIS
0.00037955 27.33061 0.00028 9.22275 4
0.00037955 27.33061 0.00028 9.22275 3
0.00037955 27.33061 0.00028 9.22275 2
0.00037955 27.33061 0.00028 9.22275 1
0.00143729 103.4949 0.001185 39.05695 0.00026757 16.89932 0
0.00036915 26.58108 0.000305 10.05581 0
0.00042895 30.88771 0.000368 12.13888 0.000116378 7.350258 0
0.0004421 31.8346 0.000334 11.01716 0.000116378 7.350258
0.00419571 0.003312 0.000500326
Calculation of eccentricities
Eccentricity is the difference between the center of mass and center of stiffness of the floor.
Actual eccentricities
ex = Xm – Xs
ey = Ys – Ym
Accidental eccentricities
For various sources of eccentricities in locating the masses and spatial
variation of seismic motion, an additional accidental eccentricity, eli is considered in
addition to the actual eccentricity.
It is given by:
eli = ± 0.05 li
Where eli is the floor dimension perpendicular to the direction of seismic action.
Design eccentricities
ed,x = ex + elx and
ed,y = ey + ely

head
eccentrities ground first second third fourth roof room
ex 0.72 7.22 3.21 3.63 3.76 -0.21 0.49
actual ey 0.16 0.62 0.64 0.62 0.73 -0.46 0.01
accidental ex ±1.25 ±1.25 ±1.25 ±1.25 ±1.25 ±1.25 ±0.25
ey ±0.45 ±0.45 ±0.45 ±0.45 ±0.45 ±0.45 ±0.135
DESIGN
ECCENTRICITIES
head
LEVEL ground first second third fourth roof room
edx1 1.97 8.47 4.46 4.88 5.01 1.04 1.74
edx2 -0.53 5.97 1.96 2.38 2.51 -1.46 -0.76
edy1 0.61 1.07 1.09 1.07 1.18 -0.01 0.46
edy2 -0.29 0.17 0.19 0.17 0.28 -0.91 -0.44
Calculation of shear correction factor
When the shear center and mass center do not coincide, torsion will be developed due to the
lateral forces. This is also somehow amplified by the inherent existence of accidental
eccentricities. As a result the direct shear forces obtained above need to be corrected to take this
effect. The shear correction factors are calculated using
αix = 1+(Dix)edy *yi

Jr
αiy = 1+(Diy)edx *xi
Jr
Jr = Jx + Jy where Jx =∑ (Dix yi2)

Jy =∑ (Diy xi2)
xi = Xi – Xs
yi =Ys – Yi

Ground floor
DI AXI Ys- Xs- DX(Y DY(X αx,m αy,m

R S Yi Xi DX DY s-Yi)2 i-Xs)2 αx1 αx2 αy1 αy2 ax ax
4.2 0.054 1.01 0.99
4 6 0.003 4 3 4 1.013
-
0.7 0.003 0.001 0.99 1.00
3 4 2 7 8 1 1.001
-
3.4 0.001 0.016 0.99 1.00
2 4 4 3 5 2 1.002
-
4.7 0.001 0.026 0.99 1.00
X 1 4 2 9 4 3 1.003
15.01 9E- 1.043 0.98
A 6 04 0.2 1 8 1.043
10.01 9E- 1.028 0.99
B 6 04 0.09 8 2 1.029
5.015 9E- 1.014 0.99
C 7 04 0.02 4 6 1.014
0.015 9E-
D 7 04 0 1 1 1
- 0.00 0.961
E 4.984 2 0.06 7 1.01 1.01
- 6E- 0.984 1.00
F 8.524 04 0.04 2 4 1.004
- 1E- 1.00
G 9.004 04 0.01 0.997 1 1.001
- 9E- 0.970 1.00
Y H 9.984 04 0.09 7 8 1.008
0.099
2 0.51
Jx Jy

First floor
4.1 0.012 0.213 1.06 1.01 1.06

4 9 2 6 7 1 7
-
0.8 0.008 0.98 0.99 0.99
3 1 0.013 5 6 8 8
-
3.5 0.004 0.059 0.97 0.99 0.99
2 1 8 2 8 6 6
-
4.8 0.004 0.113 0.96 0.99 0.99
X 1 1 9 6 9 5 5
20.77 4E- 0.1 1.082 1.05 1.08
A 8 04 6 4 8 2
15.77 4E- 0.0 1.062 1.04 1.06
B 8 04 9 5 4 3
10.77 4E- 0.0 1.042 1.04
C 8 04 4 7 1.03 3
5.777 4E- 0.0 1.022 1.01 1.02
D 7 04 1 9 6 3
0.777 0.0 1.080 1.05 1.08
E 7 0.01 1 7 7 1
0.00 0.0 0.916 0.94 0.94
F -2.762 3 2 9 1 1
0.00 0.0 0.886
G -3.242 3 4 1 0.92 0.92
0.00 0.0 0.905 0.93 0.93
Y H -4.222 2 4 8 4 4
0.394 0.4
9 2
Jx Jy
Second floor
4 4.19 0.0016 0.0276 1.023 1.004 1.023
-
3 0.81 0.0017 0.0011 0.995 0.999 0.999
-
2 3.51 0.0006 0.0076 0.992 0.999 0.999
-
X 1 4.81 0.0006 0.0147 0.989 0.998 0.998
A 16.726 4E-04 0.11 1.0904 1.04 1.09
Y B 11.726 4E-04 0.05 1.0633 1.028 1.063

C 6.7262 4E-04 0.02 1.0363 1.016 1.036

D 1.7262 4E-04 0 1.0093 1.004 1.009
E -3.274 0.001 0.02 0.933 0.971 0.971
F -6.814 4E-04 0.02 0.9642 0.984 0.984
G -7.294 4E-04 0.02 0.9555 0.98 0.98
H -8.274 4E-04 0.03 0.9479 0.977 0.977
0.051 0.26
Jx Jy
Third floor
4.00 4.19 0.00 0.03 1.02 1.00 1.02
3.00 -0.81 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
2.00 -3.51 0.00 0.01 0.99 1.00 1.00
X 1.00 -4.81 0.00 0.01 0.99 1.00 1.00
A 16.73 0.00 0.11 1.10 1.05 1.10
B 11.73 0.00 0.05 1.07 1.03 1.07
C 6.73 0.00 0.02 1.04 1.02 1.04
D 1.73 0.00 0.00 1.01 1.00 1.01
E -3.27 0.00 0.02 0.93 0.96 0.96
F -6.81 0.00 0.02 0.96 0.98 0.98
G -7.29 0.00 0.02 0.95 0.98 0.98
Y H -8.27 0.00 0.03 0.94 0.97 0.97
0.05 0.26
Jx Jy

Fourth floor
4.00 4.26 0.00 0.03 1.03 1.01 1.03
3.00 -0.81 0.00 0.00 0.99 1.00 1.00
2.00 -3.51 0.00 0.01 0.99 1.00 1.00
X 1.00 -4.81 0.00 0.01 0.99 1.00 1.00
A 16.73 0.00 0.11 1.10 1.05 1.10
B 11.73 0.00 0.05 1.07 1.04 1.07
C 6.73 0.00 0.02 1.04 1.02 1.04
D 1.73 0.00 0.00 1.01 1.01 1.01
E -3.27 0.00 0.02 0.93 0.96 0.96
F -6.81 0.00 0.02 0.96 0.98 0.98
G -7.29 0.00 0.02 0.95 0.98 0.98
Y H -8.27 0.00 0.03 0.94 0.97 0.97
0.05 0.26
Jx Jy
Roof
4 4.2 0.0012 0.0214 1 0.981 1

3 -0.8 0.0013 0.0008 1 1.004 1.004
2 -3.5 0.0005 0.0059 1 1.006 1.006
X 1 -4.8 0.0005 0.0113 1 1.009 1.009
A 17.053 3E-04 0.08 1.0207 0.971 1.021
B 12.053 3E-04 0.04 1.0146 0.979 1.015
C 7.0533 3E-04 0.01 1.0086 0.988 1.009
D 2.0533 3E-04 0 1.0025 0.996 1.002
E -2.947 0.001 0.01 0.9848 1.021 1.021
F -6.487 3E-04 0.01 0.9914 1.012 1.012
G -6.967 4E-04 0.02 0.9889 1.016 1.016
Y H -7.947 3E-04 0.02 0.9885 1.016 1.016
0.0394 0.2
Jx Jy

Head room
1.4 0.000 1.0 0.96

3 5 2 0.0004 4 1 1.04
-
1.2 0.000 0.9 1.03 1.03
X 2 5 2 0.0004 6 9 9
2.098 3E- 0.87 1.28
E 1 04 0 1.287 4 7
1E- 0.885
G -1.922 04 0 6 1.05 1.05
1E- 0.827 1.07 1.07
Y H -2.902 04 0 3 6 6
0.0008 0
Jx Jy
Corrected shear forces for torsion

Corrected shear forces are given by = αmax * Q
LEVEL GROUND FIRST SECOND THIRD
Axis αmax*Qi αmax αmax*Qi αmax αmax*Qi αmax αmax*Qi

4 4.60 1.07 39.42 1.02 58.76 1.02 81.54
3 4.84 1.00 39.29 1.00 61.18 1.00 84.94
2 2.10 1.00 14.51 1.00 22.58 1.00 31.35
1 1.83 1.00 14.82 1.00 23.10 1.00 32.08
A 1.64 1.08 2.19 1.09 16.22 1.10 22.69
B 1.62 1.06 2.15 1.06 15.82 1.07 22.08
C 1.59 1.04 2.11 1.04 15.41 1.04 21.47
D 1.57 1.02 2.07 1.01 15.01 1.01 20.86
E 4.25 1.08 57.27 0.97 54.67 0.96 75.40
F 1.02 0.94 14.45 0.98 14.24 0.98 19.70
G 0.18 0.92 16.50 0.98 16.48 0.98 22.78
H 1.62 0.93 10.64 0.98 16.93 0.97 23.39

FOURTH ROOF HEAD ROOM LEVEL
αmax αmax*Qi Qi αmax αmax*Qi Qi αmax αmax*Qi Axis

1.03 108.20 1.00 38.03 4
1.00 112.37 1.00 40.71 1.04 15.21 3
1.00 41.46 1.01 15.27 1.04 17.64 2
1.00 42.41 1.01 15.54 1
1.10 30.09 1.02 9.41 A
1.07 29.27 1.01 9.36 B
1.04 28.44 1.01 9.30 C
1.01 27.62 1.00 9.25 D
0.96 99.61 1.02 39.89 1.29 21.75 E
0.98 26.05 1.01 10.18 F
0.98 30.12 1.02 12.33 1.05 7.72 G
0.97 30.91 1.02 11.20 1.08 7.91 H

Earth quake loading on frames
AXIS-A

AXIS-E

AXIS-3
4.4 Load combination
The final critical design bending moments, shear forces and axial forces will be obtained
from whichever the following five combinations of loading that produces the critical effect.
Case 1. Consider vertical load only
Case 2. Consider 75% of vertical load with earthquake effect from positive X– direction
Case 3. Consider 75% of vertical load with earthquake effect from negative X– direction
Case 4. Consider 75% of vertical load with earthquake effect from positive Y– direction
Case 5. Consider 75% of vertical load with earthquake effect from negative Y– direction
The frame is analyzed using sap2000 version 9

NB:- The same procedure is performed for the pre-cast slab system.

5. DESIG* OF BEAMS A*D COLUM*S

5.1 Beam design
Beams are flexural members which are used to transfer the loads from slab to columns.
Basically beams should be designed for flexure (moment). Furthermore it is essential to check
and design the beam sections for torsion and shear. Beams may be designed for flexural moment
depending on the magnitude of the moment and the X- sectional dimensions. on the other hand
the beam can be singly reinforced, doubly reinforced T or Г section.
Style of beam reinforcement
Singly reinforced cross section
The moment capacity of a given singly reinforced beam is given by
M=ρbd2fyd (1-0.4ρm)
ρ is taken to be 0.75 ρb to re assure ductility of the material. Afterward for the given sectional
dimensions and material data, the total area of reinforcement required for the applied moment M
is given by
As=ρbd
Where:
2
ρ =1/2(c1 + (C1 − 4 M / C 2 bd 2 )
M=moment
m=fyd/ (0.8fcd)
d=effective depth
Doubly reinforced cross section
Incase when the dimension of the section is limited, the concrete may be subjected to higher
compression stress. Thus additional steel bars are placed in the compression zone of the section.
Hence the design moment, Md is obtained by
Md = M1+M2
Where;
M1=the moment resisted by concrete and partial steel As
M2= The moment resisted by steel in compression, As’, and the left over steel As2
M1 can be computed via in the manner of singly reinforced section
M1=0.8ρbd2 fcd*m(1-0.4ρm), ρ is stated above.
As1= ρbd but since M2=M-M1=As’fs’(d-dc’)=As2fyd(d-dc’)
At yielding the compression steel both area of steel becomes equal
As’=As2= (M-M1)/ ( fyd(d-dc’) = (M-M1)/( fs’(d-dc’)…….i.e. fyd = fs’
fs’=(x-dc’)Es*Єc/x ,x= ρmb

Longitudinal reinforcement design
In this specific project we have used design tables for the calculation of reinforcement area as
per the provision of EBCS 2, 1995.
5.1.1 Solid slab beams
AXIS-A
moment LOCATION b d Km KS AS1 Ф(As1 )
22.42 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 30.85 4.06 296.499 2Ф12
12.4 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 22.94 3.98 Asmin 2Ф12
44.97 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 43.69 4.252 622.8418 4Ф12+1Ф16
173.14 1st &2nd 0.25 0.446 59.01 2410.72 4Ф24+3Ф16
102.74 1st &2nd 0.25 0.446 45.45 4.296 989.6212 5Ф16
174.08 1st &2nd 0.25 0.455 58.00 2410.72 4Ф24+3Ф16
128.5 3rd&4th 0.25 0.446 50.83 4.425 1274.916 4Ф20
71.05 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 37.05 4.12 643.3538 3Ф16+2Ф20
14.31 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 16.63 3.963 124.6385 2Ф12
141.28 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 52.25 4.47 1387.96 4Ф20+1Ф14
96.44 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 55.33 1285.81 4Ф20
102.44 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 57.02 1275.096 4Ф20
66.6 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 45.98 4.306 807.8299 4Ф16

AXIS-B
moment LOCATION b d Km KS As1 Ф(As1 )
17.17 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 26.99 4.015 224.5523 2Ф12
5.16 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 14.80 min 153.5 2Ф12
19.68 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 28.90 4.039 258.917 2Ф14
179.28 1st &2nd 0.25 0.445 60.18 4.27 1720.282 4Ф24
140.87 1st &2nd 0.25 0.445 53.34 4.3 1361.216 3Ф24
205.44 1st &2nd 0.25 0.445 64.42 2707.4 6Ф24
157.05 3rd&4th 0.25 0.445 56.32 4.52 1595.204 3Ф24&1Ф20
90.16 3rd&4th 0.25 0.445 42.68 4.22 855.0004 2Ф20 +2Ф12
158.5 3rd&4th 0.25 0.445 56.58 1595.204 3Ф24&1Ф20
100.71 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 56.22 4.52 1275.096 4Ф20
102.03 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 56.59 1275.096 4Ф20
69.23 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 46.61 4.32 837.7412 2Ф20 +2Ф12
AXIS -C
22.15 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 30.66 3.994 288.1664 3Ф12
9.89 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 20.49 3.97 127.8935 2Ф12
16.01 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 26.07 4 208.5993 2Ф12
177.98 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 59.82 2416.4 5Ф24+1Ф16
114.32 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 47.95 4.36 1117.568 4Ф20
35.44 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 26.17 4.01 312.3393 2Ф16
182.2 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 59.33 2241 4Ф24+3Ф16
166.48 3rd&4th 0.25 0.446 57.86 1941.5 3Ф24+3Ф16
95.32 3rd&4th 0.25 0.446 43.78 4.26 910.4556 2Ф20+2Ф14
150.1 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 53.85 4.53 1494.402 2Ф24+3Ф16
115.1 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 60.44 1550 3Ф24+1Ф20
111.28 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 59.43 1550 3Ф24+1Ф20
61.8 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 44.29 4.19 729.4141 4Ф16
AXIS-D
24.86 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 32.48 4.07 329.5772 3Ф14
12.74 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 23.25 3.98 165.1635 2Ф12
14.44 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 24.76 3.988 187.5789 2Ф12
166.42 4th&3rd 0.25 0.446 57.85 1941.5 3Ф24+3Ф16
96.08 4th&3rd 0.25 0.446 43.96 4.26 917.7148 2Ф20+2Ф14
157.49 4th&3rd 0.25 0.455 55.16 1595.204 3Ф24&1Ф20
165.87 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 57.75 1941.5 3Ф24+3Ф16
105.43 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 46.04 4.31 1018.841 4Ф20

80.93 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 39.54 4.16 739.9314 2Ф16+2Ф20

145.5 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 53.02 4.51 1442.209 4Ф20+1Ф16
103.85 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 57.41 1398.54 3Ф24
99.45 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 56.18 1398.54 3Ф24
74.01 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 48.47 4.37 911.0527 2Ф14+2Ф20
AXIS-E
32.22 HEAD ROOM 0.25 0.307 36.98 4.12 432.3987 3Ф14
6.42 HEAD ROOM 0.25 0.307 16.51 Asmin 2Ф12
31.25 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 36.42 4.11 418.3632 4Ф12
21.98 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 30.54 4.06 290.6801 2Ф14
13.42 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 23.87 Asmin 2Ф12
10.41 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 21.02 Asmin 2Ф12
12.46 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 23.00 3.97 161.1277 2Ф12
3.9 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 12.87 Asmin 2Ф12
157.15 4th&3rd 0.25 0.446 56.22 1744.84 4Ф24
112.47 4th&3rd 0.25 0.446 47.56 4.349 1096.709 2Ф24+1Ф16
121.7 4th&3rd 0.25 0.446 49.47 4.396 1199.536 2Ф24+2Ф14
47.81 4th&3rd 0.25 0.455 30.39 4.04 424.5108 3Ф14
130.59 4th&3rd 0.25 0.455 50.23 4.415 1267.154 2Ф24+2Ф16
81.82 4th&3rd 0.25 0.455 39.76 4.166 749.1475 2Ф20+1Ф12
52.57 4th&3rd 0.25 0.455 31.87 4.054 468.3929 2Ф14+1Ф16
179.08 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 60.01 1754.68 4Ф24
120.73 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 49.27 4.392 1188.893 2Ф24+2Ф14
156.16 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 56.04 1744.84 4Ф24
101.81 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 45.25 4.29 979.2935 2Ф20+2Ф16
146.86 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 54.34 1442.209 4Ф20+1Ф16
149.72 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 54.87 1717.45 4Ф24
150.8 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 55.07 1717.45 4Ф24
100.84 Gbeam 0.25 0.335 59.95 4.275 1286.839 3Ф20
59.44 Gbeam 0.25 0.335 46.03 4.09 725.7003 2Ф20
97.73 Gbeam 0.25 0.335 59.02 4.28 1248.61 3Ф20
85.69 Gbeam 0.25 0.335 55.27 4.2 1074.322 3Ф20
119.53 Gbeam 0.25 0.335 65.27 4.386 1564.951 2Ф24+2Ф14
106.97 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 58.27 4.32 1301.719 2Ф20+3Ф14
130.62 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 64.39 4.43 1629.99 3Ф20+1Ф24

AXIS-H
36.14 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 39.16 4.159 489.5969 3Ф16
12.3 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 22.85 Asmin 2Ф12
27.97 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 34.45 4.092 372.8119 2Ф16
151.31 4th&3rd 0.25 0.446 55.16 1717.45 4Ф24
117.03 4th&3rd 0.25 0.446 48.51 4.373 1147.471 3Ф20+2Ф12
83.215 4th&3rd 0.25 0.446 40.91 4.18 779.9074 2Ф20+1Ф14
173.14 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 59.01 2412.33 4Ф24+2Ф20
154.14 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 55.67 1744.84 4Ф24
96.66 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 44.09 4.265 924.3383 3Ф20
100 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 56.34 1394.7 3Ф24
86.56 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 52.42 4.481 1092.607 2Ф24+1Ф16
83.43 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 51.46 4.435 1042.287 2Ф20+3Ф14
AXIS-4
186.912 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 61.31 4.51 2341 4Ф24+3Ф16
184.18 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 60.86 2341 4Ф24+3Ф16
150.25 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 53.88 4.53 1495.896 3Ф24+1Ф14
174 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 59.15 4.51 1759.507 4Ф24
176.859 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 58.46 4.51 1753.042 4Ф24
180.71 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 59.09 1754.68 4Ф24
92.19 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 42.20 4.25 861.1154 2Ф24
81.38 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 39.65 4.2 751.2 4Ф16
71.86 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 37.26 4.15 655.4264 3Ф14+1Ф16
85.69 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 40.69 4.22 794.7512 4Ф16
104.94 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 45.03 4.31 994.047 5Ф16
155.98 3rd&4th 0.25 0.446 56.01 4.52 1580.784 3Ф24+2Ф14
148.96 3rd&4th 0.25 0.446 54.73 1717.45 4Ф24
132.93 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 50.68 4.427 1293.365 2Ф24+2Ф16
134.47 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 50.97 4.44 1312.191 3Ф20+2Ф16
132.34 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 50.57 4.42 1285.589 4Ф20
137.81 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 51.60 4.45 1347.812 2Ф24+3Ф14
82.511 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 39.93 4.21 763.4534 4Ф16
70.31 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 36.86 4.14 639.7437 1Ф16+3Ф14
48.76 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 30.69 4.01 429.731 3Ф14
67.357 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 36.08 4.13 611.3943 2Ф16+2Ф12
73.61 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 37.71 4.16 673.0057 2Ф12+3Ф14
42.44 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 42.44 4.25 587.5244 3Ф12+2Ф14
37.65 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 39.97 4.19 513.855 3Ф16

33.94 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 37.95 4.15 458.798 3Ф16

25.63 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 32.98 4.13 344.7945 2Ф16
17.05 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 26.90 4.014 222.9274 2Ф12
25.89 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 33.15 4.082 344.2442 2Ф12+1Ф14
17.73 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 27.43 min 2Ф12
13.94 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 24.32 min 2Ф12
9.27 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 19.83 min 2Ф12
8.61 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 19.12 min 2Ф12
5.69 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 15.54 min 2Ф12
97.3 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 55.26 4.598 1253.18 4Ф20
78.96 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 49.78 4.405 974.2824 2Ф20+2Ф16
81.53 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 50.58 4.425 1010.561 2Ф20+2Ф16
83.34 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 51.14 4.43 1034.163 2Ф20+2Ф16
81.92 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 50.71 4.425 1015.395 2Ф20+2Ф16
22.74 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 26.72 4 254.7899 2Ф14
75.44 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 48.66 4.37 923.4532 3Ф20
66.48 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 45.68 4.29 798.8773 4Ф16
68.82 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 46.47 4.33 834.7076 2Ф20+2Ф12
69.32 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 46.64 4.34 842.7137 2Ф20+2Ф12
73.37 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 47.99 4.34 891.949 2Ф24
AXIS-1
21.36 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 30.11 3.97 276.2189 2Ф14
11.92 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 22.49 3.96 153.7564 2Ф12
158.02 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 55.26 4.52 1748 4Ф24
177.72 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 58.60 1857 5Ф20+2Ф16
164.47 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 56.37 4.52 1895 5Ф20+2Ф16
117.51 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 47.65 4.39 1133.778 3Ф20+2Ф12
104.24 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 44.88 4.282 981.0015 2Ф24+1Ф12
71.82 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 37.25 4.14 653.4831 3Φ14+2Φ12
122.93 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 62.46 4.63 1817 4Ф24
122.06 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 62.24 1817 4Ф24
95.75 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 55.13 4.57 1232.613 4Ф20
AXIS-2
30.11 Head Room 0.25 0.307 35.75 4.11 403.1013 2Ф16
14.5 Head Room 0.25 0.307 24.81 3.97 187.5081 2Ф12
11.27 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 21.87 3.96 145.372 2Ф12
28.93 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 35.04 4.1 386.3616 2Ф16
32.82 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 37.32 4.15 443.658 4Ф12

177.03 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 58.48 4.7 1857 5Ф20+2Ф16

171.09 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 57.50 2412.33 4Ф24+2Ф20
121.87 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 48.53 4.41 1181.202 2Ф24+2Ф14
115.06 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 47.15 4.38 1107.611 2Ф24+2Ф12
103.82 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 44.79 4.28 976.5925 2Ф20+2Ф16
57.36 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 33.29 4.05 510.567 2Ф16+1Ф12
118.84 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 61.42 4.65 1712 3Ф24+2Ф16
116.89 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 60.91 1550 3Ф24+1Ф20
87.01 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 52.55 4.51 1105.395 2Ф24+2Ф12
AXIS-3
15.34 Head Room 0.25 0.307 25.52 3.99 199.37 2Ф12
42.74 Head Room 0.25 0.307 42.59 4.23 588.8932 2Ф20
14.28 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 24.62 4.09 190.245 2Ф12
22.64 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 31.00 4.434 326.9894 3Ф12
16.53 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 26.49 4.02 216.4515 2Ф12
17.64 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 27.36 4.03 231.5609 2Ф14
27.43 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 34.12 4.09 365.4355 2Ф16
38.55 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 40.45 4.19 526.1384 2Ф12 +2Ф14
199.64 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 63.36 4.51 2569 5Ф24+2Ф16
178.245 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 59.87 4.51 2170 4Ф24+2Ф16
182.77 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 60.62 2241 4Ф24+3Ф16
182.33 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 60.55 4.51 2241 4Ф24+3Ф16
148.37 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 53.54 4.53 1477.178 3Ф24+1Ф14
193.54 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 61.15 2415.64 4Ф24+2Ф20
117.14 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 47.57 4.35 1119.91 3Ф20+2Ф12
87.28 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 41.07 4.2 805.6615 2Ф20+2Ф12
75.44 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 38.18 4.14 686.4211 3Ф14+2Ф12
94.43 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 42.71 4.23 877.8877 4Ф16+1Ф12
72.55 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 37.44 4.15 661.7198 3Ф14+2Ф12
144.86 3rd&4th 0.25 0.446 53.97 4.53 1471.336 2Ф24+2Ф16
154.125 3rd&4th 0.25 0.446 55.67 4.5 1555.073 3Ф24+2Ф12
154.971 3rd&4th 0.25 0.446 55.82 4.51 1567.083 3Ф24+2Ф12
142.89 3rd&4th 0.25 0.446 53.60 4.53 1451.327 4Ф20+1Ф16
145.66 3rd&4th 0.25 0.446 54.12 4.47 1459.866 3Ф24+1Ф12
107.87 3rd&4th 0.25 0.446 46.57 4.28 1035.165 2Ф20+2Ф16
76.46 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 38.44 4.18 702.4237 2Ф16+2Ф14
77.375 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 38.67 4.18 710.8297 2Ф16+2Ф14
77.025 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 38.58 4.18 707.6143 2Ф16+2Ф14
75.474 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 38.19 4.17 691.7068 2Ф16+2Ф14

48.39 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 30.58 4.01 426.4701 3Ф14

95.54 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 55.07 4.52 1253 4Ф20
93.45 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 54.46 4.52 1239 4Ф20
92.83 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 54.28 4.52 1230 4Ф20
114.01 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 60.16 1550 3Ф24+1Ф20
94.49 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 54.76 4.52 1252 4Ф20
100.71 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 56.54 4.52 1416 3Ф24+1Ф12
68.65 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 46.68 4.37 845.0718 2Ф20+2Ф12
56.89 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 42.49 4.27 684.2825 3Ф14+2Ф12
57.4 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 42.68 4.27 690.4169 2Ф14+2Ф16
55.78 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 42.08 4.26 669.36 3Ф14+2Ф12
61.71 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 44.26 4.31 749.2115 3Ф16+1Ф14
Inclined beam
LOCATION AS Ф(AS) landing beams
Gbeam 1332.63 3Ф20+2Ф16 LOCATION AS Ф(AS)
Gbeam 1171.31 3Ф20+2Ф12 G-floor 2179.44 4Ф24+2Ф16
Gbeam 964.61 2Ф20+2Ф16 G-floor 1898.36 3Ф24+3Ф16
Gbeam 1240.9 4Ф20 G-floor 2221.63 4Ф24+3Ф14
Gbeam 924.75 2Ф20+2Ф14 1st&2nd 1560.77 3Ф24+2Ф12
1st&2nd 1645.39 3Ф24+2Ф14 1st&2nd 1357.31 3Ф24
1st&2nd 1194.29 2Ф24+2Ф14 1st&2nd 1728.52 3Ф24+2Ф16
1st&2nd 1201.26 2Ф24+2Ф14 3rd&4th 790.18 4Ф16
1st&2nd 1409.64 4Ф20+1Ф14 3rd&4th 615.56 4Ф14
1st&2nd 972.08 2Ф24+1Ф14 3rd&4th 915.1 3Ф16+2Ф14
3rd&4th 796.81 3Ф14+3Ф12 roof 356.15 2Ф16
3rd&4th 668.66 3Ф14+2Ф12 roof 225 2Ф12
3rd&4th 639.49 3Ф14+2Ф12 roof 225 2Ф12
3rd&4th 696.39 2Ф14+2Ф16

3rd&4th 525.17 2Ф14+2Ф12
TTBeam 157.5 2Ф12
TTBeam 187.61 2Ф12
TTBeam 159.75 2Ф12
TTBeam 157.5 2Ф12
Head Room 157.5 2Ф12

5.1.2 Pre-cast slab beams

AXIS-A
15.41 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 25.57 4.007 201.1331 2Ø12
49.82 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 45.98 4.31 699.4274 2Ø16+2Ø14
170.54 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 52.40 1829.2 3Ø24+2Ø20
66.22 1st &2nd 0.3 0.455 32.65 4.0765 593.2875 3Ø16
156.53 1st &2nd 0.3 0.455 50.20 1599.4 5Ø20
197.12 1st &2nd 0.3 0.455 56.34 2396.13 4Ø24+2Ø20
129.72 3rd&4th 0.3 0.455 45.70
130.95 3rd&4th 0.3 0.455 45.92 4.308 1239.852 4Ø20
177.07 3rd&4th 0.3 0.455 53.39 2014.8 2Ø16+3Ø24+2Ø14
88.64 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 48.42 4.36 1088.649 3Ø14+2Ø20
93.91 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 49.84 1168.59 3Ø20+2Ø12
85.39 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 47.52
AXIS-B
10.83 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 21.44 3.966 139.9081 2Ø12
23.12 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 31.32 4.067 306.2835 2Ø14
194.49 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 55.96 4Ø24+2Ø20
168.55 1st &2nd 0.3 0.455 52.09 1829.2 3Ø24+2Ø20
245.89 1st &2nd 0.3 0.455 62.92 3260.34 5Ø24+5Ø16
178.456 3rd &4th 0.3 0.455 53.60 2086.4 3Ø24+2Ø16+3Ø14
198.58 3rd&4th 0.3 0.455 56.55 2396.13 4Ø24+2Ø20
154.49 3rd&4th 0.3 0.455 49.87 1654.94 3Ø24+2Ø14
84.374 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 47.24 4.341 1031.74 3Ø14+2Ø20
92.296 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 49.41 1158.51 3Ø20+2Ø12
89.94 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 48.77
AXIS -C
6.52 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 16.63 min ####### 2Ø12
18.94 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 28.35 4.032 248.7494 1Ø14+1Ø12
196.44 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 56.24 2371.5 4Ø24+2Ø20
174.54 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 53.01 1958.3 3Ø24+2Ø20
228.84 1st&2nd 0.3 0.446 61.93 3060.63 4Ø24+4Ø20
161.03 3rd&4th 0.3 0.455 50.92 1744.8 3Ø24+3Ø14
146.9 3rd&4th 0.3 0.455 48.63 1427.68 4Ø20+2Ø12
189.22 3rd&4th 0.3 0.455 55.20 2222.2 4Ø24+3Ø14

83.01 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 46.86 4.324 1011.085 2Ø20+2Ø16

91.4 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 49.17 1180.58 3Ø16+2Ø20
92.33 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 49.42 1195.44 3Ø16+2Ø20
AXIS-D
4.67 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 14.08 min 153 2Φ12
17.43 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 27.20 4.018 228.1229 2Ø12
165.37 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 51.60 1791.79 3Ø24+3Ø14
143.17 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 48.01 4.36 1371.915 2Ø24+3Ø14
179.26 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 53.72 2086.4 3Ø24+2Ø16+3Ø14
196.46 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 56.24 2371.5 4Ø24+2Ø20
171.23 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 52.51 1901.71 4Ø24+1Ø12
218.24 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 59.28 2765.05 4Ø24+3Ø20
81.81 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 46.52 4.323 996.2384 2Ø20+3Ø14
91.12 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 49.09 1180.58 3Ø16+2Ø20
94.02 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 49.87 1205.57 3Ø16+2Ø20
AXIS-E
30.99 HEAD ROOM 0.25 0.307 36.27 4.113 415.1852 2Ø14+1Ø12
27.88 HEAD ROOM 0.25 0.307 34.40 4.094 371.7939 2Ø16
28.95 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 35.05 4.101 386.723 2Ø16
18.28 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 27.85 4.026 239.724 1Ø12+1Ø14
1.22 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 7.20 min 153.5 2Ø12
8.45 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 18.94 min 153.5 2Ø12
14.04 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 24.41 3.986 182.2913 2Ø12
2.71 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 10.72 min 153 2Ø12
10.07 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 20.67 3.961 129.926 2Ø12
158.53 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 50.52 1654.94 3Ø24+2Ø14
123.65 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 44.62 4.276 1162.038 3Ø20+2Ø12
96.97 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 39.51 4.162 887.0091 3Ø16+2Ø14
83.29 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 36.62 4.114 753.088 5Ø14
139.69 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 47.43 4.346 1334.27 3Ø20+2Ø16
36.74 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 24.32 3.986 321.8585 3Ø12
87.24 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 37.48 4.141 793.9799 4Ø16
181.92 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 54.12 2086.4 3Ø24+2Ø16+3Ø14
135.14 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 46.65 4.326 1284.87 3Ø24
166.35 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 51.75 4.463 1631.692 3Ø24+2Ø14
111.05 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 42.29 4.217 1029.226 2Ø20+2Ø16
110.87 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 42.25 4.216 1027.314 2Ø20+2Ø16

173.46 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 52.85 4.498 1714.776 4Ø24

112.42 Gbeam 0.3 0.455 42.55 4.224 1043.653 2Ø20+2Ø16
47.2 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 35.33 4.103 545.5256 2Ø16+1Ø14
98.49 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 51.04 4.436 1230.709 4Ø20
107.95 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 53.43 4.5315 1377.959 4Ø20+1Ø14
108.6 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 53.60 4.54 1388.856 4Ø20+1Ø14
136.06 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 59.99 1926.9 4Ø24+1Ø12
AXIS-H
35.57 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 38.85 4.151 480.9481 2Ø16+1Ø12
26.93 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 33.81 4.088 358.5988 2Ø16
123.6 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 44.61 4.275 1161.297 3Ø20+2Ø12
107.526 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 41.61 4.202 993.0203 5Ø16
144.544 4th&3rd 0.3 0.455 48.24 4.36 1385.081 4Ø20+1Ø14
156.45 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 50.19 1599.4 5Ø20
122.3 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 44.38 1161.297 3Ø20+2Ø12
164.56 1st&2nd 0.3 0.455 51.47 1631.692 3Ø24+2Ø14
100.8 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 51.63 4.45 1263.549 2Ø24+2Ø16
83.79 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 47.08 4.334 1022.946 2Ø20+2Ø16
89.25 Gbeam 0.3 0.355 48.59 4.375 1099.912 2Ф20+3Ф14
AXIS-4
144.44 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 52.83 1604.53 4Ø20+2Ø16
104.14 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 44.86 4.304 985.0957 5Ø16
60.13 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 34.09 4.091 540.6414 2Ø16+1Ø14
118.76 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 47.90 4.353 1136.181 3Ø20+2Ø12
100.73 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 44.12 4.263 943.7626 3Ø20
120.93 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 48.34 4.36 1158.802 3Ø20+2Ø12
97.79 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 43.47 4.248 912.9932 3Ø20
124.1 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 48.97 1206.11 4Ø20
93.55 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 42.51 4.223 868.2674 3Ø16+2Ø14
125.01 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 49.15 1214.93 4Ø20
131.28 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 50.36 1340 3Ø24
140.096 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 52.03 1516.28 3Ø24+2Ø12
116.75 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 47.49 4.35 1116.181 2Ø24+2Ø12
81.84 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 39.77 4.16 748.2514 2Ø20+1Ø14
91.44 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 42.03 4.211 846.2722 2Ø20+2Ø12
62.82 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 34.84 4.098 565.7942 3Ø16
30.14 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 24.13 3.984 263.9072 2Ø14

83.27 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 40.11 4.172 763.5218 2Ø20+1Ø14

59.01 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 33.77 4.088 530.1822 2Ø16+1Ø14
93.14 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 42.42 4.22 863.8479 2Ø20+2Ø12
33.75 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 25.54 3.994 296.2582 2Ø14
64.06 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 35.18 4.101 577.3847 3Ø16
66.05 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 35.72 4.107 596.192 3Ø16
91.94 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 42.15 4.214 851.5058 2Ø20+2Ø12
95.02 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 42.85 4.231 883.5816 3Ø16+2Ø14
39.71 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 41.05 4.19 541.9704 2Ø16+1Ø14
17.62 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 27.35 4.019 230.667 2Ø12
39.53 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 40.96 4.189 539.3849 2Ø16+1Ø14
14.15 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 24.51 3.987 183.7656 2Ø12
35.45 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 38.79 4.15 479.2101 2Ø14+1Ø16
9.23 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 19.79 3.955 118.9077 2Ø12
24.97 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 32.55 4.078 331.6862 1Ø16+1Ø14
18.67 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 28.15 4.032 245.2034 2Ø14
8.32 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 18.79 min 153 2Ø12
22.34 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 30.79 4.058 295.2955 2Ø14
4.23 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 13.40 min 153 2Ø12
96.69 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 55.09 4.593 1243.97 4Ø20
75.31 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 48.62 4.379 923.7605 3Ø20
81.12 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 50.46 4.434 1007.524 2Ø20+2Ø16
68.79 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 46.46 4.32 832.4168 2Ø20+2Ø12
83.48 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 51.19 4.456 1041.98 2Ø20+3Ø14
70.06 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 46.89 4.332 850.1398 2Ø20+2Ø12
83.07 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 51.06 4.452 1035.932 2Ø20+2Ø16
76.76 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 49.08 4.392 944.3415 3Ø20
80.23 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 50.18 4.455 1001.189 2Ø20+2Ø16
99.24 Gbeam 0.25 0.357 55.81 4.614 1282.614 2Ø24+2Ø16
AXIS-1
2.74 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 10.78 min 154 2Ø12
13.23 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 23.70 3.981 171.5591 2Ø12
22.64 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 31.00 4.06 299.4085 2Ø14
175.83 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 58.29 4.481 1853 4Ф24
142.2 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 52.42 4.483 1401.061 1Ø16+4Ø20
185.74 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 61.12 2126.2 4Ø24+2Ø16
79.896 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 39.29 4.158 730.1265 2Ø20+1Ø12
87.07 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 41.02 4.19 801.8095 4Ø16
108.94 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 45.88 4.307 1031.219 2Ø20+2Ø16

123.09 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 62.50 2003.4 4Ø24+2Ø12

97.46 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 55.62 4.609 1265.333 3Ø24
124.68 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 62.91 2003.4 4Ø24+2Ø12
AXIS-2
5.87 Head Room 0.25 0.307 15.78 min 153 2Ф12
14.54 Head Room 0.25 0.307 24.84 3.989 188.9253 2Ф12
30.95 Head Room 0.25 0.307 36.24 4.112 414.5485 2Ø14+1Ø12
11.59 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 22.18 3.971 149.915 2Ф12
33.42 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 37.66 4.131 449.7004 3Ø14
133.38 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 50.76 1340 3Ø24
117.64 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 47.68 4.352 1125.207 2Ø24+2Ø12
176.79 1st&2nd 0.25 0.446 59.62 1853 4Ø24
77.46 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 38.69 4.148 706.1628 2Ø16+2Ø14
81.29 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 39.63 4.164 743.9375 2Ø20+1Ø12
91.79 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 42.11 4.213 849.9149 2Ø20+2Ø12
100.9 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 56.59 1429.3 1Ø16+4Ø20
94.9 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 54.88 1220.01 4Ø20
108.26 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 58.62 1345.67 4Ø20+1Ø12
AXIS-3
16.27 Head Room 0.25 0.307 26.28 4.006 212.305 2Ø12
20.93 Head Room 0.25 0.307 29.80 4.048 275.976 2Ø14
41.28 Head Room 0.25 0.307 41.86 4.207 565.6839 3Ø16
18.53 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 28.04 4.028 243.1233 2Ø14
9.5 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 20.08 3.957 122.4479 2Ø12
11.38 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 21.98 3.97 147.1616 2Ø12
8.83 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 19.36 3.952 113.6683 2Ø12
16.86 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 26.75 4.012 220.3333 2Ø12
17.25 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 27.06 4.016 225.6547 2Ø12
9.25 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 19.81 3.955 119.1653 2Ø12
29.58 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 35.43 4.104 395.4278 2Ø16
35.82 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 38.99 4.153 484.5618 2Ø14+1Ø16
11.77 TTBeam 0.25 0.307 22.35 3.972 152.2816 2Ø12
126.82 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 49.50 1214.93 4Ø20
110 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 46.10 4.312 1042.462 2Ø24+1Ø14
110.44 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 46.19 4.315 1047.36 2Ø24+1Ø14
107.01 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 45.47 4.297 1010.598 2Ø24+1Ø12
98.47 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 43.62 4.25 919.7747 2Ø14+2Ø20

106.94 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 45.46 4.3 1010.642 2Ø24+1Ø12

101.23 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 44.23 4.267 949.3372 3Ø20
109.9 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 46.08 4.312 1214.45 4Ø20
103.44 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 44.71 4.278 972.5633 3Ø12+2Ø20
119.22 1st&2nd 0.25 0.455 47.99 4.36 1142.416 3Ø20+2Ø12
82.61 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 39.95 4.17 757.107 2Ø20+1Ø14
88.42 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 41.33 4.198 815.796 2Ø20+1Ø16
58.23 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 33.54 4.085 522.7902 2Ø16+1Ø14
33.26 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 25.35 4.001 292.4687 2Ø14
76.67 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 38.49 4.147 698.7923 2Ø16+2Ø14
56.91 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 33.16 4.082 510.564 2Ø16+1Ø12
38.72 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 27.35 4.019 342.0125 2Ø16
76.07 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 38.34 4.142 692.4878 2Ø16+2Ø14
60.62 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 34.22 4.092 545.1803 2Ø16+1Ø14
81.59 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 39.70 4.165 746.8623 2Ø20+1Ø14
51.57 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 31.57 4.066 460.8431 3Ø14
99.4 3rd&4th 0.25 0.455 43.82 4.256 929.7723 3Ø20
89.94 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 53.43 1317.8 3Ø20+2Ø16
87.35 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 52.65 1246.82 4Ø20
86.16 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 52.29 1246.82 4Ø20
83.54 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 51.49 1160.19 3Ø20+2Ø12
85.72 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 52.16 1246.82 4Ø20
89.12 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 53.19 1317.8 3Ø20+2Ø16
71.8 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 47.74 4.354 880.6118 3Ø16+2Ø14
70.2 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 47.20 4.34 858.2197 2Ø20+2Ø12
68.24 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 46.54 4.324 831.1824 2Ø16+2Ø14
73.15 Gbeam 0.25 0.355 48.18 4.36 898.4056 3Ø16+2Ø14
Inclined beam(SAP) landing beams

LOCATION AS Ф(AS) LOCATION AS Ф(AS)
Gbeam 1377.25 4Ф20+1Ø14 G-floor 2172.62 4Ф24+2Ф16
Gbeam 1235.31 4Ф20 G-floor 2002.28 4Ф24+2Ø12
Gbeam 1176.7 2Ø24+1Ф20 G-floor 2291.24 4Ø24+2Ø20
Gbeam 961.86 5Ø16 1st&2nd 1500.52 4Ø20+2Ø14
Gbeam 966.54 5Ø16 1st&2nd 1475.75 4Ø20+2Ø12
1st&2nd 1723.22 4Ø24 1st&2nd 1839 3Ø20+2Ø24
1st&2nd 1426.32 4Ø20+1Ø16 3rd&4th 729.35 4Ø16
1st&2nd 1183.39 2Ø24+1Ф20 3rd&4th 697.65 2Ø16+2Ø14
1st&2nd 991.29 5Ø16 3rd&4th 984.77 5Ø16
1st&2nd 1269.18 3Ø24 roof 343.9 2Ø16
3rd&4th 847.42 2Ø20+2Ф12 roof 225 2Ф12
3rd&4th 745 4Ø16 roof 225 2Ф12

3rd&4th 692.88 2Ø16+2Ø14 roof 225 2Ф12

3rd&4th 520.69 2Ø14+2Ø12
3rd&4th 678.21 2Ø16+2Ø14
TTBeam 159.65 2Ф12
TTBeam 162.19 2Ф12
TTBeam 204.96 2Ф12
TTBeam 157.5 2Ф12
corridor beams added for prec

2.4 0.25 0.455 6.81 min 227 2Ø12
6.15 0.25 0.455 10.90 min 227 2Ø12
3.21 0.25 0.455 7.88 min 227 2Ø12
3.9 0.25 0.455 8.68 min 227 2Ø12
5.65 0.25 0.455 10.45 min 227 2Ø12
16.36 0.25 0.455 17.78 min 227 2Ø12
6.62 0.25 0.455 11.31 min 227 2Ø12
5.1.3 Design of beams for shear and torsion
Shear reinforcement design

Beam sections are subjected to shear forces in addition to flexural actions.
Shear is resisted by the combined actions of the following
Shear resistance of concrete in compression zone
Shear reinforcements or stirrups
Dowel action in tension bars across crack
Aggregate interlocking across the inclined crack in tension zone
*ominal reinforcement
The shear force VC carried by the concrete in members with out significant axial forces shall
be taken as
Where K1= (1+50ρ) < 2.0
K2= 1.6-d > 1.0 (d in meters). For members where more than 50%of the
bottom reinforcement is curtailed, K2 = 1.
ρmax =0.04

As is the area of tensile reinforcement

The ultimate limit state in shear is characterized by either diagonal compression failure of
concrete or failure of shear reinforcement due to diagonal tension.
Diagonal compression failure of concrete

To avoid compression failure of concrete the shear resistance of the section , VRD shall not be
less than the applied shear force Vd.
Where:
VRD=0.25 *fcd *bw*d
If VRD < Vd ………….increase the concrete section
Diagonal Tension failure of web reinforcement

If the applied shear force Vd < VRD > the shear resistance of the section Vc Shear
reinforcement need be provided. The spacing in this case is given by
S=(d-d’)Asv*fyk/(Vd-Vc) ( section 4.5 EBCS-2,1995)
The shear between the critical section which is at a distance d from the face of the support, and
the point beyond which maximum spacing is used is reinforced by the difference of shear
capacity of concrete. The region beyond this is reinforced with maximum spacing.( section 4.5-
6,EBCS-2,1995,page 43-46)
The maximum spacing Smax between stirrups, in the longitudinal direction should be
= 800
=d
Shear design sample
Axis –D
1st &2ndfloor level
As, actual =1941.5 mm2, d=446mm ,b= 250 mm
ρ=As/bd=0.0174
K1 =1+50ρ=1.87 k2=1.6-d=1.154
Then Vc=62.1KN
VRD=0.25 *fcd *bw*d=0.25*11.33*250*446=311.1 KN
Taking the design shear at d distance from the face of the column Vd=112.6KN
S=(d-d’)Asv*fyk/(Vd-Vc) = 2*50.3*260.87*(446-43)/(112.6-62.1)=209.7 mm
But Vd< 2/3Vrd as per EBCS 2-1995 Smax= 0.5d=220mm

Use Φ8 c/c 200mm.Since the minimum reinforcement &the design result are all most similar
, so use Φ8 c/c 200mm through out the length
The reimaing shear designs are displayed in the reinforcement detail
Torsional reinforcement
Torsion results from the monolithic character of construction; and any assymetric in the loading of
the floor slab produces torsion to the supporting beams.
Torsion shear stresses create diagonal tension resulting in diagonal crack. Thus, we need to
provide both closed stirrups and longitudinal steel to avoid brittle fracture.
Torsional resistance of concrete

Torsional effect may be disregarded whenever the design torque TSD is less than TC given by (
section 4.6.4 EBCS-2, 1995,page 48)
TC = 1.2fctdAefhef however, minimum reinforcement may be provided in such away that
ρmin= 0.4 /fyk , and the spacing of stirrups shall not exceed Uef /8
More ever, at least one longitudinal bar shall be placed at each corner of the closed stirrup with
spacing not exceeding 350mm.
Limiting value of ultimate shear

In order to prevent diagonal compression failure in the concrete the torsional resistance, TRD, of a
section shall not be less than the applied torque TSd.
Where TRD = 0.8fcdAefhef > Tsd.
Design for torsional reinforcement

When Tsd >Tc……..high torsional moment. Hence ,both longituidinal bars Asl & closed stirrups Astr
must be provided.
Combined actions
a) Torsion and bending or torsion and axial forces
Simple super position by separately determining area of reinforcements may be applied.
b) Torsion and shear
limiting values for torsion and shear are
TRd, com = βtTRd and VRd,com = βvVRd in which

Further the torsional and shear resistance of the concrete shall be

TC, com = βtcTC and VC,com = βvcVC in which
(section 4.6.6 EBCS-2,1995,page 49-50.)

AXIS-4 (TORSIO*AL DESIG*)
Applied shear actions , Tsd=6.01kn.m
Vsd=32.19kn
350 Equivalent hallow section
250 A=250*350=87.5*103mm2
U=2(250+350)=1200mm
Hef=def/5=(350-43)/5=61.4<A/U=72.92
250
Aef=[350-61.4]8[250-61.4]=54429.96mm2
Uef={[350-61.4]+[250-61.4]}*2=954.4mm
Check shear capacity
ρ=As/bd=[3*201]/[250*307]=0.00689
K1=1+50ρ=1.3446
K2=1.6-d=1.291
Vc=0.25*1.032*1.291*1.3446*250*309=34.6kn
VRD=0.25 *fcd *bw*d=218.81kn
Torsion
TC = 1.2fctdAefhef=4.14kn.m

TRD = 0.8fcdAefhef=30.29kn.m
Using combined action
Factor for combined action
Using the above formula βt=0.8033 βtc=0.842
βv=0.5956 βvc=0.540
Combined section capacity
Vc=βvc*Vc=0.540*34.6=18.63kn
Vrd,com=Vrd*βv=0.5956*218.81=130.41kn
Tc,com=Tc*βtc=0.842*4.41=3.48kn.m
Trd,com=Trd*βt=0.8033*30.29=24.32kn.m
Check Vsd with VC,com
Vsd=32.19>Vc,com=18.63
It requires shear reinforcement
S=(d-d’)Asv*fyk/(Vd-Vc) = [2*50.3*260.87*(309-41)]/[13.56*103] =518.67mm
2/3Vrd=86.94
Smax=0.5d=0.5*309=154.5
UseΦ8c/c 150mm
Tc=3.486kn.m<Tsd=6.01kn.m needs torsional reinforcement
Tef=Tsd-Tc=2.614kn.m
Longitudinal reinforcement
Al= =87.85mm2
Al/2=43.93mm2
Top reinforcement=602.1+43.93=646.03mm2
So use 2Φ20
Bottom reinforcement=235.5+43.93=279.43
So use 2Φ14
Spacing S= =546.455mm
Smax=0.5d hence use Φ8c/c 150mm

The same procedure is applied for the reimaing torsional action.

Sample reinforcement detail
AXIS-4
5.2 Column design

Columns are axially loaded vertical members, which carry their load primarily in compression.
The majority of compression or tension members carry a portion of the load in bending which
may arise due to the unbalanced moments in the members connected to their ends. The result
of such bending moments in axially loaded members into reduces the range of axial force that the
member can carry. For this reason, it is essential to note that the effect of bending in axially
loaded members should be considered in designing these columns.
5.2.1 Design Procedure
1. To design a column in a particular frame first the frame is classified wheather it is sway
or non sway.
2. To determine the nature of the frame we substitute the beams and columns by one
substitute frame
3. The value of the axial force on each substitute frame column is obtained by adding the
axial load each column for the story including self weight.

4. the values of the stiffness coefficients of the substitute frame is given by

For beams=2*∑Kbi
For column =∑Kci
Where: Kbi stiffness coefficient of beam
Where: Kci stiffness coefficient of column
5. The effective length of the substitute frame is computed for each storey assuming as sway
frame as shown below.
The effective length buckling Le of a column in a given plane is obtained from the
following approximate equation provided that certain restriction is complied with.
a) Non sway mode
Le/L= (αm+0.4)/ (αm+0.8) ≥ 0.8
b) Sway mode:
Conservatively:
Le/L=√ (1+0.8 αm) ≥ 1.15
Where: αm is a stiffness coefficient which will be discussed
Using the following theoretical model.
Kc1
K12 K11
α1 =Kc1+Kc
K11+K12
Kc α2 =Kc2+Kc
K21+K22
K22 K21
α1 = α1 + α2
Kc2 2
• Kc1 and Kc2 are column stiffness coefficients (EI/l)

• Kc is the stiffness coefficient of the column being designed
α =1.0 if opposite end elastically or rigidly restrained
α= 0.5 if opposite ends are free to rotate
α= 0 for cantilever beam

The above approximate equation for effective length calculation is applicable for values
of α1 and α 2 not exceeding 10.
If a base is designed to resist the column moment may be taken as 1.0.
6. the dimension of the substitute column is computed to find the moment of inertia of the
section (Ic)
7. The amount of reinforcement required by the substitute column is computed and the
moment of inertia of the reinforcement with respect to the centroid of the concrete section
is determined.
In lieu of more accurate determination, the first order moment, Mdl, at critical section of the
substitute may be determined using:
Mdl = α2+3 HL
α1+ α2 +6
Where: H= the total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story.
L= the story shear
8. The buckling load of a story may be assumed to be equal to that of the substitute
Beam-column frame, and may be determined as
Ncr= π2 EIe
Le2
Where: EIe is the effective stiffness of the substitute column designed
Le is the effective length.
In lieu of more accurate determination, the effective stiffness of a column may be taken as:
EIe= 0.2Ec Ic + Es Is
Where Ec= 1100fcd
Es is the modulus of elasticity of steel
Ic, Is are the moment of inertia of the concrete
and reinforcement sections, respectively
of the substitute column, with respect to
the centroid of the concrete section.
Computation of moment of inertia of reinforced concrete section with respect to the centroid
of the concrete.

As/2
S d Is = (n (П * r4)/4 + П * r2*d2)
Where
n = number of bars
As/2
Reinforcing the substitute column using the biaxial chart using the following formulas:
ν = Nsd * 103
Ac *fcd
µ = Mdl * 106
Ac * fcd *S
w = As,tot *fyd
Ac *fcd
We have designed five columns for solid and six columns for the pre-cast slab systems.
Substitute column
Determination of substitute column for each axis. Sample substitute frame is shown below.
AXIS -4

The result of the substitute frames are tabulated as follows

AXIS-
4
LEVE
L α1 α2 H L Le Nsd HL Md1 µ v w
0.4 mi
Found 8.92 1.00 301.09 1.50 3.34 1975.36 451.64 113.48 0.04 4 n
Groun 0.4
d 2.9 8.92 224.05 3.80 9.10 1903.78 851.39 569.50 0.20 3 0.2
0.3 mi
1 3.22 2.90 158.88 3.05 5.66 1446.68 484.58 235.89 0.08 3 n
0.2 mi
2 3.22 3.22 98.67 3.05 5.77 999.10 300.94 150.47 0.05 3 n
0.1 mi
3 3.22 3.22 50.43 3.05 5.77 502.31 153.81 76.91 0.03 1 n
0.0 mi
4 4.69 3.22 15.67 3.05 6.23 101.84 47.79 21.37 0.01 2 n
Nsd/Nc
As Ǿ Is Ic EIe Ncr r condition
1.28E+1 63007705.1
3135.008 10Ǿ20 196957002 0 7.129E+13 8 0.03 non-sway
1.28E+1 9210012.38
3403.96 8Ǿ24 226854001 0 7.727E+13 4 0.21 ''sway''
1.28E+1 21917624.0
3135.008 10Ǿ20 196957002 0 7.129E+13 2 0.07 non-sway
1.28E+1 21126915.3
3135.008 10Ǿ20 196957002 0 7.129E+13 7 0.05 non-sway
1.28E+1 21126915.3
3135.008 10Ǿ20 196957002 0 7.129E+13 7 0.02 non-sway
1.28E+1 18127122.2
3135.008 10Ǿ20 196957002 0 7.129E+13 9 0.01 non-sway
AXIS-2
LEVEL α1 α2 H L Le Nsd HL Md1 µ v w
Found 11.9 1.00 253.85 1.50 3.73 833.87 380.78 80.42 0.07 0.32 min
Ground 4.02 11.94 197.14 3.80 10.33 778.22 749.13 509.75 0.42 0.30 0.79
1 4.46 4.02 140.73 3.05 6.39 627.80 429.23 208.06 0.17 0.24 0.2
2 4.46 4.46 91.53 3.05 6.52 471.96 279.17 139.58 0.11 0.18 0.1
3 4.46 4.46 51.78 3.05 6.52 315.78 157.93 78.96 0.06 0.12 0.02
4 12.6 4.46 23.18 3.05 8.53 166.29 70.70 22.86 0.02 0.06 min

5 6.31 12.61 17.49 3.05 8.93 72.19 53.34 33.42 0.03 0.03 min
As Ǿ Is Ic EIe Ncr Nsd/Ncr condition

1812.608 6Ǿ20 68346169 4.278E+09 2.433E+13 17262278.72 0.05 non-sway
7774.04 10Ǿ32 291981824 4.278E+09 6.906E+13 6385878.969 0.12 ''sway''
1968.111 4Ǿ26 77089269 4.278E+09 2.608E+13 6293839.196 0.10 non-sway
1812.608 6Ǿ20 68346169 4.278E+09 2.433E+13 5647044.625 0.08 non-sway
1812.608 6Ǿ20 68346169 4.278E+09 2.433E+13 5647044.625 0.06 non-sway
1812.608 6Ǿ20 68346169 4.278E+09 2.433E+13 3294931.883 0.05 non-sway
1812.608 6Ǿ20 68346169 4.278E+09 2.433E+13 3009827.243 0.02 non-sway
AXIS-3
Found 8.91 1 324.3 1.5 3.34 2061.48 486.41 122.29 0.04 0.46 min
Ground 2.9 8.91 270.6 3.8 9.09 1915.2 1028.2 687.59 0.25 0.43 0.33
1 3.22 2.9 200.7 3.05 5.66 1452.15 612.14 297.99 0.11 0.33 min
2 3.22 3.22 123.1 3.05 5.77 1014.74 375.46 187.73 0.07 0.23 min
3 3.22 3.22 59.96 3.05 5.77 583.79 182.88 91.44 0.03 0.13 min
4 6.26 3.22 12.6 3.05 6.68 155.85 38.43 15.44 0.01 0.04 min
5 7.82 6.26 5.44 3.05 7.85 59.35 16.592 7.65 0.00 0.01 min
3135.008 10Ǿ20 196957002 1.28E+10 7.129E+13 63007705.18 0.00 non-sway
5531.435 8Ǿ30 354950030 1.28E+10 1.029E+14 12277159.55 0.00 non-sway
3135.008 10Ǿ20 196957002 1.28E+10 7.129E+13 21940864.41 0.00 non-sway
3135.008 10Ǿ20 196957002 1.28E+10 7.129E+13 21112271.86 0.00 non-sway
3135.008 10Ǿ20 196957002 1.28E+10 7.129E+13 21112271.86 0.00 non-sway
3135.008 10Ǿ20 196957002 1.28E+10 7.129E+13 15751926.29 0.01 non-sway
3135.008 10Ǿ20 196957002 1.28E+10 7.129E+13 11406365.47 0.03 non-sway
AXIS-
B
Found 14.9 1 319.3 1.5 4.07 2252.2 478.92 87.63 0.07 0.88 0.08
Ground 4.84 14.86 269 3.8 11.32 2108.1 1022.2 710.34 0.26 0.47 0.35
1 5.37 4.84 209.9 3.05 6.88 1566.1 640.1 309.51 0.25 0.61 0.4
2 5.37 5.374 134.4 3.05 7.02 1032.92 409.8 204.90 0.17 0.40 0.13
3 5.37 5.374 72.69 3.05 7.02 540.28 221.7 110.85 0.09 0.21 0.02
4 7.82 5.374 18.75 3.05 7.64 44.99 57.188 24.95 0.02 0.02 0.03

1812.608 6Ǿ20 68346169 4.278E+09 2.433E+13 14518736.79 0.00 non-sway

3444.195 8Ǿ24 226854001 1.28E+10 7.727E+13 5945286.218 0.00 non-sway
3936.223 8Ǿ26 154178539 4.278E+09 4.15E+13 8644145.467 0.00 non-sway
1812.608 6Ǿ20 68346169 4.278E+09 2.433E+13 4868281.781 0.00 non-sway
1812.608 6Ǿ20 68346169 4.278E+09 2.433E+13 4868281.781 0.00 non-sway
1812.608 6Ǿ20 68346169 4.278E+09 2.433E+13 4110202.46 0.02 non-sway
AXIS-E
Found 4.44 1 473 1.5 2.67 2061.48 709.43 248.05 0.12 0.57 min
Ground 1.45 4.44 368.2 3.8 6.96 1915.2 1399 875.39 0.31 0.43 0.47
1 1.61 1.45 290.6 3.05 4.55 1452.15 886.36 435.35 0.21 0.40 0.23
2 1.61 1.61 195.9 3.05 4.61 1014.74 597.62 298.81 0.15 0.28 0.13
3 1.61 1.61 113.7 3.05 4.61 583.79 346.82 173.41 0.08 0.16 0.04
4 1.33 1.61 44.02 3.05 4.5 155.88 134.26 69.23 0.03 0.04 0.03
5 4.23 1.33 14.49 3.05 5.48 59.35 44.195 16.55 0.01 0.02 min
2562.848 6Ǿ24 139106542 8.552E+09 4.914E+13 67961309.81 0.00 non-sway
7999.306 10Ǿ32 504623744 1.28E+10 1.328E+14 27034263.05 0.00 non-sway
3200.122 6Ǿ26 163439197 8.552E+09 5.401E+13 25720151.2 0.00 non-sway
2562.848 6Ǿ24 139106542 8.552E+09 4.914E+13 22797247.4 0.00 non-sway
2562.848 6Ǿ24 139106542 8.552E+09 4.914E+13 22797247.4 0.00 non-sway
2562.848 6Ǿ24 139106542 8.552E+09 4.914E+13 23925401.56 0.01 non-sway
2562.848 6Ǿ24 139106542 8.552E+09 4.914E+13 16133297.64 0.05 non-sway

5.2.2Design of isolated columns
For buildings, a design method may be used which assumes the compression members to
be isolated and adopts a simplified shape for the deformed axis of the column.
Total eccentricity
The total eccentricity to be used for the design of columns of constant cross section at the
critical section is given by:
etot= ee+ea+e2
Where
ee is equivalent constant first-order eccentricity of the design axial load
- for first-order eccentricity eo is equal at both ends of a
column ee= eo
for first-order moment varying linearly along the length, the equivalent eccentricity is the
higher of the following two values
ee =0.6eo2 + 0.4 eo1
ee =0.4 eo2
eo1 and eo2 are first-order eccentricities at the ends eo2 being
positive and greater in magnitude than eo1.
ea is the additional eccentricity to account for geometric imperfection, introduced by
increasing the eccentricity of the longitudinal force acting in the most unfavorable
direction.

ea = Le/ 300 ≥20mm

Le is the effective length of isolated column.
e2 is the second order eccentricity
According to EBCS-2, 1995 Art. 4.4.6(2) second order effects in compressive members
need not be taken into account in the following cases
a) for sway frames the greater of
λ≤ 25 ; which ever is maximum
15/√‫ﬠ‬d ‫ﬠ‬d = Nsd/Acfcd
b) for non sway frames

λ ≤ 50 – 25 (M1/M2)
Where
M1 and M2 are the 1st order (calculated moments at
the ends, M2 being always positive and greater
than M1 , and M1 being positive if member is bent
in single curvature and negative if bent in double curvature.
For sway frames in the absence of rigorous method the amplified sway moments
method can be employed to obtain the sway contribution by multiplying the 1st order moment by
magnification factor given by:
σs = 1/(1 – Nsd/Ncr) provided; Nsd/Ncr ≤ 0.25
Determination of first order moment
col A-3 Mdy
level M1 M2 P eo1 e02 0.6eo2+0.4eo1 0.4eo2 eo M
-
found -10.62 11.17 1368.42 0.0077608 0.00816 0.0017933 0.003265 0.003265 4.468
-
ground 115.16 118.57 1076.01 -0.107025 0.11019 0.0233065 0.044078 0.044078 47.428
-
first -99.46 111.08 806.45 0.1233306 0.13774 0.0333114 0.055096 0.055096 44.432
-
second -37.56 42.01 557.52 0.0673698 0.07535 0.018263 0.030141 0.030141 16.804
-
third -41.94 44.65 314.86 0.1332021 0.14181 0.0318046 0.056724 0.056724 17.86
fourth -16.04 43.3 113.28 -0.141596 0.38224 0.1727048 0.152895 0.172705 19.564
Mdx
-
found -10.87 17.56 1368.42 0.0079435 0.01283 0.004522 0.005133 0.005133 7.024
-
ground -13.75 15.94 1076.01 0.0127787 0.01481 0.0037769 0.005926 0.005926 6.376
first -18.35 21.51 806.45 -0.022754 0.02667 0.0069019 0.010669 0.010669 8.604
second -70.31 91.01 557.52 - 0.16324 0.0474996 0.065296 0.065296 36.404

0.1261121
-
third -62.69 80.18 314.86 0.1991044 0.25465 0.07315 0.101861 0.101861 32.072
-
fourth -10.99 35.68 113.28 0.0970162 0.31497 0.1501766 0.125989 0.150177 17.012
column
B-3 Mdy
found 0.42 0.89 2252.23 0.0001865 0.0004 0.0003117 0.000158 0.000312 0.702
- -
ground 120.88 131.3 1602.82 0.0754171 0.08192 0.018984 0.032767 0.032767 52.52
-
first -11.14 12.12 1278.28 0.0087148 0.00948 0.002203 0.003793 0.003793 4.848
-
second -2.3 5.93 1032.91 0.0022267 0.00574 0.0025539 0.002296 0.002554 2.638
-
third -1.48 2.82 429.55 0.0034455 0.00657 0.0025608 0.002626 0.002626 1.128
-
fourth -6.08 7.08 44.99 0.1351411 0.15737 0.0403645 0.062947 0.062947 2.832
Mdx
-
found -5.96 9.68 2252.23 0.0026463 0.0043 0.0015203 0.001719 0.001719 3.872
-
ground -24.34 36.7 1602.82 0.0151857 0.0229 0.007664 0.009159 0.009159 14.68
- -
first 113.43 116.88 1278.28 0.0887364 0.09144 0.0193666 0.036574 0.036574 46.752
-
second -56.35 56.89 1032.91 0.0545546 0.05508 0.0112246 0.022031 0.022031 22.756
-
third -71.73 92.79 429.55 0.1669887 0.21602 0.0628146 0.086407 0.086407 37.116
-
fourth -6.39 44.02 44.99 0.1420316 0.97844 0.5302512 0.391376 0.530251 23.856

column
E-3 Mdy
-
found -0.67 4.15 1790.15 0.0003743 0.00232 0.0012412 0.000927 0.001241 2.222
-
ground -0.75 5.18 1633.3 0.0004592 0.00317 0.0017192 0.001269 0.001719 2.808
-
first -36.87 37.55 949.05 0.0388494 0.03957 0.0081998 0.015826 0.015826 15.02
-
second -32.36 33.38 671.98 0.0481562 0.04967 0.010542 0.01987 0.01987 13.352
-
third -30.2 32.22 387.46 0.0779435 0.08316 0.0187168 0.033263 0.033263 12.888
-
fourth -16.38 23.42 90.38 0.1812348 0.25913 0.082983 0.103651 0.103651 9.368
-
H.room -13.77 25.07 28.97 0.4753193 0.86538 0.3290991 0.346151 0.346151 10.028
Mdx
-
found -32.76 97.68 1790.15 0.0183001 0.05457 0.0254191 0.021826 0.025419 45.504
- -
ground 101.76 119.28 1633.3 0.0623033 0.07303 0.0188967 0.029212 0.029212 47.712
-
first -141.7 147.18 949.05 0.1493072 0.15508 0.033326 0.062033 0.062033 58.872
- -
second 120.83 129.96 671.98 0.1798119 0.1934 0.0441144 0.077359 0.077359 51.984
- -
third 100.46 112.08 387.46 0.2592784 0.28927 0.0698498 0.115707 0.115707 44.832
-
fourth -34.9 55.16 90.38 0.3861474 0.61031 0.2117283 0.244125 0.244125 22.064
-
H.room -14.95 29.25 28.97 0.5160511 1.00967 0.3993787 0.403866 0.403866 11.7
column
E-2 Mdy
found 1.28 8.38 833.97 0.0015348 0.01005 0.0066429 0.004019 0.006643 5.54
ground 1.7 4.34 456.7 0.0037224 0.0095 0.0071907 0.003801 0.007191 3.284
-
first -1.24 1.47 461.38 0.0026876 0.00319 0.0008366 0.001274 0.001274 0.588
-
second -3.93 5.69 401.311 0.0097929 0.01418 0.00459 0.005671 0.005671 2.276

-
third -9.19 9.78 297.53 0.0308876 0.03287 0.0073673 0.013148 0.013148 3.912
-
fourth -5.13 9.34 157.38 0.0325963 0.05935 0.0225696 0.023739 0.023739 3.736
-
H.room -9.89 17.57 68.19 0.1450359 0.25766 0.0965831 0.103065 0.103065 7.028
Mdx
-
found -62.05 105.98 833.97 0.0744032 0.12708 0.0464861 0.050832 0.050832 42.392
- -
ground 140.04 144.6 456.7 0.3066346 0.31662 0.0673177 0.126648 0.126648 57.84
- -
first 122.54 126.93 461.38 0.2655945 0.27511 0.0588279 0.110044 0.110044 50.772
-
second -97.43 104.25 401.311 0.2427793 0.25977 0.0587524 0.103909 0.103909 41.7
-
third -68.94 76.62 297.53 0.2317077 0.25752 0.0618291 0.103008 0.103008 30.648
-
fourth -33.02 33.98 157.38 0.2098106 0.21591 0.0456221 0.086364 0.086364 13.592
-
H.room -24.69 32.2 68.19 0.3620766 0.47221 0.1384954 0.188884 0.188884 12.88
column
H-3 Mdy
-
found -4.61 19.84 1557.47 0.0029599 0.01274 0.0064592 0.005095 0.006459 10.06
-
ground -1.89 29.48 560.41 0.0033725 0.0526 0.0302136 0.021042 0.030214 16.932
-
first -16.62 22.94 514.99 0.0322725 0.04454 0.0138177 0.017818 0.017818 9.176
second 16.68 18.59 434.68 0.0383731 0.04277 0.0410095 0.017107 0.041009
third 9.17 23.29 321.27 0.028543 0.07249 0.0549133 0.028997 0.054913 17.642
-
fourth -2.9 23.43 240.88 0.0120392 0.09727 0.0535453 0.038907 0.053545 12.898
-
H.room -13.21 16.42 124.59 0.1060278 0.13179 0.0366643 0.052717 0.052717 6.568
Mdx
found -15.38 92.96 1557.47 -0.009875 0.05969 0.0318619 0.023875 0.031862 49.624
- -
ground 116.33 165.83 560.41 0.2075802 0.29591 0.0945129 0.118363 0.118363 66.332
-
first -68.08 123.76 514.99 0.1321967 0.24032 0.0913105 0.096126 0.096126 49.504

-
second -54 97.89 434.68 0.1242293 0.2252 0.0854284 0.09008 0.09008 39.156
-
third -37.45 74.51 321.27 0.1165686 0.23192 0.0925265 0.092769 0.092769 29.804
-
fourth -12.36 25.33 240.88 0.0513119 0.10516 0.0425689 0.042062 0.042569 10.254
H.room -17.28 17.41 124.59 -0.138694 0.13974 0.028365 0.055895 0.055895 6.964
Moment due to imperfection

column E-
2 x-dxn
level Le eacalc 20 ea Nsd Ma
foundation 1.39253 0.004642 0.02 0.02 833.97 16.6794
ground 10.2917 0.034306 0.02 0.0343056 456.7 15.667383
first 2.80135 0.009338 0.02 0.02 461.38 9.2276
second 2.81176 0.009373 0.02 0.02 401.311 8.02622
third 2.81176 0.009373 0.02 0.02 297.53 5.9506
fourth 2.91835 0.009728 0.02 0.02 157.38 3.1476
H.room 2.93109 0.00977 0.02 0.02 68.19 1.3638
y-dxn
foundation 1.23737 0.004125 0.02 0.02 833.97 16.6794
ground 5.36735 0.017891 0.02 0.02 456.7 9.134
first 2.22377 0.007413 0.02 0.02 461.38 9.2276
second 2.24308 0.007477 0.02 0.02 401.311 8.02622
third 2.24308 0.007477 0.02 0.02 297.53 5.9506
fourth 2.49388 0.008313 0.02 0.02 157.38 3.1476
H.room 2.74134 0.009138 0.02 0.02 68.19 1.3638
column E-
3 x-dxn 0
foundation 1.34109 0.00447 0.02 0.02 1790.15 35.803
ground 3.42767 0.011426 0.02 0.02 1633.3 32.666
first 2.56249 0.008542 0.02 0.02 949.05 18.981
second 2.57922 0.008597 0.02 0.02 671.98 13.4396
third 2.57922 0.008597 0.02 0.02 387.46 7.7492
fourth 2.76646 0.009222 0.02 0.02 90.38 1.8076
H.room 2.88328 0.009611 0.02 0.02 28.97 0.5794
y-dxn

foundation 1.29167 0.004306 0.02 0.02 1790.15 35.803

ground 3.27488 0.010916 0.02 0.02 1633.3 32.666
first 2.40302 0.00801 0.02 0.02 949.05 18.981
second 2.42191 0.008073 0.02 0.02 671.98 13.4396
third 2.42191 0.008073 0.02 0.02 387.46 7.7492
fourth 2.64814 0.008827 0.02 0.02 90.38 1.8076
H.room 2.78359 0.009279 0.02 0.02 28.97 0.5794
column A-
3 x-dxn
foundation 1.38032 0.004601 0.02 0.02 1368.42 27.3684
ground 3.53444 0.011781 0.02 0.02 1076.01 21.5202
first 2.68623 0.008954 0.02 0.02 806.45 16.129
second 2.70014 0.009 0.02 0.02 557.52 11.1504
third 2.70014 0.009 0.02 0.02 314.86 6.2972
fourth 2.75236 0.009175 0.02 0.02 113.28 2.2656
H.room 0 0 0 0
y-dxn 0
foundation 1.43125 0.004771 0.02 0.02 1368.42 27.3684
ground 3.65724 0.012191 0.02 0.02 1076.01 21.5202
first 2.84348 0.009478 0.02 0.02 806.45 16.129
second 2.85241 0.009508 0.02 0.02 557.52 11.1504
third 2.85241 0.009508 0.02 0.02 314.86 6.2972
fourth 2.88509 0.009617 0.02 0.02 113.28 2.2656
H.room 0 0 0.02 0.02 0 0
column B-
3 x-dxn 0
foundation 1.34109 0.00447 0.02 0.02 2252.23 45.0446
ground 3.42767 0.011426 0.02 0.02 1602.82 32.0564
first 2.56249 0.008542 0.02 0.02 1278.28 25.5656
second 2.57922 0.008597 0.02 0.02 1032.91 20.6582
third 2.57922 0.008597 0.02 0.02 429.55 8.591
fourth 2.64323 0.008811 0.02 0.02 44.99 0.8998
H.room 0 0 0.02 0.02 0 0
y-dxn 0

foundation 1.43125 0.004771 0.02 0.02 2252.23 45.0446

ground 3.65724 0.012191 0.02 0.02 1602.82 32.0564
first 2.84348 0.009478 0.02 0.02 1278.28 25.5656
second 2.85241 0.009508 0.02 0.02 1032.91 20.6582
third 2.85241 0.009508 0.02 0.02 429.55 8.591
fourth 2.88509 0.009617 0.02 0.02 44.99 0.8998
column H-
3
level ea Nsd Ma
foundation 0.02 1557.47 31.1494
ground 0.02 560.41 11.2082
first 0.02 514.99 10.2998
second 0.02 434.68 8.6936
third 0.02 321.27 6.4254
fourth 0.02 240.88 4.8176
H.room 0.02 124.59 2.4918
Design moment
column E-
2
level Mdx Ma Mdxtot Mdy Ma Mdytot
foundation 42.392 16.6794 59.07 5.54 16.6794 22.22
ground 62.2952 9.134 71.43 3.53695 15.667383 19.20
first 50.772 9.2276 60.00 0.588 9.2276 9.82
second 41.7 8.02622 49.73 2.276 8.02622 10.30
third 30.648 5.9506 36.60 3.912 5.9506 9.86
fourth 13.592 3.1476 16.74 3.736 3.1476 6.88
H.room 12.88 1.3638 14.24 7.028 1.3638 8.39
colmnE-3
level Mdx Ma Mdxtot 0 Mdy Ma Mdytot
foundation 45.504 35.803 81.31 2.222 35.803 38.03
ground 47.712 32.666 80.38 2.808 32.666 35.47
first 58.872 18.981 77.85 15.02 18.981 34.00
second 51.984 13.4396 65.42 13.352 13.4396 26.79
third 44.832 7.7492 52.58 12.888 7.7492 20.64
fourth 22.064 1.8076 23.87 9.368 1.8076 11.18
H.room 11.7 0.5794 12.28 10.028 0.5794 10.61

Column
A-3
foundation 7.024 27.3684 34.39 4.468 27.3684 31.84
ground 6.376 21.5202 27.90 47.428 21.5202 68.95
first 8.604 16.129 24.73 44.432 16.129 60.56
second 36.404 11.1504 47.55 16.804 11.1504 27.95
third 32.072 6.2972 38.37 17.86 6.2972 24.16
fourth 17.012 2.2656 19.28 19.564 2.2656 21.83
colmn B-3
foundation 3.872 45.0446 48.92 0.702 45.0446 45.75
ground 14.68 32.0564 46.74 52.52 32.0564 84.58
first 46.752 25.5656 72.32 4.848 25.5656 30.41
second 22.756 20.6582 43.41 2.638 20.6582 23.30
third 37.116 8.591 45.71 1.128 8.591 9.72
fourth 23.856 0.8998 24.76 2.832 0.8998 3.73
column H-
3
foundation 49.624 31.1494 80.77 10.06 31.1494 41.21
ground 66.332 11.2082 77.54 16.932 11.2082 28.14
first 49.504 10.2998 59.80 9.176 10.2998 19.48
second 39.156 8.6936 47.85 17.826 8.6936 26.52
third 29.804 6.4254 36.23 17.642 6.4254 24.07
fourth 10.254 4.8176 15.07 12.898 4.8176 17.72
H.room 6.964 2.4918 9.46 6.568 2.4918 9.06

5.2.3 Reinforcement Design

5.2.3.1 solid slab columns
Longitudinal Reinforcement
As min = 0.008Ac
As max = 0.08Ac
Colmn
A-3
level Nsd Mdx Mdy ν µh µb ω As Asmin Asprvd Ф
foundn 1368.42 34.39 31.84 1.0 0.07 0.07 0.28 1489.704 980 1489.70 8Ф16
ground 1076.01 27.90 68.95 0.8 0.06 0.14 0.29 1542.907 980 1542.91 8Ф16
first 806.45 24.73 60.56 0.6 0.05 0.12 0.1 532.037 980 980 4Ф12&4Ф14
second 557.52 47.55 27.95 0.4 0.10 0.06 0.06 319.2222 980 980 4Ф12&4Ф14
third 314.86 38.37 24.16 0.2 0.08 0.05 0.045 239.4167 980 980 4Ф12&4Ф14
fourth 113.28 19.28 21.83 0.1 0.06 0.07 0.12 469.0612 720 720 4Ф16
colmn
B-3
foundn 2252.23 48.92 45.75 1.2 0.07 0.06 0.46 3196.565 1280 3196.6 8Ф24
ground 1602.82 46.74 84.58 0.9 0.06 0.12 0.325 2258.443 1280 2258.4 4Ф24&4Ф14
4Ф20&
first 1278.28 72.32 30.41 0.9 0.15 0.06 0.32 1702.518 980 1702.5 4Ф12
second 1032.91 43.41 23.30 0.7 0.09 0.05 0.055 292.6204 980 980 4Ф14&4Ф12
third 429.55 45.71 9.72 0.4 0.15 0.02 0.12 469.0612 720 720 4Ф16
fourth 44.99 24.76 3.73 0.0 0.08 0.01 0.2 781.7687 720 781.77 4Ф16
colmn
E-3
foundn 1790.15 81.31 38.03 1.0 0.11 0.05 0.36 2501.66 1280 2501.7 4Ф24&8Ф12
ground 1633.3 80.38 35.47 0.9 0.11 0.05 0.275 1910.99 1280 1911 4Ф20&4Ф16
first 949.05 77.85 34.00 0.7 0.16 0.07 0.35 1862.13 980 1862.1 4Ф20&4Ф14
second 671.98 65.42 26.79 0.5 0.13 0.06 0.115 611.8426 980 980 4Ф12&4Ф14
third 387.46 52.58 20.64 0.3 0.11 0.04 0.06 319.2222 980 980 4Ф12&4Ф14
fourth 90.38 23.87 11.18 0.1 0.08 0.04 0.115 449.517 720 720 4Ф16
H.room 28.97 12.28 10.61 0.0 0.04 0.03 0.1 390.8843 720 720 4Ф16

colmn
E-2
foundn 833.97 59.07 22.22 0.6 0.12 0.05 0.09 478.8333 980 980 4Ф12&4Ф14
ground 456.7 71.43 19.20 0.3 0.15 0.04 0.16 851.2592 980 980 4Ф12&4Ф14
first 461.38 60.00 9.82 0.3 0.12 0.02 0.06 319.2222 980 980 4Ф12&4Ф14
second 401.311 49.73 10.30 0.3 0.10 0.02 0.03 159.6111 980 980 4Ф12&4Ф14
third 297.53 36.60 9.86 0.3 0.12 0.03 0.07 273.619 720 720 4Ф16
fourth 157.38 16.74 6.88 0.2 0.05 0.02 0 0 720 720 4Ф16
H.room 68.19 14.24 8.39 0.1 0.05 0.03 0.06 234.5306 720 720 4Ф16
colmn
H-3
foundn 1557.47 80.77 41.21 0.9 0.11 0.06 0.28 1945.735 1280 1945.7 4Ф20&4Ф16
ground 560.41 77.54 28.14 0.4 0.16 0.06 0.23 1223.685 980 1223.7 4Ф20
first 514.99 59.80 19.48 0.4 0.12 0.04 0.05 266.0185 980 980 4Ф20
second 434.68 47.85 26.52 0.4 0.16 0.09 0.3 1172.653 720 1172.7 4Ф20
third 321.27 36.23 24.07 0.3 0.12 0.08 0.13 508.1497 720 720 4Ф16
fourth 240.88 15.07 17.72 0.2 0.05 0.06 0 0 720 720 4Ф16
H.room 124.59 9.46 9.06 0.1 0.03 0.03 0.04 156.3537 720 720 4Ф16
5.2.3.2 pre-cast slab columns

Following the same procedure the final out put for the pre-cast slab columns is tabulated below
colum A-3
foundation 1422.5 33.11 36.90 1.0 0.07 0.08 0.3 1596 980 1596.11 8Ф16
ground 1141.5 70.57 26.12 0.8 0.15 0.05 0.32 1703 980 1702.52 4Ф20+4Ф16
first 850.75 61.16 21.39 0.6 0.13 0.04 0.11 585.2 980 980.00 4Ф12+4Ф14
second 626.26 51.90 17.72 0.5 0.11 0.04 0.02 106.4 980 980.00 4Ф12+4Ф14
third 340.59 40.05 13.36 0.3 0.13 0.04 0.18 703.6 720 720.00 4Ф16
fourth 89.96 13.92 7.08 0.1 0.03 0.01 0.035 136.8 720 720.00 4Ф16
column B-
3
foundation 1751.2 83.70 38.10 1.0 0.12 0.05 0.37 2571 1280 2571.15 4Ф24+4Ф16
ground 1606.5 79.52 36.57 0.9 0.11 0.05 0.27 1876 1280 1876.24 4Ф20+4Ф14
first 1195.3 68.90 28.16 0.7 0.10 0.04 0.065 451.7 1280 1280.00 4Ф16+4Ф14
second 797.91 54.77 18.70 0.4 0.08 0.03 0.01 39.09 1280 1280.00 4Ф16+4Ф14

third 413 45.04 9.70 0.4 0.15 0.03 0.13 508.1 720 720.00 4Ф16
fourth 48.43 20.25 1.66 0.0 0.07 0.01 0.18 703.6 720 720.00 4Ф16
column E-
3
foundation 1526 75.72 33.08 0.8 0.10 0.05 0.16 1112 1280 1280.00 4Ф16+4Ф14
ground 968.71 83.51 25.31 0.5 0.12 0.03 0.045 175.9 1280 1280.00 4Ф16+4Ф14
first 751.83 81.73 23.87 0.4 0.11 0.03 0 0 1280 1280.00 4Ф16+4Ф14
second 545.71 69.51 19.15 0.3 0.10 0.03 0.035 136.8 1280 1280.00 4Ф16+4Ф14
third 331.26 59.24 13.59 0.3 0.19 0.04 0.315 1231 720 1231.29 4Ф16+4Ф12
fourth 96.61 28.24 7.54 0.1 0.09 0.02 0.14 547.2 720 720.00 4Ф16
H.room 30.85 11.95 11.54 0.0 0.04 0.04 0.11 430 720 720.00 4Ф16
column E-
2
foundation 334.26 50.00 12.67 0.2 0.10 0.03 0.08 425.6 980 980.00 4Ф14+4Ф12
ground 413.92 71.97 17.44 0.3 0.15 0.04 0.19 1011 980 1010.87 4Ф14+4Ф12
first 428.13 60.28 10.68 0.3 0.12 0.02 0.075 399 980 980.00 4Ф14+4Ф12
second 377.7 49.76 8.38 0.4 0.16 0.03 0.17 664.5 720 720.00 4Ф16
third 283.8 36.44 7.40 0.3 0.12 0.02 0.075 293.2 720 720.00 4Ф16
fourth 154.59 15.53 5.71 0.2 0.05 0.02 0 0 720 720.00 4Ф16
H.room 66.65 13.81 8.08 0.1 0.05 0.03 0.06 234.5 720 720.00 4Ф16
columnH-3
foundation 1521.23 80.19 40.40 0.8 0.11 0.06 0.2 1390 1280 1389.81 4Ф16+4Ф14
ground 1437.09 94.95 46.87 0.8 0.13 0.06 0.27 1876 1280 1876.24 4Ф20+4Ф14
first 471.89 64.01 11.33 0.5 0.21 0.04 0.375 1466 720 1465.82 4Ф16+4Ф14
second 448.71 61.02 17.51 0.4 0.20 0.06 0.36 1407 720 1407.18 4Ф16+4Ф14
third 321.21 53.96 22.38 0.3 0.18 0.07 0.345 1349 720 1348.55 4Ф16+4Ф14
fourth 146.81 15.39 10.26 0.1 0.05 0.03 0.06 234.5 720 720.00 4Ф16
H.room 63.26 14.99 25.21 0.1 0.05 0.08 0.13 508.1 720 720.00 4Ф16

column E-
1
foundation 237.74 51.4 6.267 0.2 0.17 0.02 0.26 1016 720 1016.30 4Ф14+4Ф12
ground 239.7 51.31 12.35 0.2 0.17 0.04 0.3 1173 720 1172.65 4Ф16+4Ф12
first 208.25 27.51 9.225 0.2 0.09 0.03 0.05 195.4 720 720.00 4Ф16
second 161.85 9.725 27.44 0.2 0.03 0.09 0.05 195.4 720 720.00 4Ф16
third 103.27 8.393 18.76 0.1 0.03 0.06 0.075 293.2 720 720.00 4Ф16
fourth 28.77 4.683 6.647 0.0 0.02 0.02 0.05 195.4 720 720.00 4Ф16

6. Foundation design

6.1 Footing Design

A) Interior column footing design (column at (b3))
Y
a b
Using comb-1
My
Given
L
Mx = 5.96 kN.m L’ Mx X
My =-0.42 kN.m
-Pd =2252.23 kN
Assume L = B c d
And an allowable bearing capacity for the soil as

δall =560 KPa C-25 and S-300
Proportioning
2252.23
Using unfactored load; Pd = = 1608.73
1 .4
My − 0.42
ex = = = 0.0037 m
Pd 1608.73
0.89m 1.5m
M 5.96
ey = x = = 0.00026m
Pd 1608.73
Since a surface footing, B = L 0.61m
pd e ey
σ all = * (1 ± 6 * x ± 6 * )
A B B
1608.73 0.00026 0.0037
560 = 2
* (1 ± 6 * ± 6* )
B B B
Solving the equation by trial and error, we get B =1.7m

We use B = L = 1.7m
1608 .73
σ ult a = 2
* (1 + 0.013 + 0.00094 ) = 562.47 kn/m2
1 .7
1608.73
σ ult b = 2
* (1 + 0.013 − 0.00094) = 561.42 kn/m2
1 .7
1608.73
σ ult c = 2
* (1 − 0.013 + 0.00094 ) =548.00 kn/m2
1 .7

1608.73
σ ult d = 2
* (1 − 0.013 − 0.00094) =546.96 kn/m2
1 .7
562.47 561.43
1.7m
1.7m
548
546.96
δ ult avg = 554.7 Kpa
I . Punching shear
According to EBCS-2, 1995 article 4.7.6 the resistance of footing without punching shear
reinforcement is give by:
Vrd = 0.25 * fctd * k1 * k2 * u * d
Where: K1 = 1+50ρ ≤ 2.0
K2 = 1.6 – d ≥ 1.0 (d in meter)
Assume ρ = 0.002, k1 = 1.0 + 50 * 0.002 = 1.1 0.4+d L’
U = 4* ( 0.4 + d) = 1.6 + 4d
Vrd = 0.25*1043*1.1*1.0*(1.6 + 4*d)*d B’
Vacating = (1.7*1.7 – (0.4 + d)2)*554.7 0 .4+d
Then Vrd > Vacting (for safe condition) B’
Hence solving for d d ≥ 0.545
Therefore , D = 549 + 50 + 10 =605mm
So use over all depth of 610mm
II.wide beam shear

According to EBCS-2, 1995, article 4.5.3, the shear force Vc carried by the concrete is given by :
Vc = 0.3*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d
Using 50mm clear cover and φ 16 longitudinal reinforcement bar
d= 610 – 50– 8 = 560 mm
Vc = 0.3*1043*1.1*1*1.7*0.552 =327.6 kN
Vacting = (B/2 - B’/2 - d)*qu*B
= 0.09 *561.42*1.7=85.89kN
Since Vc > Vacting ..... the section is safe !!
So punching governs and the overall depth is found to be 610 mm
III.Reinforcement
M = 364.18*1*1.05*1.05/2 = 200.75 kN.m
Using table No.1
For design
M
Km = b = 19.46
d
M 201.99
Ks = 3.96 As = Ks * = 3.96* = 2428.22mm 2
d 0.56
Amin = ρmin * b*d = .002*1700*560 = 1904 mm2
a *b 201 * 1700
s= s taking φ 16 s= = 140mm
As 2428.22
Take φ16 c/c 140 mm (both direction)
1700 − 100)
N o of reinforcement = 1 + ( = 12
140
Hence provide 12φ 16 c/c 140 mm
Similarly the remaining footing and the precast slab footing is done as that of the above
procedure. The result is found in the auto cad detail for both cases.

6.2 Mat foundation design

The purpose of designing this mat foundation is due to irregularity of our building and
occurrence of small amount of tension at the edge columns. For a building of G+4 with bearing
capacity of 560 it is not recommended to use mat foundation but we do it to be safer. And also it
is recommended to use cantilever structures to balance the tension by discussing with the
architect. since we don’t have this chance we opted to design mat foundation to the local areas in
which tension was developed.
The design procedure for the precast floor system is presented as follows and for the solid case
the results are found in the reinforcement detail and are also tabulated in table.
E G F G
0.5 1
-
1.3
2.7
0.5 m
3
1.5
0.5m 3.54m 0.48m 0.98m 0.53
Case 1 when E-1& F-1 are in tension

Column P Factored p mx My
E-1 -143.77 -102.7 -95.52 3.15
F-1 -279.59 -199.71 -93.38 -10.64
E-2 803.13 573.7 -108.53 5.47
G-2 599.8 428.43 -99.51 -12.49
E-3 1525.96 1089.97 -99.8 2.91
H-3 1521.23 1086.6 -94.01 -4.65
R=-102.7-199.71+573.7+428.43+1086.6+1089.97=2876.3 KN
Taking moment about axis E

e’x =3.15-10.64+5.47-12.49+2.91-4.65-199.71*3.54+428.43*4.02+1086.6*5
2876.3
=2.24
ex=0.5+2.24= 2.74m
similarly taking moment about axis 3
ey=1.81m
centroid of the area is found to be
x= 2.797 m y=2.82m
Eccentricities
Ex= x-ex= 2.797-2.74 =0.057m
Ey =2.82-1.81= 1.01m
Then Mx= R*ey= 2876.3*1.01=2905.1 KN-m
My =R*ex= 2876.3*0.057= 164.01KN-m
Second moment of inertia of the area
Ix= 130.76 m4 Iy=52.76 m4
d= ± ± =105.6 ±3.142x ±22.22y
B C
A
A
A D
da=105.6 +3.142*2.797+ 22.22*2.82 =177.05 KN/m2

db= 105.6+3.142*2.797-22.22*3.18 =43.73 KN/ m2
dc= 105.6-3.142*1.743-22.22*3.18 =29.5 KN/ m2
dd= 105.6-3.142*3.733+22.22*2.82 =156.53 KN/ m2
Case 2 When E-1&F-1 are in compression
Column P Factored p mx My
E-1 1064.74 760.53 93.85 -5.91
F-1 1087.33 776.7 91.5 3.55
E-2 803.13 573.7 -108.53 5.47
G-2 857.76 612.7 -5.87 -86.22
E-3 1525.96 1089.97 -99.8 2.91
H-3 1521.23 1086.6 -94.01 -4.65
The same procedure is followed to calculate eccentricities & moment

d= ± ±
co-ordinates
B STRIP 1 G C F (-2.797,2.03) ,J (-0.527,-2.83)
F H E (-2.797,0.03)
STRIP 2
H (2.16,2.03)
E I I (2.449,0.03)
STRIP 5
STRIP 4
J G (-0.527,3.18)
STRIP 3
A D
ey=0.56m Mx=Rey=2744.11KN.m
ex=0.137 m My=Rex=671.33KN.m
2
p/A=179.9KN/m
Mx/Ix=20.99KN/m2
My/Ix=12.86KN/m2
dA=179.9+12.86*2.797-20.99*2.82=156 KN/m2
d B= 179.9+12.86*2.797+20.99*3.18=282.62 KN/m2
dC= 179.9-12.86*1.743+20.99*3.18=224.23 KN/m2
dD= 179.9-12.86*3.73-20.99*2.82=72.7 KN/m2
dF= 179.9+12.86*2.797+20.99*2.03=258.48 KN/m2
dE= 179.9+12.86*2.797+20.99*0.03=216.5 KN/m2
d H= 179.9-12.86*2.16+20.99*2.03=194.73 KN/m2
dI= 179.9-12.86*2.449+20.99*0.33=194.04 KN/m2
dG= 179.9+12.86*0.527+20.99*3.18=253.43 KN/m2
dC= 179.9+12.86*0.527-20.99*2.82=127.5 KN/m2
Since the stress in case 2 greater than that of case 1 so the mat is designed for the compression
case
X-direction
Strip 1
∑Pu=760.53+776.7=1537.23 KN
A=5.46m2
Qavg=240.015 KN/m2
Q=240.015 KN/m2*5.46m2=1310.48 KN
Average load =1310.48 KN+1537.23KN/2=1423.86 KN
Modified soil rxn =Q*( )

= 240.02KN/m2*[ ]= 260.79 KN/m2

Load correction factor = =1423.86/1537.23= 0.93
Corrected load for
E-1,p= 707.3 KN F-1,P=722.33KN
The same procedure is followed for the next strips and the results are tabulated as follows.
Strip ∑pu Average soil Average Modified soil Load correction
rxn load rxn factor
2 1186.4 204.7 1637.41 160.5 1.38
3 2176.57 148.73 2336.11 139.22 1.07
4 2424.2 205.1 2608.85 191.54 1.08
5 2476 169.5 2897.9 147.96 1.17
*.B. strip 4&5 are spanning in the y- direction
Analysis of individual strips
SAP result for the solid case is presented for sample
STRIP 1
SFD
BMD
Strip 2

SFD
STRIP 3
Depth determination (precast case)
Case 1 when one of the edge has no resistance
Punching check for the column E-3 which is located at the edge with maximum axial load
Vac=p-d(0.4+d)(0.7+0.5d)
0.4+d =1166.3-139.22(0.4+d)(0.7+0.5d)
=1127.32-125.3d-69.61d2
0.4m Vres=0.5 fctd (1+50ρ)*(1.8+d)d
=1021.68d+1135.2 *d2
0.5 0.2+0.5d equating vact ≤ vres
0.7+0.5d then d = 0.602m
0.7+d
0.5 0.2+d
For strip 4 case d=191.54KN/m2

Vact=1166.3-191.54(0.4+d)*(0.7+0.5d)
Vact= 112.67-172.4d-95.77d2
Vres ==1021.68d+1135.2 *d2
Equating vact ≤ vres then d= 0.6m

Case when the edge has resistance
0.4+d
0.4+d
Check for the wide beam shear
Maximum wide beam shear =306 KN for strip -1
Vres = 0.3fctd (1+50ρ) bw *d
=0.3*1.043*10^3*1.1*1.15*0.788=312 KN
Vres < vact ok
So use 0ver all depth of 850mm
d=850-50-12=78
moment b d km ks As spacing s.provided
Strip-1
364.06 1.15 0.788 22.58 3.974 1835.70 196.71 Φ20c/c190
65.72 1.15 0.788 9.59 min 1812.4 199.24
Strip-2
255.71 2.00 0.788 14.35 min 3152 199.24 Ø20c/c190
113.22 2.00 0.788 9.55 min 3152 199.24 Ø20c/c190
Strip-3 Strip-3
417.34 2.85 0.788 15.36 min 4491.6 199.24 Ø20c/c190
20.31 2.85 0.788 3.39 min 4491.6 199.24 Ø20c/c190
Strip-4
215.48 2.27 0.788 12.36 min 3577.52 199.24 Ø20c/c190
51.95 2.27 0.788 9.585 min 3577.52 199.24 Ø20c/c190
129.49 2.27 0.788 9.585 min 3577.52 199.24 Ø20c/c190
75.58 2.27 0.788 7.323 min 3577.52 199.24 Ø20c/c190
Strip-5
166.46 3.265 0.788 9.06 min 5145.64 199.24 Ø20c/c190
71.22 3.265 0.788 5.93 min 5145.64 199.24 Ø20c/c190
89.81 3.265 0.788 6.66 min 5145.64 199.24 Ø20c/c190
70.72 3.265 0.788 4.91 min 5145.64 199.24 Ø20c/c190

Reinforcement design for solid case

moment b d Km Ks As spacing s.provided
Strip-1
436.78 1.15 0.788 24.73 3.988 2210.62 163 Ø20c/c160
79.06 1.15 0.788 10.52 Min 1812.4 199.24 Ø20c/c190
Strip-2
596.5 2.00 0.788 21.92 3.9695 3004.302 209 Ø20c/c190
142.75 2.00 .788 8.02 Min 3152 199.24 Ø20c/c190
Strip-3
1296.38 2.85 0.788 27.066 4.0158 6606.64 135.45 Ø20c/c130
113.62 2.85 0.788 8.01 Min 4491.6 199.24 Ø20c/c190
Strip-4
590.95 2.27 0.788 20.48 3.96 2969.65 240 Ø20c/c190
91.57 2.27 0.788 8.66 Min 3577.52 199.24 Ø20c/c190
96.62 2.27 0.788 8.28 Min 3577.52 199.24 Ø20c/c190
Strip-5
494.10 3.265 0.788 15.61 Min 5145.64 199.24 Ø20c/c190
169.26 3.265 0.788 9.17 Min 5145.64 199.24 Ø20c/c190
The reinforcement detail is attached with AutoCAD

7. Cost estimation
Solid slab
A-SUB STRUCTURE
1. CO*CRETE WORK
1.10 Reinforced concrete quality C-25, 360
kg of cement/m3, filled into formwork
and vibrated around rod reinforcement
(formwork and reinforcement
measured separately)
a) Footing , Grade beam &footing
columen m2 53.74 1300.00 69,856.80
1.20 Provide, cut and fix in position sawn
zigba wood or steel formwork which
ever appropriate.
columen m2 384.26 75.00 28,819.50
1.30 Mild steel reinforcement according to
structural drawings. Price includes
cutting, bending, placing in position
and tying wire and required spacers.
a) Φ8-Φ24 mm deformed bar kg 110.20 26.00 2,865.20
b) Φ6 mm plain bar kg 812.44 25.00 20,311.05
TOTAL CARRIED TO
SUMMARY .................... 121,852.55
B-SUPER STRUCTURE
1. CO*CRETE WORK
3
a) floor slabs m 121.97 1250.00 152,462.50
3
b) beams . m 62.19 1250.00 77,742.75

3
c) columns . m 26.61 1250.00 33,262.50
ever appropriate.
a) Elevation column, beams & floor
slabs m2 1250.40 70.00 87,528.00
b) Φ6 mm plain bar kg 357.56 26.00 9,296.56
TOTAL CARRIED TO
SUMMARY .................... 1,082,133.31
Grand total of solid 1,203,989.96
pre-cast ribbed slab

A. super structure
1. CO*CRETE WORK
a) floor slabs
a1)solid part m3 17.51 1250.00 21,891.25
a2)cast in situ m3 51.36 1250.00 64,193.75
a3)beam element m3 7.76 1250.00 9,700.75
3
b) beams . m 76.17 1250.00 95,212.50
3
c) columns . m 26.29 1250.00 32,862.50
1.20 Class C 200mm thick HCB wall
which can satisfy the designed
strength , bedded in cement mortar
(1:3).Price shall include mortar bed. pcs 4992.00 9.60 47,923.20


ever appropriate.
a) Elevation column, beams & floor
slabs m2 681.86 70.00 47,730.20
b) Φ6 mm plain bar kg 1429.20 26.00 37,159.20
TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY 1,018,322.10
B.sub structure
1. CO*CRETE WORK
columen m2 52.78 1300.00 68,608.02
ever appropriate.
columen m2 338.65 75.00 25,398.75
b) Φ6 mm plain bar kg 110.70 26.00 2,878.20
TOTAL CARRIED TO SUMMARY 116,902.22
Grand total of pre-cast 1,135,224.32

Conclusion and recommendation

Conclusion
The main aim of the project is to compare the total cost variation of pre-cast and solid slab
systems. To attain this we have done a detail analysis and design for each case. And finally we
have come out with the total cost of each system as shown below.
Total cost(birr)
pre-cast solid difference
concrete
work 340,391.97 333,333.95 -7,058.02
reinforcement 721,703.40 754,308.51 32,605.11

form-work 73128.95 116347.5 43,218.55
total 1,135,224.32 1,203,989.96 68,765.64
Total difference = (1,203,989.96-1,135,224.32)*100/(1,203,989.96)=5.7115%

As the above data shows the pre-cast slab type is less-costier than that of solid floor type. And
also it is clear that the major difference is caused by the cost of form-work and reinforcement
instead of concrete cost.
Generally using pre-cast slabs is advantageous by minimizing the construction time, work man-
ship, construction equipment and attaining quality of materials.
Recommendation
The overall works of the building should be inspected and supervised throughout the
entire construction time in order to achieve the design strength.
Care should be taken when handling, casting and placing the precast beam element.
Especially the support condition on construction time must be the same as that of
previously determined arrangement on the design part.
And also it is better to remove application of concentrated force for the precast floor
system, which can cause falling out of the hallow block concrete.
The quality of materials should fulfill the design strength.

References
Ethiopian Building Code Standard 1, 2, 3, 7, & 8 – 1995.
Gtz technical manual
Kality steel industry manual of cold framed welded structural & furniture steel tubing

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MEKELLE UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

In Partial Fulfillment of B.Sc. Degree in Civil

Structural Design of A G+4 Commercial Building with Solid &

Advisor:- Kibrealem Mebratu June 2008

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 1

6.1 Footing design……………………………………………… 125

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 2

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 3

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 4

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 5

1.1 Wind load Analysis

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 6

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 7

Reference height Ze=h=16.91m

Zone for wind ward direction θ=00

0.2 0.2 0.2 _ _

Case-2 when wind direction θ = 900

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 8

e/10=0.68m 2.72m 3.4m

External pressure coefficient

Pitch Zone for wind direction θ = 900

We = qref Ce(z) cpe

Cpe = Cpe 1 , a <1 m2

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 9

Zone I = 0.3644 *-o.4 = -0.146 KN/m2

Zone F = 0.3644*-1.96 = -0.714 KN/m2

II. Internal wind pressure

Critical wind load

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 10

Cpe calculation for the flat roof

e=min {b=2.7, 2h=2(19)=38 }

External pressure coefficients

Cr(z) roughness coefficient

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 11

Point load calculation and determination of purloin spacing

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 12

Total design load on purloin (lattice girder purloin)

Case-1 Dead Load + Live Load (concentrated)

Assuming a ST-30 from table which is having a weight =0.0203

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 13

Pd (+ve) =0.036KN/m + 0.255KN/m2 *1m

R=0.0394KN and 1KN at center 2R=.0788KN

1.2 Analysis of lattice purloin

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 14

Load Combination where:-

SAP result(max result)

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 15

1.3 Design of truss

Determination of reactions of purloin

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 16

COMB -2 upper chord max. comp. = 10.22 KN

COMB -3 upper chord max. comp. = 11.66 KN

Maximum tension upper chord = 22.78 K*

Maximum compression upper chord = 22.78 K*

DESIG* OF TRUSS MEMBERS

Diagonal steel member design

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 17

1.13 1.13 1.13

l = √1.13 + .61 = 1.28 m

check class of the x-section

Mekelle University, Department of Civil Engineering Page 18

using curve c, x=0.354

Post steel member design

DESIG* ACTIOS FOR THE DIAGOAL MEMBERS

Nbrd = χβAfy =0.26770.50310-4m2260.87106N/m2

Asmin =ρminbd= 0.0021000130=260mm2

A = ½ ЛD2 = 0.5Л3.82 = 5.67m 2

Pre-cast beam 1.3.12.08*24 = .299 KN/m