Banana and Mango PDF

OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
Dear Reader:
For the past 30 years, PCARRD has steadfastly provided the directions in
developing and modernizing the agriculture, forestry, and natural resources sectors to
meet the country’s ever-challenging demands for food security, economic growth, and
sustainable development.
In order to keep a top-caliber research system, PCARRD has streamlined its

R&D efforts by pursuing important commodities on crops, livestock, agricultural
resource management, forestry and environment, and socioeconomics. To this end,
PCARRD has come up with this special publication, R&D Status and Directions (2000
and Beyond), composed of different volumes. Each volume provides essential information
on the R&D status and directions of a specific commodity prioritized by PCARRD and the
National Agriculture and Resources Research and Development Network (NARRDN).
This volume specifically discusses banana and mango. PCARRD hopes that
the information contained in this book will pave the way to more focused R&D work on
these commodities.
Very truly yours,
PATRICIO S. FAYLON
Executive Director
R&D Status
and Directions
(2000 and Beyond)
Banana and Mango
PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL

RESOURCES RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Department of Science and Technology
Los Baños, Laguna

2003
First Edition 2003
ISBN 971-20-0514-3
Bibliographic Citation:
National Fruit Crops R&D Team, 2002. R&D status

and directions (2000 and beyond): Banana and
mango. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD-DOST,
2003. 47p.
Volume Editors:
z Mr. Angelito T. Carpio

Crops Research Division
PCARRD
z Mr. Ruel S. Pagcaliwagan

Applied Communication Division
PCARRD
ii ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Foreword
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
F or the past 30 years, the Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural
Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) has been tasked to determine
knowledge levels, identify research and development (R&D) gaps, establish a system of
R&D priorities, and provide directions for agriculture, forestry, and natural resources
R&D, among others. To effectively achieve these tasks, the R&D performance for the
different commodities has to be assessed and reviewed.
The fruit industry contributes significantly to the country’s economy in terms of
employment, income, and foreign exchange generated from sales of both fresh and processed
fruits. The fruit sector occupies almost 600,000 ha, including at least 20 different fruit
crops. It is estimated that about 10 M (million) people are dependent on the fruit
industry alone. Fruit cultivation not only provides employment and income, but it also
supplements Filipino diet and offers ecological benefits such as soil erosion control, better
micro-environment, enhanced landscape and aesthetic values, and complements
reforestation and agroforestry efforts.
The R&D Directions for the two major fruit crops: banana and mango, presented in this
volume will provide the R&D community and decision/policy makers with information on
the industries’ competitiveness, challenges/issues that lie ahead, and the required science
and technology (S&T) interventions to address the R&D gaps. It also presents the industry
status for mango and banana, and major R&D programs to improve the industries’
performance.
It is hoped that the farmers, extension agents, researchers, and policy makers will
benefit from the information contained in this volume.
PATRICIO S. FAYLON
Executive Director
PCARRD
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgment
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
P CARRD gratefully acknowledges the technical support, participation, and cooperation

of the following in preparing this comprehensive publication:
z Members of the National Fruit Crops R&D Team 2002, for painstakingly reviewing
and providing valuable comments and suggestions on the manuscript during series
of meetings and consultations;
z Management and staff of the Crops Research Division particularly Dr. Jocelyn E.
Eusebio and Dr. Ester L. Lopez for their supervision and guidance in preparing,
reviewing, and editing of the manuscript; Mr. Angelito T. Carpio and Ms. Joan C.
Andres for the research and consolidation of data; and Ms. Criselda T. Bautista and
Ms. Filipina S. Olegario for clerical and computer work.
Appreciation is also due to Dr. Beatriz P. del Rosario, Deputy Executive Director for
Research and Development for the overall direction; the Applied Communication Division
particularly Dr. Norma V. Llemit, for reviewing the manuscript, Dr. Lorna C. Malicsi for
supervising the production process; Mr. Ruel S. Pagcaliwagan and Mr. Ricardo R. Argana
for editing; Ms. Marina T. de Ramos for the layout and camera-ready proof; Mr. Simeon R.
Manahan, Jr. for the cover design; and Ms. Carmelita B. Alamban for coordinating the
overall production flow.
iv ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

National Fruit Crops
R&D Team, 2002
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Team Leader: Dr. Roberto E. Coronel

Research Professor
National Plant Genetic Resources Laboratory
Institute of Plant Breeding (IPB)
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB)
College, Laguna
Members: Dr. Domingo E. Angeles

Associate Professor
Department of Horticulture
UPLB, College, Laguna
Ms. Rosemarie G. Castillo

Chief
Food and Food Preparation Division
Bureau of Export Trade and Promotion
Department of Trade and Industry
5F-8F New Solid Building
357 Sen. Gil Puyat Avenue
Makati City
Dr. Salvador P. Catelo

Dean
College of Economics and Management
Dr. Hernani G. Golez

Agricultural Center Chief
National Mango Research and Development Center-
Bureau of Plant Industry
Department of Agriculture
Jordan, Guimaras
Dr. Maria Concepcion C. Lizada

Associate Professor
Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... v

Dr. Leon C. Namuco
Associate Professor
Department of Horticulture
Dr. Oscar S. Opina

Associate Professor
Department of Plant Pathology
Ms. Daisy E. Tañafranca

Researcher
Industrial Technology Development Institute
Department of Science and Technology
Bicutan, Taguig, Metro Manila
Dr. Violeta N. Villegas

Associate Professor
IPB-UPLB
College, Laguna
Program
Specialist: Mr. Angelito T. Carpio
Science Research Specialist
Crops Research Division (CRD)
PCARRD, Los Baños, Laguna
vi ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Contents
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Foreword ...................................................................................................................... iii

Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................... iv
National Fruit Crops R&D Team, 2002 ..................................................................... v
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................... x
Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1
PART I. R&D STATUS

Commodity Industry Situation .................................................................................. 5
Banana .................................................................................................................... 7
Mango ...................................................................................................................... 10
Key Industry Players ............................................................................................ 13
Technological Milestones ........................................................................................... 16
R&D Investments .................................................................................................. 16
Major Completed and Ongoing Projects ............................................................. 17
Major Technological Milestones ................................................................................ 20
Banana .................................................................................................................... 20
Mango ...................................................................................................................... 20
R&D Gaps ..................................................................................................................... 22
Banana .................................................................................................................... 22
Mango ...................................................................................................................... 22
PART II. R&D DIRECTIONS

Challenges and Issues ................................................................................................. 29
Banana .................................................................................................................... 29
Mango ...................................................................................................................... 29
Competitiveness of the Commodity .......................................................................... 30
Banana .................................................................................................................... 30
Mango ...................................................................................................................... 30
S&T Interventions ....................................................................................................... 32
Banana .................................................................................................................... 32
Mango ...................................................................................................................... 34
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... vii

Technology Forecasts .................................................................................................. 37
Banana .................................................................................................................... 37
Mango ...................................................................................................................... 37
Major R&D Programs .................................................................................................. 42
Banana .................................................................................................................... 42
Mango ...................................................................................................................... 42
Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 44
Banana .................................................................................................................... 44
Mango ...................................................................................................................... 44
References .................................................................................................................... 45
Appendices
1. Major Technological Milestones, 1990–2000 ....................................................... 46
List of Tables
1 Area and production of major fruits in the Philippines, 1998 ......................... 5

2 Quantity and value of Philippine fruit exports, 1994-1998 ............................. 6
3. Harvest area, value, and volume of production of selected fruits
in the Philippines, 1993 and 1997 ...................................................................... 6
4. Statistics on area and production of banana in the Philippines,
1994–1998 .............................................................................................................. 8
5. Top ten banana-producing countries, in terms of volume of
production, 2000 ................................................................................................... 11
6. Quantity of banana exports, Philippines (‘000 t),
1999–2000 .............................................................................................................. 11
7. Value of banana exports (M US$), 1996–2000 .................................................... 11
8. Mango production area and volume, 1996–2000 ............................................... 12
9. Top ten mango-producing countries, 1993-2001 ............................................... 13
10. World fresh mango exports: quantity (t) and percent share of
selected countries, 1995–2000 ........................................................................... 14
11. Volume, value, and unit prices of Philippine mango products exported
by major country of destination, 2000 ............................................................... 14
12. Major R&D problems on banana ......................................................................... 22
13. Major R&D problems on mango .......................................................................... 24
14. SWOT analysis for banana (Saba, Lakatan, and Latundan) ............................ 30
15. SWOT analysis for mango ................................................................................... 31
16. S&T interventions for banana: short - and long-term research thrusts......... 32
17. S&T interventions for mango: short - and long-term research thrusts.......... 34
18. Technology forecasts on banana ......................................................................... 37
19. Technology forecasts on mango .......................................................................... 39
viii ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

List of Figures
1. Profile of major banana cultivars in terms of percent share in area

covered, 2000 ........................................................................................................ 9
2. Profile of major banana cultivars in terms of percent share in volume,
2000 ........................................................................................................................ 9
3. Domestic utilization of banana products, 1991–2000 ....................................... 10
4. Importing countries of Philippine fresh banana, 1999–2000 ........................... 12
5. Importing countries of Philippine banana (chips/crackers),
1999–2000 .............................................................................................................. 12
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... ix

List of Acronyms
and Abbreviations
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
BAS - Bureau of Agricultural Statistics

BBT - banana bunchy top
BBTD - banana bunchy top disease
BBTV - banana bunchy top virus
BIOTECH - Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
BOI-DTI - Board of Investments-Department of Trade and Industry
BPI - Bureau of Plant Industry
CA - controlled atmosphere
CEAT - College of Engineering and Agricultural Technology
CMU - Central Mindanao University
CVIARC - Cagayan Valley Integrated Agricultural Research Center
DA - Department of Agriculture
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
DMMMSU-NLUC- Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University- Northern Luzon
University Campus
DNCRDC - Davao National Crop Research and Development Center
DOST - Department of Science and Technology
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization
EPPMI - Enhancing Productivity of the Philippine Mango Industry
GATT-WTO - General Agreements on Tariff and Trade-World Trade Organization
GES - Guimaras Experiment Station
ha - hectare
HACCP - hazard analytical critical control points
HVCC - High Value Commercial Crops Program
HWT - hot water treatment
IFST - Institute of Food Science and Technology
IDRC - International Development Research Center
IPB - Institute of Plant Breeding
IPM - integrated pest management
IPP - Investment Priority Plan
IRDP - Integrated R&D Program
ITDI - Industrial Technology Development Institute
LPG - liquefied petroleum gas
M - million
MA - modified atmosphere
MAT - male annihilation technique
MIN - Mango Information Network
MMSU - Mariano Marcos State University
x ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

NCPC - National Crop Protection Center
NMRDC - National Mango Research and Development Center
NPK - nitrogen phosphorus potassium
NVSIT - Nueva Vizcaya State Institute of Technology
OFF - oriental fruit fly
PSU - Pangasinan State University
PHTRC - Postharvest Horticulture Training and Research Center
PCARRD - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources
Research and Development
PNRI - Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
QMP - quality management practice
ROS - Research Outreach Station
R&D - research and development
SCUs - state colleges and universities
SIT - sterile insect technique
S&T - science and technology
STAND - Science and Technology Agenda for National Development
STIARC - Southern Tagalog Integrated Agricultural Research Center
SWOT - strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats
TADECO - Tagum Agricultural Development Corporation
TRRC - Twin Rivers Research Center
UAE - United Arab Emirates
UNDP - United Nations Development Programme
UPLB - University of the Philippines Los Baños
USA - United States of America
USDA - United States Department of Agriculture
USM - University of Southern Mindanao
ViSCA - Visayas State College of Agriculture
VHT - vapor heat treatment
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... xi

Introduction
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
T he Philippine fruit industry contributes

significantly to the economy in terms of
employment, income, and foreign exchange.
major fruits in the global market especially
fresh is well established. However, the
changing competitiveness across countries
Fruit cultivation and production is an and variations in domestic production may
important source of livelihood especially for bring about changes in the country’s export
small operators/growers, with 26% having shares for fruit commodities. As the world
less than 1 ha (hectare) and 64% with less market opens up with full implementation
than 3 ha. It offers ecological benefits such of the General Agreements on Tariff and
as soil erosion control, better micro- Trade–World Trade Organization (GATT–
environment, landscape and aesthetic WTO) provisions, the fruit industry should
values, and complements reforestation be able to take advantage of the new
and agroforestry activities. opportunities by capitalizing on the strength
The strength of the fruit sector lies on of the commodity and addressing the
its big hectarage, which in 1998 is almost various problems and constraints affecting
621,861 ha. The competitiveness of selected the industry.
R&D Status
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Commodity Industry Situation
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
T he Philippines is an archipelago of 7,100

islands and islets in the Pacific. A
tropical country located 0.5-20o north of the
Table 1. Area and production of major fruits
in the Philippines, 1998.a
equator, it has a warm and humid climate Area Production

Fruit (ha) (t)
with temperature (about 27oC) and relative
humidity (about 80%) that remain constant Banana 334,668 3,755,164
throughout the year. This climatic feature Mango 96,883 508,887
and its fertile soils of mostly volcanic origin Pineapple 64,925 1,254,372
make the Philippines an ideal place for Citrus 35,230 163,090
growing tropical fruits and nuts. In fact, Durian 13754 55,016
more than 300 indigenous and exotic, edible Jackfruit 13540 93,540
fruit-bearing species are found in the Lanzones 10,530 26,724
country. Papaya 8,807 94,037
The fruit sector is an important Avocado 8,807 22,726
Caimito 7,600 25,389
component of Philippine agriculture. In
Cashew 7,130 4,900
1998, it occupied a growing area of Rambutan 3,524 12,720
621,861 ha (Table 1). During the 1994–1998 Chico 3,140 11,890
period, the fruit sector generated Guayabano 3,073 8,573
foreign exchange ranging from US$0.44 M Pili 2,580 4,631
(million) to 0.96 M (Table 2). Among the Atis 2,057 6,262
major fruits, banana, mango, and pineapple Marang 3,067 12,875
contribute significantly to the economy in Mangosteen 1,058 2,331
terms of income, employment, and foreign Tiesa 1,028 1,936
exchange. Balimbing 460 2,111
In recent years, the fruit crop industry
Total 621,861 6,067,174
has exhibited increasing trends in terms
of production, area, and yield. The a
Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS), 1999.
contributions of specific crops to total
production in 1993 and 1997 are presented
in Table 3. During these periods, fruits market. The advantage of the country as a
covered 6.59% of the 12.79 M ha total world fruit supplier is attributed to its
crop area harvested. Fruit production warm, tropical climate; fertile soil;
comprised 14.35% of the 66.78 M t (million production areas outside the typhoon belt;
tons) of total volume of crops produced, state-of-the-art technology and skilled
with a share of 19.9% in the total value of technicians; and nearness to the Asian and
production of P230.81 M. Pacific markets.
The Philippines enjoys a major share of
export of banana and mango in the world
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 5

Table 2. Quantity and value of Philippine fruit exports, 1994–1998.a
Growth
% Share Rate %/yr
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1994–98 1994–98
A. Quantity t
Banana, fresh/chips 1,170,658 1,231,182 1,270,573 1,162,429 1,164,072 69.98 0

Pineapple, all forms 459,711 448,465 439,235 410,834 371,116 24.84 -5.16
Mango, all forms 35,985 51,396 46,313 54,574 56,966 2.86 13.79
Papaya, fresh/dried 3,832 2,719 1,688 694 230 0.11 -48.18
Others, all forms 31,744 36,451 32,999 43,954 38,016 2.21 5.24
Total 1,701,930 1,770,213 1,790,808 1,672,485 1,630,400 100.00 -0.98
B. Value 1,000 US$ FOB
Banana, fresh/chips 231,321 244,247 258,533 240,434 235,791 51.82 0.33

Pineapple, all forms 145,592 140,320 156,570 149,798 178,657 31.73 0.33
Mango, all forms 40,895 556,345 51,068 53,128 51,347 10.79 4.49
Papaya, fresh/dried 1,392 1,283 835 587 339 0.19 -4,439.00
Others, all forms 20,146 23,098 26,422 30,527 27,432 5.47 8.61
Total 439,346 965,293 493,428 474,474 493,566 100.00 1.45
Annual Average 573M
a
BAS 1999.
Table 3. Harvest area, value, and volume of production of selected fruits in the Philippines,
1993 and 1997.
1993 and 1997
1993 % 1997 % Average %
Harvest Area ( ‘000 ha)

All Crops 12,549 13,025 12,790
Fruits 815 6.49 877 6.73 846 6.59
Banana 326 2.60 338 2.60 328 2.57
Mango 61 0.49 92 0.71 77 0.61
Pineapple 43 0.34 40 0.31 43 0.34
Papaya 6 0.05 6 0.05 5 0.04
Citrus 29 0.23 31 0.24 31 0.24
Durian 4 0.03 4 0.03 4 0.03
Other fruits 346 2.76 366 2.81 281 2.78
Production Value (million P)

All Crops 177,472 276,826 230,807
Fruits 36,465 20.55 58,925 21.29 19.9
Banana 10,564 5.95 14,921 5.39 12,693 5.55
Mango 6,716 3.78 10,554 3.81 9,556 4.15
Pineapple 5,394 3.04 11,090 4.01 6,957 2.98
Papaya 289 0.16 255 0.09 280 0.12
Citrus 1,561 0.88 1,745 0.63 1,697 0.75
Durian 739 0.42 885 0.32 840 0.38
Other fruits 11,202 6.31 19,475 7.04 13,873 5.96
6 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Table 3. (Continued).
1993 and 1997

1993 % 1997 % Average %
Production Volume (‘000 t)

All Crops 65,767 68,301 66,778
Fruits 8,694 13.22 11,059 16.19 9,585 14.35
Banana 3,144 4.78 3,760 5.51 3,378 5.07
Mango 440 0.67 1,028 1.51 708 1.06
Pineapple 1,287 1.96 1,638 2.4 1,448 2.17
Papaya 65 0.10 65 0.10 62 0.09
Citrus 142 0.22 143 0.21 144 0.22
Durian 28 0.04 29 0.04 28 0.04
Other fruits 3,588 5.46 4,396 6.44 3,817 5.71
a
BAS 1998.
Two of the country’s major fruits good source of fiber for handicraft materials.
selected, banana and mango are proven In commercial farms in Mindanao, reject or
export winners. The following discussions excess bananas are utilized as swine and
demonstrate the importance of these two cattle feeds.
major fruit crops in terms of economic Area planted to banana increased from
contribution, production and yield 336,542 ha in 1994 to 337,082 ha in 1998.
performance, and market potential. Southern Mindanao topped banana
production with 1.58 M t (Table 4).
The most popular banana cultivars
Banana planted are Cavendish, Saba, Lakatan,
Latundan, and Bungulan. Cavendish is the
Banana is the prime fruit commodity of best grown variety for fresh export and
the Philippines in terms of hectarage and grown by most corporate farms in Mindanao.
commercial value. It is widely grown Saba is the primary source of chips/crackers
throughout the country, either as a and flour/powder, and is basically the main
component of existing farming systems or ingredient for breakfast, cereals, tail mixes
as the main crop in large plantations in (used for flavoring), and confections.
Mindanao. It is an important source of Latundan and Lakatan are the cultivars
income for small farmers who constitute 75% famous in the local market. Figure 1 shows
of the banana growers. that among the major cultivars planted in
Banana is used in several ways. Fruits 2000, Saba (44%) accounts for the highest
are usually eaten fresh but can also be share in terms of area covered, followed by
processed into banana cue, puree, jam, jelly, Latundan (20%), Lakatan (12%), Cavendish
chips, catsup, figs, spread, and preserve. (10%), and Bungulan (6%). Figure 2
Banana chips are the top dollar earner presents the distribution of major cultivars
among the processed fruit products. Other in terms of volume produced.
industrial products prepared from banana Of the country’s total banana production
include ethyl alcohol, flour, dye, floor wax, (1991–2000), 50% is utilized in fresh form
paste, and cork board. The pseudostem is a for food, 35% is processed for food, and 15%
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 7

8
Table 4. Statistics on area and production of banana in the Philippines, 1994–1998.
Area (ha) Production (t)
Region 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
CAR 3,577 3,532 3,444 3,493 3,394 35,618 31,856 25,513 28,070 27,696
Ilocos Region 11,180 11,167 10,733 10,056 9,890 65,056 64,366 51,981 55,447 53,962
Cagayan Valley 13,023 12,755 26,557 29,383 28,616 27,250 30,743 92,330 249,563 229,463
Central Luzon 2,626 2,623 2,641 2,500 2,317 31,117 29,768 27,536 35,102 24,925
Southern Tagalog 45,927 44,052 51,120 53,465 52,399 151,061 137,638 105,939 149,053 141,169
Bicol Region 12,714 12,476 11,658 12,868 12,840 39,605 29,865 21,691 29,593 22,812
Western Visayas 40,861 40,277 39,264 39,581 40,671 236,126 233,944 204,867 238,238 228,247
Central Visayas 10,676 10,760 10,574 15,807 14,738 63,925 84,706 75,806 87,292 76,067
Eastern Visayas 27,949 24,906 26,320 26,602 25,707 135,108 126,537 109,924 134,596 117,307
Western Mindanao 30,332 21,748 22,282 21,843 22,329 110,635 116,980 101,093 131,896 120,124
Northern Mindanao 22,550 22,551 18,433 16,899 16,420 200,923 202,196 176,465 188,684 183,545
Southern Mindanao 42,878 45,593 48,717 48,146 47,973 1,399,831 1,700,363 1,706,420 1,689,932 1,580,963
Central Mindanao 14,296 14,447 7,924 9,221 9,023 288,178 293,060 260,773 354,267 343,601
CARAGA 42,260 38,967 30,599 31,596 33,881 254,533 249,142 204,251 227,843 232,196
ARMM 15,693 16,154 16,647 16,817 16,884 161,874 167,935 147,248 175,206 178,686
Total 336,542 322,008 326,913 338,277 337,082 3,200,840 3,499,099 3,311,837 3,774,782 3,560,763
a
BAS 1999.
............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Bungulan Others
6% 8%
Saba
Latundan 44%
20%
Lakatan Cavendish
12% 10%
Fig. 1. Profile of major banana cultivars in terms of percent share in area

covered, 2000. (Total area: 382,490 ha).
Bungulan Others
Latundan 4% 3%
10%
Saba
Lakatan 38%
13%
Cavendish
32%
Fig. 2. Profile of major banana cultivars in terms of percent share in volume,

2000. (Total volume: 4.93 t).
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 9

goes to waste (Fig. 3). On a per capita amounted to only 18,280 t valued at
basis, consumption fell from 33 kg in 1980 US$ 20.83 M in 1996–2000 (Tables 6 and 7).
to only 24 kg in 1990 and 23 kg in 1998 Of the total volume of chips exported from
(DA-AMAS). This is because the prices of 1999 to 2001, 38% went to Hongkong, 25%
locally sold banana have increased through to Japan, 17% to Singapore, 11% to
the years. Table bananas found in Netherlands, and 9% to Korea (Fig. 5).
supermarkets are mostly local (rejects) The Philippines enjoys export advantage
Cavendish and Lakatan (Gorrez, personal over its ASEAN neighbors in terms of
communication). production and marketing because of its
proximity to the major importing countries
and technological advances in the
production and handling systems. This is
Processed
Wastes primarily because the infrastructure for
into food export has long been established in
15%
product Mindanao since the late 1960s. However,
35% in most of the banana-growing areas
especially the sites for Saba, Lakatan, and
Fresh (food) Latundan, the necessary infra-support
system is still lacking and/or insufficient to
50%
become competitive.
Fig. 3. Domestic utilization of banana

products, 1991–2000.
Mango
Mango is grown practically all over the

The Philippines ranked fifth among the Philippines. It ranks second among the
world’s top major suppliers of banana in important fruit crops in terms of areas and
2000, with 3.56 M t or a share of 6.1% of the production. In 2001, the total volume of
world production (FAO, 2000). India had the production reached 879,737 t (Table 8).
biggest share (18.9%), followed by Brazil Several mango cultivars are grown in the
(9.3%), China (8.9%), and Ecuador (8.6%). country but the most important are
Indonesia occupied the sixth rank, while ‘Carabao’ and ‘Pico.’ The Carabao mango,
Thailand ranked ninth (Table 5). which accounts for 70% of total production,
The major banana products being is recommended for both local and foreign
exported are fresh banana, chips/crackers, markets. Other varieties such as ‘Pahutan’
and catsup. The fresh bananas constitute and ’Katchamita’ are also grown in
the main bulk of our export representing considerable quantity.
almost 98% of the total volume exported. In In 2001, the Philippines ranked seventh
1996-2000, the average volume exported among the largest mango producers, with
reached to about 1.31 M t valued at 884,272 t or 4% of the total global output of
US$ 261 M (Tables 6 and 7). Figure 4 shows 25.1 M t (Table 9). The largest mango-
the major importing countries of the fresh producing country was India with 11.5 M
banana in 1999-2000 where Japan occupies (52%), followed by China with 3.21 M t (14%),
the biggest share (61%), followed by China Mexico with 1.46 M t (6.6%), Thailand with
(16%), Korea (8%), Taiwan (6%), and United 1.35 M t (6.19%), Indonesia with .95 M t
Arab Emirates (UAE) (6%). On the other (4.3%), and Pakistan with .94 M t (4.3%).
hand, the average exported chips/crackers

Table 5. Top ten banana-producing countries, in terms of volume of production, 2000.a
2000
Country Rank Production (‘000 t) % Share
India 1 11,000 18.86

Brazil 2 5,449 9.34
China 3 5,216 8.94
Ecuador 4 5,000 8.57
Philippines 5 3,561 6.10
Indonesia 6 3,166 5.43
Costa Rica 7 2,101 3.60
Mexico 8 1,720 2.95
Thailand 9 1,720 2.95
Columbia 10 1,570 2.69
Burundi - 1,516 2.60
Other countries 16,231
Total 58,250
a
FAO 2001.
Table 6. Quantity of banana exports, Philippines (‘000 t), 1999–2000.a
Item 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Average
Bananas, fresh 1,253.17 1.143.33 1,147.11 1,319.63 1,599.35 1,292.52

Bananas, chip/
crackers 17.41 19.20 16.20 20.88 17.72 18.28
Total 1,310.80
a
Foreign Trade Statistics 2001.
Table 7. Value of banana exports (M US$), 1996–2000.a
Item 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Average
Bananas, fresh 236.42 216.56 217.04 240.70 291.65 240.47

Bananas, chip/
crackers 22.07 23.88 18.76 19.57 19.88 20.83
Total 258.49 240.44 235.80 260.27 311.53 261.31
a
Foreign Trade Statistics 2001.
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 11

Fig. 4. Importing countries of
Korea Others Philippine fresh banana,
8% 3% 1999–2000.
China
16%
UAE
6% Japan
61%
Taiwan
6%
Korea
Netherlands 9% Hongkong
11% 38%
Singapore
17%
Fig. 5. Importing countries of Japan
Philippine banana (chips/ 25%
crackers), 1999–2001.
Table 8. Mango production area and volume, 1996–2000.a
Year Area (ha) Production (t)
1996 112,923 768,884

1997 120,283 972,891
1998 125,041 982,728
1999 127,364 846,970
2000 128,927 836,897
2001 136,917 879,737
Average 122,907 881,566
a
BAS 2001.

Table 9. Top ten mango-producing countries, 1993–2001.
1993 1995 1997 1999 2001
Country Rank Production Rank Production Rank Production Rank Production Rank Production
India 1 10,110,000 1 11,500,000 1 11,000,000 1 12,000,000 1 11,500,000

China 2 1,289,745 2 1,957,552 2 2,409,787 2 2,149,787 2 3,215,000
Mexico 3 1,151,192 3 1,342,097 3 1,500,317 3 1,537,800 3 1,458,867
Thailand 4 1,000,000 4 1,200,000 4 1,350,000 4 1,250,000 4 1,350,000
Philippines 9 335,554 7 595,138 5 1,028,120 5 950,070 7 884,272
Pakistan 5 793,652 6 883,674 6 914,492 6 916,800 6 937,000
Nigeria 6 583,000 8 631,000 7 689,000 7 731,000 8 729,000
Indonesia 8 460,360 5 888,960 8 605,012 8 605,012 5 950,000
Brazil 7 563,511 9 638,371 9 600,000 9 600,000 9 540,000
Egypt 196,775 10 232,315 10 230,873 10 231,000 10 310,000
Haiti 10 230,000 220,000 210,000 225,000
Congo 215,000 212,761 215,000
Other
Countries 2,004,534 2,308,336 2,441,218 2,996,646 3,228,286
World 18,718,323 22,612,443 23,191,580 24,408,115 25,102,425
a
FAO Website (2002).
Annual average world export of fresh production is characterized by small–to

mango in 1995–2000 was 427,752 t. The medium-sized farms and corporate/
Philippines was the second largest mango multinational farms. Domestic market for
exporter with 42,806 t. The leading fresh fresh banana is dominated by middlemen
mango-exporting country was Mexico and traders, while the export industry is
with 184,493 t. Other major fresh mango- handled mostly by multinational
exporting countries are India with 36,042 t, corporations, which are concentrated in
Brazil with 36,751 t, and Pakistan with Mindanao. The key producers include:
31,120 t (Table 10). Tagum Agricultural Development Corpo-
Table 11 shows that in 2000 the ration (TADECO), Lapanday Holdings,
Philippines’ total fresh mango export was Davao Fruits Corporation, Marsman Estate
38,996 t. Hongkong was the leading Plantation, and Stanfilco Division of Dole
importing country with 30,199 t, followed by Phils., Inc. Some of these companies have
Japan with 7,275 t, Korea with 583 t, contract-growing schemes with small and
Singapore with 349 t, and China with 291 t. medium-sized farms. The key buyers
The country also exported 870 t dried are Dole Asia and Del Monte Fresh
mangoes, 1,200 t of puree, and 1,804 t of Produce.
juices in 2000. The total value of mango For banana chips, the players are mostly
export in 2000 was about US$34 M. located in Davao and Butuan. These are
Pacific Fruits, Archmen, Natural Fruits
Corporation, Basic Fruits, and Philexson
Key Industry Players International, Inc.
Banana Mango
The banana industry is composed of The mango industry in the Philippines

growers, traders, middlemen, transporters, involves many key players and
buyers/exporters, and processors. Banana intermediaries, namely; propagators,
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 13

Table 10. World fresh mango exports: quantity (t) and percent share of selected countries, 1995–2000.a
Percent
Country 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Average Share
World 337,522 406,827 476,299 553,588 576,413 622,690 427,752 100.0

Mexico 131,721 167,903 187,127 209,426 204,002 206,782 184,493 44.8
Philippines 43,937 40,252 44,939 52,579 35,102 40,031 42,806 10.4
India 23,275 26,780 44,832 47,149 47,149 37,110 36,042 8.7
Brazil 12,828 24,186 23,370 39,186 53,765 67,172 36,751 8.9
Pakistan 16,628 18,361 25,058 40,251 37,971 48,453 31,120 7.0
a
FAO website 2000.
Table 11. Volume, value, and unit prices of exported Philippine mango products by
major country of destination, 2000.
Value
Form Country Volume (t) (US$ ‘000)
Fresh All countries 38,996 34,331

Hongkong 30,199 18,247
Japan 7,275 13,810
Singapore 349 447
Korea 583 1277
China 291 204
Other countries 300 346
Dried All countries 870 5,477

Hongkong 442 2,353
Japan 157 933
Singapore 50 383
Korea 50 375
China 48 424
Other countries 124 1,009
Puree All countries 1,200 1,242

Hongkong 324 329
Japan 148 155
Singapore 135 297
Korea 18 18
China 17 19
Juice All countries 1,804 1,902

Hongkong 301 316
Japan 279 255
Singapore 227 288
Korea 126 135
China 101 106

growers, sprayers, traders, cooperatives, Japan, Singapore, and Europe; and soon to
transporters, exporters, brokers/freight include the US and Australia for mangoes
forwarders, processors, institutional buyers, coming from Guimaras; and the non-VHT
and end consumers. Mango production in group, which exports to Hongkong/China.
the country is concentrated in numerous The VHT group subjects fresh mangoes to
but noncontiguous farms. The common VHT in compliance with the sanitary
production arrangement is for farm owners protocol of the importing countries. The
to contract out mango trees to traders VHT is not required by the Hongkong/
who in turn induce the trees to flower. China market.
Middlemen in marketing are contract- Majority of the dried mango processors
buyers, agents, assembler-wholesalers, operate during the Luzon season (late
wholesaler-exporters, and wholesaler- December to early February) with supply
retailers. coming from Luzon mango-producing areas.
There are two groups of fresh mango Many of the puree factories operate during
exporters in the Philippines: the vapor heat the late or mid-Luzon season.
treatment (VHT) group, which exports to
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 15

Technological Milestones
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
R&D Investments Science and Technology Agenda for

National Development (STAND) of DOST,
I n 1999, the Department of Science and

Technology (DOST) recorded 431 fruit
research projects with a total budget of
the High Value Commercial Crops Program
(HVCC) of the Department of Agriculture
(DA), and the Investment Priorities Plan
P145.4 M. Mango had the most number of (IPP) of the Board of Investments-
research projects and the largest budget Department of Trade and Industry (BOI-
(39%), followed by banana (27%). Next were DTI.)
durian (7%), cashew (5%), and papaya (4%) Under the STAND Program, activities
(Pabuayon, 2000). promote increased production of quality
By institution, there were more fruits to sustain competitiveness in the
researches conducted in line government world market. Activities which were funded
agencies than in state colleges and by DOST included mass production of
universities (SCUs). Among the SCUs, virus-free planting materials through tissue
the University of the Philippines Los culture, use of diagnostic kits for rapid
Baños (UPLB) had the biggest share diagnosis of viral diseases, screening of
(32.92%), with a total budget for fruit different cultivars for resistance to major
research of P59.09 M; followed by the pests, further studies on bugtok disease,
University of Southern Mindanao (USM), improved management system for saba,
with 3.03% of the total budget. development/improvement of products from
In 1993–1997, PCARRD embarked on a saba for export, and field and in vitro
P5.6-M comprehensive technology transfer maintenance of banana germplasm.
and commercialization program for mango. Researches on biotechnology dealt with
To sustain the initial gains from this the development of homogenic banana
program, PCARRD launched the research varieties resistant to bunchy top disease
project entitled, “Enhancing Productivity of through genetic engineering and mutation
the Philippine Mango Industry (EPPMI)” breeding. For the period 1998–2000,
with a budget of P12 M. Almost biotechnology research for fruits had a total
simultaneous to this, an even bigger budget of P47.57 M. Banana had more than
program dubbed as “Mango Information half of the pie (55%), followed by durian with
Network (MIN),” which is a world-wide 15.77%, papaya with 13.67%, and mango
web-based information service was with 11.35%. Pili had a share of 4.20%.
established in 1999, with a total budget of PCARRD also embarked on a P4.9-M
P20 M from the United Nations Develop- program to enhance the productivity of the
ment Programme (UNDP), DOST, and Saba industry through the development of
PCARRD. a quality assurance program from
The banana industry has been included production, handling, and processing.
in several national programs such as the

Major Completed and Ongoing - Further studies on the Bugtok
Projects disorder of cooking bananas/L. V.
Magnaye/DA-BPI-DNCRDC
The R&D projects consisted of strategies - Germplasm maintenance and
addressing the general problems of the characterization/O.C. Pascua and
industry. These cover preproduction, R.R.C. Espino/DA-BPI-DNCRDC
production, and postproduction research - Germplasm maintenance and
areas. morphological characterization/O.C.
Pascua/BPI-DNCRDC
Completed - Biochemical characteristics of
banana cultivars through isozyme
Banana analysis/ R.R.C. Espino/UPLB
6. Investigations on the in vitro
1. Postharvest physiology and technology propagation of banana for conservation
of bananas/Ma.C.C. Lizada/Postharvest and utilization/A.B. Zamora/UPLB
Horticulture Training Research Center 7. Postharvest technologies for banana/
(PHTRC)-UPLB O.K. Bautista, M. DV Maunahan, and
2. Characterization of postharvest M.U. Reyes/PHTRC-UPLB
behavior of local banana cultivars 8. Morphology of somaclonal variants of
(Latundan, Lakatan, and Señorita)/ Grand Naine and screening for
E.I. Labios/PHTRC-UPLB resistance of fusarium wilt/N.M. Dawi
3. Physiology of modified atmosphere - and A. Jadraque/Twin Rivers Research
stored fruits/L.A. Artes/PHTRC-UPLB Center (TRRC)
4. Biochemical studies on modified 10. Banana production in typhoon-prone
atmosphere-stored fruits/Ma. C.C. areas in the Ilocos Region/D.D. Ignacio,
Lizada/PHTRC-UPLB and P.M. Dazon/Mariano Marcos
5. Maintenance of the regional banana State University (MMSU)
genebank/O. C. Pascua/ DA-Bureau of - Adoption of control strategies and
Plant and Industry (BPI)-Davao National rehabilitation of areas affected by
Crop Research and Development Center banana bunchy top disease (BBTD)/
(DNCRDC) R.R.C. Espino/ UPLB
- IDRC-PCARRD Banana (Philip- 11. Community-based piloting of control
pines) Project: Phase III Banana strategies and rehabilitation of areas
R&D Program in the Philippines/ affected by banana bunchy top disease
R.R.C. Espino/UPLB in Northern Luzon/B.S. Ligat/BSU
- On-farm trial of in-vitro derived 12. Community-based piloting of control
planting materials and production of strategies and rehabilitation of areas
virus-free planting materials/O.C. affected by BBTD in Southern Luzon/
Pascua and R.R. C. Espino/DA-BPI- R.R.C. Espino/UPLB
DNCRDC 13. Community-based piloting of control
- On-farm trials in Mindanao/ O.C. strategies and rehabilitation of areas
Pascua/DA-BPI-DNCRDC affected by BBTD in Southern Minda-
- On-farm trials in Luzon/R.R.C. nao/L.V. Magnaye/BPI-DNCRDC
Espino/UPLB 14. Mass production of virus-free planting
- Monoclonal antibodies for rapid materials of banana in Northern Luzon/
indexing of virus diseases in Musa C.A. Baniqued/ DA-BPI-BNCRDC
species/T.M. Espino/ UPLB
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 17

15. Mass production of virus-free planting - Integrated pest management for a
materials of banana in Southern Luzon/ chemical-free/chemical-less banana
R.R.C. Espino/UPLB fruit production/M.R. Recel/ TRRC
16. Studies on the production and testing of
diagnostic kits for indexing viral Mango
diseases of identified fruits/T.M. Espino/
UPLB 1. Induced physiological disorders in
17. Postharvest behavior of promising mango/Ma. C.C. Lizada/ PHTRC-UPLB
banana cultivars with export potential/ 2. Chilling injury in mangoes/Ma. C.C.
E.B. Esguerra/ PHTRC-UPLB Lizada and J.U. Agravante/PHTRC-
18. Viruslike particles of banana, citrus, UPLB
papaya, and vegetable legumes: 3. High temperature injury in mangoes/
Isolation and role in disease T.J. Rimando/UPLB
development/N.B. Bajet/UPLB 4. Modified atmosphere injury in mangoes/
19. Fingerprinting of Philippine banana E.B. Esguerra/PHTRC-UPLB
germplasm/F.P. dela Cruz, Jr./Institute 5. Latex injury in mangoes/R.D. Bugante
of Plant Breeding (IPB)-UPLB Jr./PHTRC-UPLB
20. Development of enhanced and practical 6. Reduction of fruit injury in Carabao
immunoassay using polyclonal mango subjected to VHT/O.K. Bautista
antibodies for detection of banana and E.B. Esguerra/PHTRC-UPLB
bunchy top/A.D. Talens/National Crop 7. Response of mango fruits from various
Protection Center (NCPC)-UPLB locations/ O.K. Bautista, E.B. Esguerra,
21. EPSI Project 1. Action research project and Ma. C.C. Lizada/ PHTRC-UPLB
on saba packinghouse/P.A. Nuevo/ 8. Response of mango fruits of different
PHTRC-UPLB stages of maturity harvested during
22. EPSI Project 2. Improved management different seasons/O.K. Bautista and E.
system for Saba banana/O.S. Opina/ B. Esguerra/PHTRC
UPLB 9. Effect of approach period on the
23. Banana cottage industry pilot incidence of fruit injury/M.U. Reyes/
demonstration studies for the province PHTRC
of Bukidnon/ H.M. Pava/Central 10. Alleviation of fruit injury with hot water
Mindanao University (CMU) treatment (HWT)/R. Rejesus/ PHTRC-
24. Use of protoplast fusion and somaclonal UPLB
variation in banana cultivar develop- 11. Compatibility of VHT with low
ment for disease resistance/R.R.C. temperature treatment/Ma. C.C. Lizada/
Espino/ UPLB UPLB
25. Genetic analysis of Philippine strains of 12. Effect of ringing on flowering of mango,
Pseudomonas solanacearum banana cashew, santol, and rambutan/D.E.
(Bugtok strains)/A.K. Raymundo/ Angeles/UPLB
Institute of Molecular Biology and - Enhancing productivity of the
Biotechnology (BIOTECH)-UPLB Philippine mango industry (EPPMI)
- Fruit quality improvement of banana (IRDP-Mango)/Ma. C.C. Lizada and
for export/M.R. Recel/ TRRC E.B. Esguerra/PHTRC-UPLB
- Organic farming for a chemical- - Training on nursery operations,
free/chemical-less banana fruit production, and postproduction in
production/M.R. Recel/TRRC mango/S. Mancebo/UPLB

- Fertilizer application in mango 19. EPPMI-Improved raw material handling
through diagnostic and recom- and process control in mango/L.C.
mended integrated system (DRIS)/I. Raymundo/Institute of Food Science
Anunciado/UPLB Technology (IFST)-UPLB
13. Optimization of some physical 20. EPPMI-Scaling-up of laboratory
treatments to improve quality and shelf process for powdered control in mango/
life of selected papaya and mango fruits/ D. Tañafranca/Industrial Technology
A.A. Acedo Jr./Visayas State College of Development Institute (ITDI)
Agriculture (ViSCA) 21. EPPMI-Waste management in mango
14. Preflowering, reprodutive bioecology, processing/D. Tañafranca/ITDI
and control of mango leafhopper
Ongoing
(Idioscopus clypealis, Leth) and
associated minor pest species/V.R. Banana
Ocampo/UPLB
15. Extending the marketable life of 1. Development of transgenic banana
Carabao mango by controlled varieties resistant to banana bunchy top
atmosphere (CA) storage/Ma. C.C. virus (BBTV)/V.M. Aquino/IPB-UPLB
Lizada/PHTRC-UPLB 2. Development of bunchy top virus
16. Action research project on mango resistance in banana by genetic
packinghouse/E.B. Esguerra/PHTRC- engineering/V.M. Aquino/IPB-UPLB
UPLB 3. Biotechnology-assisted development of
17. Mango comprehensive technology bunchy top virus resistance in banana by
transfer program/C.J. Oliveros, B.A. mutation breeding/O.P. Damasco/IPB-
Arano, S.E. Saldivar, C.B., and N.T. UPLB
Binag/ DA-Cagayan Valley Integrated 4. Control of ripening in papaya and mango
Agricultural Research Center-Research be genetic engineering/E.M.F. Mendoza/
Outreach Station (CVIARC-ROS) IPB-UPLB
- Development of objective indices
Mango
(biochemical, physiological, and
physical for cultivar identification)/ 1. MIN (Phase II)/ J.E. Eusebio/PCARRD
E.M. T. Mendoza/IPB-UPLB 2. Development of transgenic papaya and
- Development of site-specific IPM in mango with long shelf life control of
mango/J.R. Medina/Dept. of Plant ripening in papaya and mango by genetic
Pathology-UPLB engineering/ E.M. T. Mendoza/IPB-
- Optimized irrigation/water manage- UPLB
ment in mango/D.T. Franco/College 3. Integrated fruitfly management program
of Engineering and Agricultural in Guimaras Island: (a) mass rearing,
Technology (CEAT)-UPLB production, and irradiation of sterile
- Nutrient management in mango/ oriental fruit fly; (b) Mass production
I.S. Anunciado and Ma. L.O. Cedo/ and irradiation of oriental fruit fly/G. B.
UPLB Obra/PNRI
- Optimized pruning techniques in 4. Action program in enhancing the
mango/D.N. Simon/Pangasinan State productivity and quality of Carabao
University (PSU) mango through integrated pest
18. EPPMI-Determination of readiness to mangement (IPM) (a) pesticide
flower in mango/R.D. Bugante Jr./ management/O.S. Opina (b) postharvest
PHTRC-UPLB systems management/E.B. Esguerra/
UPLB
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 19

Major Technological Milestones
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
O ver the years, technologies have been

developed in the production of various
fruit crops. This has triggered expansion
z
z
Improved management system for
Saba
New processed products from Saba
in areas of production, which is expected to
bring about an increase in volume necessary
for strategic global competitiveness. These Mango
technologies have been further supple-
mented with indigenous farmers’ practices Improved production management will
and other technologies borrowed from other result into better quality and yield of fruits.
countries. The increase in the quality of fruits coupled
with market promotion is expected to
increase the percentage share of export to
Banana the current traditional markets of
Hongkong, Japan, Thailand, China, Korea,
Below are the research accomplish- Australia, USA, and possibly, the
ments on banana, which address the European market. Technologies/inform-
major concerns of the industry, namely, ation generated from the recent programs,
production of quality fruits, availability of which will put mango in a better position in
planting materials, control of insect pests the global market include the following:
and diseases, and reduction of postharvest
losses: z Eight superior strains of Carabao:
Lamao 1, GES 73, GES 77, GES 84,
z Mass propagation of disease-free GES 85, Talaban, Fresco, and MMSU
planting materials of banana through Gold
tissue culture z Control of fruit flies in Guimaras
z Eighty banana cultivars charac- through male annihilation technique
terized and identified through (MAT) and sterile insect technique
isozyme analysis (SIT)
z Diagnostic kits for indexing BBT z HWT for controlling anthracnose
and mosaic viruses z Modified VHT
z Improved production technologies z Flotation method as means of
for Lakatan and Saba determining fruit maturity
z Storage and ripening protocol for z Established gas levels for CA storage
Lakatan z Flower induction in mango
z Reduction of losses through inter- z Improved processed products
island shipment using container van z Indices for varietal identification in
z Rehabilitation of BBTD and bugtok- mango
devastated areas z Optimized pruning techniques in
mango

z Site-specific integrated pest
management (IPM)
z Liquified petroleum gas (LPG)-fed
HWT
z Determination of readiness to flower
in mango
Other technologies/information gene-

rated on banana and mango are listed in
Appendix I.
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 21

R&D Gaps
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
T o be globally competitive, the fruit

industry has to be transformed into a
dynamic sector. The desirable industry
besetting the industry. The gaps identified
for R&D include germplasm resources,
micropropagation technique, crop
situation can be achieved by addressing gaps protection, other aspects of cultural
in R&D. The R&D gaps on fruits cover management, postharvest handling, quality
specific concerns on preproduction, standard of processed products, and
production, postharvest system, processing marketing strategies (Table 12).
and utilization, socioeconomics, and
marketing.
Mango
Banana For mango, R&D gaps are on cultivars,

varietal identification, quality planting
It is the goal of the industry to produce materials, technology on high-density
bananas with high level of acceptable planting, other aspects of cultural
quality necessary for strategic global management, indices for readiness to flower,
competitiveness. In doing so, it is crop protection, postharvest handling,
imperative to address common problems processing, and marketing (Table 13).
Table 12. Major R&D problems on banana.
Area Technology Status R&D Gaps
Preproduction
Variety Current varieties are susceptible Germplasm resources in field genebanks

to pests and diseases. are constantly threatened by pests and
diseases.
Propagation Micropropagation/tissue culture Further improvement of rapid mass

technology is available. propagation technologies is needed.
Institutionalization of tissue culture
technology (D) is needed.
Production
Planting density There is technology available for Planting density for major cultivars is
Cavendish. not yet established.
Nutrition Recommendation is not fully Critical nutrient concentrations and

established. nutrient requirements of major
cultivars are not yet established.
Water relations Recommendation is not fully Optimum water requirement based on

established. crop phenology is not yet established.

Water relations and fruit development of

different banana cultivars are not
known.
Crop protection IPM for Bugtok, Sigatoka, and Field evaluation of available IPM
banana bunchy top is available. techniques is needed.
IPM for fusarium wilt, nematodes, thrips,
weevils, beetles, weeds, other leafspot
diseases, and other emerging pests/
diseases need to be studied.
There is limited information on identity,
biology, and ecology of pests and
diseases.
Cropping system · There is lack of new planting schemes for

monocropping and intercropping
systems.
Postharvest System Delayed/enhanced ripening Proper postharvest handling technology

technology is available. of major cultivars is lacking.
Harvesting index for Cardaba Information on maturity indices of
was developed. local cultivars is lacking.
MA storage is available. Packaging and transportation system is
poor.
Product and quality standard for local
cultivars is lacking.
Postharvest treatments to get rid of
pests and diseases are inadequate.
Processing and Utilization Village-level processing is Processing facilities in production

available for chips, sauce, areas are lacking.
puree, strings, frozen turon, New high value and novel processed
pinoy fries, and wine/vinegar. products and utilization of
by-products are lacking.
Standards for consistent quality
of processed products are lacking.
Socioeconomics There is absence of economic assessment

and Marketing of different technologies generated
for banana.
There is lack of timely market inform-
ation and intelligence for fresh banana
and banana chips.
Marketing strategies for selected banana
varieties and their products are
lacking.
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 23

Table 13. Major R&D problems on mango.
Preproduction
Variety Eight registered Carabao Improved Carabao variety with better

strains are available. fruit quality (size, color,
Varietal identification is not peel thickness), longer shelf
fully established. life, and resistance to adverse
environmental conditions is lacking.
The eight registered Carabao strains
have not been tested in different
locations.
Alternate variety for export
is lacking.
Further verification of procedures for
varietal identification need to be
studied.
DNA fingerprinting of varieties and
strains needs to be done.
Planting materials Certified planting materials Present method of propagation (cleft

are available. grafting) is wasteful of scion materials.
Knowledge on the best rootstocks
is lacking.
Certification and accreditation system
of mango nurseries (D) is poor.
There is lack of supply of quality planting
materials (grafted) (D).
There is no concerted effort to establish
scion groves (D).
Production
Planting density Technology on how to manage high

density planted trees is lacking.
Training and pruning Pruning technique is not fully Technology on how to properly train
established. young trees and prune mature trees
is lacking.
Nutrition Recommendation is not fully Critical nutrient levels on Carabao mango

established. leaves are not yet established.
Nutrient management in relation to tree
phenology is not yet established.
Deficiency symptoms (leaves) and
physiological disorders (fruits) are
not yet studied.
Nutrition and fruit development
relationship are not known.
d. Water relations Recommendation is not fully Optimum water requirement based on

established. tree phenology is not known.
Water relations and fruit development
are not known.

Flower induction Spraying of KNO3 is practiced. There is erratic/nonuniform flushing.

Vegetative growth regulation is
not known.
Simple indices to determine readiness to
flower need to be established.
Physiological basis of flower induction
is not known.
Crop protection IPM for mango is established. Site- and situation-specific pest
management is not yet established.
Bioecology and epidemiology of mango
pest and diseases in different agro-
ecosystems are not fully known .
Population dynamics in relation to crop
phenology is not known.
Monitoring and forecasting detection
are not yet established.
Emerging pests need to be studied.
Postharvest System Maturity indices are known. Short shelf life needs to be addressed.
HWT technology is available. There is susceptibility to physiological
Packinghouse technology is disorders.
available. Improvement of inter-island handling
CA technology is available but system needs to be studied.
not yet tested for commercial
scale.
Processing and Utilization Standard for consistent quality

of processed products is lacking.
There are limited product lines .
Commercialization of existing
technologies (D) needs to be studied.
Socioeconomics and Marketing Production cost is high.

Marketing system is multi-layered.
Market information is unreliable.
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 25

R&D Directions
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Challenges and Issues
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
T he fruit crops industry plays an

important role in Philippine
agriculture. It contributes significantly to
Since 1990, banana production has been
increasing. Key destinations of export for
fresh banana are Japan and China, and for
employment, food security, income, and banana chips , United States of America
foreign exchange generation through (USA), Japan, and European countries.
various production, processing, and However, even with these opportunities,
marketing activities. the industry is also beset with many
problems.
Banana
Mango
Among the fruit crops in the country,
banana dominates the industry in terms of Mango is the third leading fruit crop
hectarage and production. Also, it is a export next to banana and pineapple. The
consistent top dollar earner of the country. Philippines is the world’s fifth largest
On a world basis, the Philippines ranks fifth producer of mango in 1998. The only variety
among the banana-producing countries in cultivated for export is Carabao. Major
1998. The varieties popularly grown in the export markets for fresh fruits are Japan
country are Saba, Latundan, Bungulan, and and Hongkong, and for processed products,
Cavendish. The latter is cultivated mainly USA and Hongkong.
for export.
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 29

Competitiveness of the Commodity
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities,

Banana and threats (SWOT) for banana (Saba,
Latundan, and Lakatan).
T he Philippines is one of the major

players in the world market for banana.
Its competitiveness in the global market is Mango
well-established especially with fresh
banana. The production and postproduction Mango, along with banana and other
technologies, and management systems fruits, has been one of the important export
for export bananas are widely adopted by fruits in the Philippines for more than three
large plantations and their contract decades. The consumer market for fresh,
growers. However, there is a need to expand high quality mango is one of the fastest
export potentials to new markets by growing segments of the international food
capitalizing on the strengths of the industry. industry over the years. However, despite
Chips/crackers, which are produced from the opportunities presented, the industry
Saba, offer bright opportunities. is also faced with problems. A SWOT
On the other hand, Lakatan and analysis (Table 15) is presented as an
Latundan, though they have also some overview of the challenges/issues on
potentials for export, they have yet to mango.
satisfy the local demand. Table 14 presents
Table 14. SWOT analysis for banana (Saba, Lakatan, and Latundan).
Variety Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
Saba Easily grown cultivar Predominance of sub- Growing demand for Pests and diseases
Resistant to Black sistent backyard banana chips and (Bugtok, viral
Sigatoka/banana plantings other processed diseases)
bunchy top (BBT) Low and poor fruit products Increasing global
Can be grown organically yield and quality Good prospect of competition
High potential yield with Longer gestation period, increasing yield Declining yield of
improved management tall, and prone to and sustainability existing Saba
Most acceptable cultivar typhoon of production plantations
for chips in the world Susceptible to Bugtok
market Inadequate production
Diversity of processed and postproduction
products technologies
Poor marketing systems
Lack of quality standard
for fresh and processed
products

Lakatan High demand for local Highly susceptible to High potential for Highly susceptible to
market BBT and Sigatoka export markets BBT and Sigatoka
Adaptable for commercial Low and poor fruit yield High price and Pesticide residues
growing and quality margin of profit
Can be grown organically Lack of quality Bright prospect of
Suitable for processing standards increasing yield
(puree, flour/powder)
Latundan The country is one of the Lack of efficient Growing local Susceptible to
major producers in production and post- demand Fusarium wilt,
large quantities production system High economic Sigatoka, and
Adaptable for commercial Short shelf life finger return virus diseases
growing dropping
Susceptible to Fusarium
wilt, Sigatoka, and
virus diseases
Table 15. SWOT analysis for mango.
Carabao Carabao mango is Lack of supply of Presence of large Strong competition

recognized as one quality planting domestic market from imported
of the best varieties. materials Strategic geographical fruits
Fifth most consumed Predominance of location in ASEAN Stiff competition
fruits in the world backyard farms Expansion of markets from other
Year-round production Erratic and relatively Low tariff imposed producing
Suitably grown in low yield by importing countries
different agro-climatic Disaggregated sector countries under Trade protectionism
regions with available High production cost GATT of major importers
areas for expansion Susceptibility to a High demand for World market is
Availability of farm range of pests and selected product currently flooded
labor and technical physiological lines in interna- with different
experts disorders tional market mango varieties.
Priority fruit crop High freight cost International trade Pirating of techno-
supported by major Short shelf life is less than 2% of logies
programs of DA Inadequate facilities world production. Agrarian Reform
and DOST Price fluctuation Law
Lack of Quality
Management Practice
(QMP) and Hazard
Analytical Critical
Control Points
(HACCP) plan
Investors’ reluctance to
fund establishment
of new business
opportunities
· Mango industry is
currently limited to
one cultivar.
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 31

S&T Interventions
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
affordable table bananas. The concerns

Banana will be on on low-cost production,
productivity enhancement, and quality
C onsidering the accomplishments of the

previous banana R&D programs, the
science and technology (S&T) interventions
improvement of Saba, Lakatan, and
Latundan. Table 16 presents the S&T
interventions for banana that will generate
for banana intend to help the banana information and technologies to ensure
industry maintain its niche in the global improved productivity and quality banana
market and provide the local market with products.
Table 16. S&T interventions for banana: short- and long-term research thrusts.
Area R&D Gaps S&T Interventions
Preproduction
Variety Germplasm resources in field genebanks Development of long-term germplasm

are constantly threatened by pests conservation (e.g., tissue culture,
and diseases. cryopreservation) is needed.
(3–5 years)
Development of resistant cultivars to
major pests with improved
horticultural characteristics through
genetic engineering is needed.
(10 years)
Propagation Further improvement of rapid mass Micropropagation technique needs

propagation technologies further improvement. (3–5 years)
Institutionalization of tissue culture Strategic locations of TC labs and techno
(TC) technology (D) transfer (D) need to be identified.
(3–5 years)
Production
Planting density Planting density for major cultivars not Appropriate planting density for
yet established major cultivars needs to be
established. (3–5 years)
Nutrition Critical nutrient concentrations and Critical nutrient levels for major
nutrient requirements of major cultivars need to be determined.
cultivars not yet established (3–5 years)
Nutrient requirements of major
cultivars during fruit growth
and development need to be
established. (3–5 years)

Water relations Optimum water requirement based on Water requirements based on crop
crop phenology not yet established phenology need to be determined.
Water relations and fruit development of (3–5 years)
different banana cultivars not known Influence of water on fruit growth
and development need to be
determined. (3–5 years)
Crop protection Field evaluation of available IPM Determination of pest biology, behavior,
techniques is needed. and ecology is needed. (3–5 years)
IPM for fusarium wilt, nematodes, Determination of disease epidemiology
thrips, weevils, beetles, weeds, is needed. (3–5 years)
other leafspot diseases, and other Development of site- and situation-
emerging pests/diseases need to specific IPM technology package
be studied. is needed. (3–5 years)
There is limited information on identity
biology and ecology of pests and
diseases, which need to be studied.
Cropping system New planting schemes for monocropping Sustainable banana-based cropping
and intercropping systems are lacking. systems need to be established.
(3–5 years)
Cropping system for typhoon-prone
areas needs to be established.
(3–5 years)
Postharvest System Technology on proper postharvest Maturity indices, storage requirement,

handling of major cultivars is lacking. ripening regulation, and physiological
Information on maturity disorders need to be determined.
indices of local cultivars is lacking. (3–5 years)
Packaging and transportation Packaging, grading, and transport
system is poor. system needs to be improved.
Product and quality standard for (3–5 years)
local cultivars is lacking. Postharvest treatment to reduce loss
Postharvest treatments to rid of due to pests and diseases needs
pests and diseases are inadeaqute. to be developed. (3–5 years)
Processing Processing facilities in production Processing facilities in production areas

and Utilization areas are lacking. (D) need to be established. (3–5 years)
New high-value and novel-processed Development of new high value and
products and utilization of novel processed products and
by-products are lacking. utilization of by-products is
Standards for consistent quality of needed. (3–5 years)
processed products are lacking. Development of standard for consistent
quality of processed products
is needed. (3–5 years)
Socioeconomics There is absence of economic assess- Different technologies need to be

and Marketing ment of different technologies assessed economically. (3–5 years)
generated for banana. Timely market information and
Timely market of information and intelligence for fresh banana and
intelligence for fresh banana banana chips must be provided.
and banana chips is lacking. (3–5 years)
Marketing strategies for selected Development of marketing strategies for
banana varieties and their products selected banana variation and their
are lacking. products is needed. (3–5 years)
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 33

need to focus on generation and utilization
Mango of technological innovations that will
address the short- and long-term competi-
Based on the SWOT analysis of tiveness of the country’s mango products
the mango industry, the S&T interventions (Table 17).
Table 17. S&T interventions for mango: short - and long-term research thrust.
Preproduction
Variety There is lack of improved Carabao Superior ‘Carabao’ mango seedlings

variety with better fruit quality trees with large fruits (average-
(size, color, peel thickness), 350–400 g) must be selected.
longer shelf life, and resistance to (3–5 years)
adverse environmental conditions Superior varieties/strain through
The eight registered Carabao strains conventional and nonconven-
have not been tested in different tional breeding (improved
locations. quality, long shelf life, resistance
Alternate variety for export is lacking to pest and diseases, and
Further verification of procedures for tolerance to adverse conditions
varietal identification needs to be must be developed. (20 years)
studied. Introduction and performance
Dioxyribonucleic acid (DNA) finger- evaluation of export-accepted
printing of varieties and strains foreign varieties must be done.
needs to be studied. (ten years)
Selection of rootstock species/
varieties with dwarfing influence
is needed. (ten years)
Development of procedures for
improved varietal identification
through morphological,
biochemical, and DNA finger-
printing is needed. (3–5 years)
Planting Present method of propagation Development of efficient propagation

materials (cleft grafting) is wasteful method is needed. (3–5 years)
of scion materials.
There is lack of knowledge on
the best rootstocks.
There is poor certification and
accreditation system of mango
nurseries (D).
There is lack of supply of quality
planting materials (grafted) (D).
There is no concerted effort to
establish scion groves (D).

Production
Planting density There is lack of technology on Influence of dwarfing rootstock,

management of high density growth regulators, and pruning
planted trees. on high density planted mango
trees must be determined.
(ten years)
Training and Technology on how to properly Studies on training and pruning

pruning train young trees and prune of young and mature mango
mature trees is lacking. trees are needed. (ten years)
Nutrition Critical nutrient levels on Carabao Critical nutrient levels on Carabao

mango leaves are not yet mango leaves need to be
established. established. (3–5 years)
Nutrient management in relation Study on the influence of nutrition
to tree phenology is not yet on fruit growth and development
established. is needed. (3–5 years)
Deficiency symptoms (leaves) and Studies on mineral nutrition are
physiological disorders (fruits) needed.
are not yet studied.
Nutrition and fruit development
relationship is not known.
Water relations Optimum water requirement Influence of irrigation on fruit

based on tree phenology is growth and development should
not known. be determined. (3–5 years)
Water relations and fruit develop-
ment are not known.
Flower induction There is erratic/nonuniform Biochemical and physiological

flushing. bases of flowering need to be
Vegetative growth regulation established. (3–5 years)
is not known. Vegetative growth by physical and
Simple indices to determine chemical treatments need to be
readiness to flower need to regulated. (3–5 years)
be established. Flower induction studies in young,
pruned trees under high-density
planting are needed. (3–5 years)
Crop protection Site- and situation-specific pest Development of site- and situation-
management is not yet established. specific pest management
Bioecology and epidemiology of is needed. (3–5 years)
mango pest and diseases in Studies on bio-ecology and
different agro-ecosystems are epidemiology of mango pests in
not fully known. different agro-ecosystems are
needed. (3–5 years)
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 35

Postharvest System There is short shelf life. Alternative disinfestation technique

Fruits are susceptibile to is needed. (3–5 years)
physiological disorders. Control of postharvest diseases
Improvement of inter-island is needed. (3–5 years)
handling system needs to Inter-island handling system needs
be studied. improvement. (3–5 years)
Processing There is lack of standard for Improvement of quality of mango

and Utilization consistent quality of products is needed. (3–5 years)
processed products. New product lines should be
There is limited product lines. developed. (3–5 years)
Commercialization of existing Quality standards should be
technologies (D) needs to be established.
studied.
Socioeconomics There is high production cost. Different technologies needs to be

and Marketing Marketing system is multi-layered. econmically assessed. (3–5 years)
Market information is unreliable. Timely market information and
intelligence for fresh and
processed mango are needed.
(3–5 years)
Marketing strategies for selected
mango varieties and their
products need to be be developed.
(3–5 years)

Technology Forecasts
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Banana Mango
T he Philippine government envisions for

long-term R&D interventions that
generate basic information and technologies
For the mango industry to be more
competitive, an improve systems approach,
which should lead to an increase of quality
to ensure improved productivity and fruits on industry-wide basis, will be
competitive quality banana products. R&D adopted to address the specific technology
utilization will accelerate promotion and needs of identified systems for mango and
adoption of technologies. This will ensure provide models to demonstrate the viability
sustainability of production, likewise, socio- of transforming the disaggregated system
economic studies will help focus the R&D into an integrated one. It will support
needs of the industry as well as develop research activities towards sustaining the
marketing strategies for selected banana momentum gained by the previous projects
varieties. Table 18 presents the technology on mango. Technologies to be developed will
forecasts for the next 5–10 years. serve as instruments for the transformation
of the mango industry into a more efficient
and integrated sector (Table 19).
Table 18. Technology forecasts on banana.
Area R&D Gaps Technology Forecasts
Preproduction
Variety Long-term germplasm conservation Within five years, long-term germplasm

(e.g., tissue culture, cryopreservation) conservation technique shall have
needs to be developed. (3–5 years) been developed.
Resistant cultivars to major pests Within ten years, genetically engineered

with improved horticultural cultivars resistant to major pests
characteristics through genetic with improved horticultural traits
engineering needs to be developed. shall have been developed.
(ten years)
Propagation Micropropagation technique needs Within five years, micropropagation

to be further improved. technique shall have been improved.
(3–5 years)
Strategic locations of TC labs and Within five years, TC labs shall have
techno transfer (D) need to be been established in strategic
identified. (3–5 years) locations (D).
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 37

Production
Planting density Appropriate planting density for Within five years, appropriate planting
major cultivars needs to be density for major cultivar shall have
established. (3–5 years) been established.
Nutrition Critical nutrient levels for major Within five years, critical nutrient levels
cultivars need to be established. in leaf tissue of major cultivars shall
(3–5 years) have been established.
Nutrient requirements of major cultivars Within five years, nutrient (fertilizer)
during fruit growth and development requirements during fruit growth and
need to be established. (3–5 years) development of major cultivars shall
have been established.
Water relations Water requirements based on crop Within five years, role of water on plant
phenology need to be determined. and fruit growth and development
(3–5 years) shall have been established.
Influence of water on fruit growth and
development needs to be determined.
(3–5 years)
Crop protection Pest biology, behavior, and ecology Within five years, pest biology, behavior,
need to be determined. (3–5 years) and ecology shall have been studied.
Disease epidemiology needs to be Within five years, disease epidemiology
determined. (3–5 years) shall have been studied.
Development of site and situation- Within five years, site and situation-
specific IPM technology package specific IPM technology packaged
is needed. (3–5 years) shall have been developed.
Cropping system Sustainable banana-based Within five years, sustainable banana-

cropping systems is needed. based cropping systems shall have
(3–5 years) been established.
Cropping system for typhoon-prone Within five years, appropriate cropping
areas is needed. (3–5 years) system for typhoon-prone areas shall
have been established
Postharvest System Determination of maturity indices, Within five years, maturity indices,
storage requirement, ripening storage requirement, ripening
regulation, and physiological regulation, and physiological
disorders is needed. (3–5 years) disorders shall have been known.
Importance of packaging, grading, and Within five years, improved packaging,
transport system needs to be grading, and transport system shall
stressed. (3–5 years) have been developed.
Development of postharvest treatment Within five years, postharvest
to reduce loss due to pests and treatments to reduce loss due to pests
diseases is needed. (3–5 years) and diseases shall have been
established.
Processing Processing facilities in production Within five years, processing facilities

and Utilization areas (D) need to be established. in production areas shall have been
(3–5 years) established (D).
Development of new high value and Within five years, new high value and
novel processed products and novel processed products and
utilization of by-products is needed. utilization of by products shall have
(3–5 years) been developed.

Development of standards for consistent Within five years, quality standards for
quality of processed products processed products shall have been
is needed. (3–5 years) developed.
Socioeconomics Economic assessment of different Within five years, economic analysis of

and Marketing technologies is needed. different technologies shall have been
(3–5 years) available.
Timely market information and Within five years, timely market
intelligence for fresh banana and information and intelligence for fresh
banana chips are needed. banana and banana chips shall have
(3–5 years) been in place.
Marketing strategies for selected Within five years, marketing strategies
banana varieties and their products for selected banana varieties and
need to be developed. (3–5 years) their products shall have been
developed.
Table 19. Technology forecasts on mango.
Preproduction
Variety Selection of superior Carabao mango Within five years, Carabao mango
strains with large fruits (average- strains with large fruits (350–400 g)
350–400 g) is needed. (3–5 years) shall have been selected.
Development of superior varieties/ Within 20 years superior varieties/
strain through conventional and strains through conventional and
non-conventional breeding non-conventional breeding (improved
(improved quality, extend shelf-life, quality, extended shelf-life,
resistance to pest and diseases, resistant to pests and diseases
and tolerance to adverse conditions) conditions) shall have been
is needed. (20 years) developed.
Introduction and performance Within ten years, export-accepted foreign
evaluation of export-accepted mango varieties shall have been
foreign varieties are needed. introduced and their initial
(ten years) performance evaluated.
Selection of rootstock species/ Within ten years, suitable species/
varieties with dwarfing varieties with dwarfing influence
influence is needed. on the Carabao mango shall have
(ten years) been selected.
Development of procedures for varietal Within five years, improved procedures
identification through morphological, for varietal identification through
biochemical, and DNA fingerprinting morphological, bio-chemical, and
is needed. (3–5 years) DNA fingerprinting shall have been
established.
Planting materials Development of efficient propagation Within five years, a more efficient
method is needed. propagation method shall have been
(3–5 years) developed.
Influence of dwarfing rootstock, growth Within ten years, the right rootstocks
regulators, and pruning on high- for the Carabao mango shall have
density planted mango trees been identified.
needs to be studied. (ten years)
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 39

Production
Planting density Influence of dwarfing rootstock, growth Within ten years, high-density planting
regulators, and pruning on high- system using dwarfing rootstock,
density planted mango trees training/pruning, and growth
needs to be studied. (ten years) regulators shall have been identified.
Training and Training and pruning studies of young Within ten years, training and pruning
pruning and mature mango trees needs system for young and mature mango
to be done. (ten years) trees shall have been developed.
Nutrition Establishment of critical nutrient Within five years, critical nutrient levels
levels on Carabao mango leaves on Carabao mango leaves shall have
is needed. (3–5 years) been established.
Influence of mineral nutrients on Within five years, the role of mineral
fruit growth and development elements on fruit growth and
needs to be studied. (3–5 years) development shall have been
determined.
Water relations Influence of irrigation on fruit growth Within five years, the effect of water on
and development needs to be fruit growth and development shall
studied. (3–5 years) have been determined.
Flower induction Biochemical and physiological Within five years, biochemical and
bases of flowering are needed. physiological bases of flowering shall
(3–5 years) have been established.
Regulation of vegetative growth by Within five years, regulation of
physical and chemical treatments vegetative growth in mango shall
is needed. (3–5 years) have been established.
Flower induction in young, pruned Within five years flower induction in
trees under high density planting young, pruned mango trees under high
needs to be studied. density planting shall have been
(3–5 years) achieved.
Crop protection Development of site - and situation- Within five years, site- and situation-
specific pest management specific pest management shall have
is needed. (3–5 years) been developed.
Bio-ecology and epidemiology of mango Within five years, bio-ecology and
pests in different agro-ecosystems epidemiology of mango pests in
are needed. (3–5 years) different agro-ecosystems shall have
been known.
Within five years, population dynamics
of mango pests in relation to crop
phenology shall have been known.
Postharvest System Alternative disinfestation technique Within five years, alternative

needs to be established. (3–5 years) disinfestation techniques and control
Control of postharvest diseases of postharvest diseases shall have
needs to be set. (3–5 years) been established.
Improvement of inter-island handling Within five years, improved inter-island
system is needed. (3–5 years) handling system shall have been
developed.

Processing Improvement of quality of mango Within five years, quality standard for
and Utilization products is needed. (3–5 years) processed products shall have been
Development of new product lines developed.
is needed. (3–5 years) Within five years, new products lines with
commercial value shall have been
developed.
Socioeconomics Economic assessment of different Within five years, economic analysis of

and Marketing technologies is needed. different technologies shall have
(3–5 years). been available.
Timely market information and Within five years, timely market
intelligence for fresh and information and intelligence for fresh
processed mango are needed. and processed mango shall have been
(3–5 years). in place.
Develop marketing strategies for Within five years, marketing strategies
selected mango varieties and their for selected mango varieties and
products need to be developed. their products shall have been
(3–5 years) developed.
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 41

Major R&D Programs
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Banana Mango
Varietal Improvement Varietal Improvement
z Development of germplasm conser- z Development of superior varieties/

vation techniques/methodologies strains through conventional and non-
z Development of cultivars resistant to conventional breeding
major pests with improved horticultural
characteristics through genetic Planting Materials and Density
engineering
z Development of efficient grafting
Nutrition and Water Relations methods
z Influence of dwarfing rootstock, growth
z Establishment of critical nutrient levels regulators, and pruning on high density
and water requirement during fruit planted mango trees
growth and development
Nutrition and Water Relations
Crop Protection
z Establishment of critical nutrient levels
z Development of site - and situation- and water requirements during fruit
specific IPM growth and development
Development of Postharvest System, Crop Protection

Processing, and Utilization
Technologies z Development of site- and situation-
specific IPM
z Determination of maturity indices
z Improvement of packaging, grading, and Development of Postharvest System,
transport system Processing, and Utilization
z Development of new processed products Technologies
and quality standards for processed
products z Determination of maturity indices
z Improvement of packaging, grading, and
Socioeconomics Studies transport system
z Development of new processed products
z Economic assessment of different and quality standards for processed
technologies products
z Development of marketing strategies

Development of Postharvest System,
Processing, and Utilization
Technologies
z Control of postharvest disease

z Improvement/development of processed
products
Socioeconomics and Marketing Study
z Technology and marketing assessment
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 43

Recommendations
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Banana Mango
z Intensify germplasm collection, z Focus development activities on

evaluation, maintenance, and breeding accreditation of mother trees, establish-
z Introduce other varieties for export to ment of scion groves, nursery accredi-
maintain competitiveness. Other tation, and mass propagation of quality
promising varieties that may be planting materials.
developed are Lakatan, Señorita, z Apply other propagation techniques to
Latundan, and Morado. enhance rapid multiplication of quality
z Enhance micropropagation techniques planting materials.
for use in virus elimination, institu- z Develop superior varieties/strains
tionalize indexing techniques through conventional and non-
z Develop disease-free/certified planting conventional methods (longer shelf life,
materials quality, resistance to pests/diseases,
z Conduct policy studies on agrarian tolerance to adverse environment, etc.).
reform, use of idle lands for fruit z Continuously involve the private sector
plantation, hectarage limit to banana, to make R&D relevant to their needs
quarantine regulations, product (i.e., exporters with specific preference
standards and safety, export procedures, for exportable mangoes). Their
etc. participation can be in terms of sharing
z Enhance the effectiveness of coope- technologies and/or facilities for
ratives and producers’ group in research projects.
technology adoption, advocacy, and
support services

References
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Bureau of Agricultural Statistics, 1999, 2000, 2001.

DOST-UNDP. Achieving international competitiveness through technology
development and transfer. Assessment report: export winners, 1995.
DOST-PCARRD. Enhancing productivity of the Philippine mango industry, 2000. –
(Unpublished).
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) website, 2001. http://.www.fao.org/
Foreign Trade Statistics, 2001.
PCARRD. Integrated R&D Program on Mango. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 1998. –
(Unpublished).
________. The mango industry. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 1996. – (Situationer).
________. The banana industry. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 1996. – (Situationer).
________. National Agriculture and Resources R&D Network. Los Baños, Laguna:
PCARRD, 1998. – (Unpublished).
________. S&T Anchor Program for Banana. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 2002. –
(Unpublished).
________. S&T Anchor Program for Mango. Los Baños, Laguna: PCARRD, 2001. –
(Unpublished).
PCARRD-DA-BAR. The Philippine RDE Agenda for the Modernization of Fruit Industry,
1999. – (Unpublished).
Pabuayon, I.M. Fruits program area research planning and prioritization: background
analysis. PIDS-BAR Project, 2001.
Philippine Statistical Year Book, 2000, NSCB.
The Banana Technical Committee. The Philippines recommends for banana. Los Baños,
Laguna: PCARRD, 1988.
The Mango Technical Committee. The Philippines recommends for mango. Los Baños,
Laguna: PCARRD, 1994.
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 45

Appendix
Appendix 1
1
○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Major Technological Milestones, 1990–2000
Area Technology/Information Generated
Banana
Preproduction
Variety z Banana cultivars/accessions in the Southeast Asian

Banana Germplasm Resource Center
Propagation z Tissue-cultured banana nursery for small banana

growers
z Improved technique for banana mass propagation
z Performance of tissue-cultured banana plants
z Rapid indexing of virus-disease in Musa spp.
z Shoot culture technique for banana
Production
Planting Density z Appropriate population density for Cardaba banana
Cropping System z Intercropping durian with ‘Lakatan’ banana and/or in

coconut
z Modified banana cropping system for the Ilocos Region
Crop Protection z Community-based control strategies and rehabilitation

of banana bunchy top disease affected areas
z Isolation/detection of viruslike particles in banana,
papaya, and citrus
z Control of bugtok in bananas
z Use of monoclonal antibody-based diagnostic kit for
rapid indexing of fruit crop diseases
z Inoculation techniques in screening for resistance to
banana leaf diseases
Postharvest z Harvesting index for Cardaba bananas

z Storage under in vitro and virus elimination of infected
banana plants
z MA storage for banana, papaya, and pineapple
Mango
Preproduction
Variety z Outstanding fruit crops and mango cultivars in Ilocos

Norte
z Mango accessions in National Mango R&D Center
(NMRDC) genebank

Area Technology/Information Generated
z Methods for the varietal identification of mango

z Characterization of Carabao mango collections
Propagation z Polyembryonic mango seedlings as source of planting

materials
z Pahutan: The best rootstock for commercial mango
production
Production
Nutrition z Effects of nitrogen phosphorus potassium (NPK) and

micronutrients on the yield and quality of mango
z Foliar fertilization for Guimaras-grown Carabao mango
Pruning z Optimized pruning techniques on mango
Crop Protection z Incidence of Hirsutella versicolor Petch. attacking

mango leafhopper, Idioscopus clypealis Leth.
z Neem extracts as potential biocontrol for mango hopper
z Control of fruit flies using MAT and sterile insect
techniques (SIT)
z Bionomics and control of the mango pulp weevil
(Sternochetus frigidus Fabr.) in Palawan
z Management of oriental fruitfly in Guimaras Island
z Preflowering reproductive bio-ecology of mango
leafhopper (Idioscopus clypealis Leth.) and associated
minor pests
z Control of scale insects in mango
Cropping System z Establishment of mango agriculture-based farming

system for hilly areas in La Union
Postharvest z Heat tolerances of the immature stages of fruit flies,

Bactrocera philipinensis and B. occipitalis
z Effects of HWT as control of anthracnose disease of
mango fruits in the hillylands
z HWT for improved quality of Carabao mango fruits in
the Ilocos
z CA storage to extend marketable life on Carabao
mango
z Action research project on mango packinghouse
Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 47

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OFFICE OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

In order to keep a top-caliber research system, PCARRD has streamlined its

Very truly yours,

PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY AND NATURAL

Los Baños, Laguna

National Fruit Crops R&D Team, 2002. R&D status

z Mr. Angelito T. Carpio

z Mr. Ruel S. Pagcaliwagan

ii ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... iii

P CARRD gratefully acknowledges the technical support, participation, and cooperation

iv ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Team Leader: Dr. Roberto E. Coronel

Members: Dr. Domingo E. Angeles

Ms. Rosemarie G. Castillo

Dr. Salvador P. Catelo

Dr. Hernani G. Golez

Dr. Maria Concepcion C. Lizada

Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... v

Dr. Oscar S. Opina

Ms. Daisy E. Tañafranca

Dr. Violeta N. Villegas

vi ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Foreword ...................................................................................................................... iii

PART I. R&D STATUS

PART II. R&D DIRECTIONS

Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... vii

1 Area and production of major fruits in the Philippines, 1998 ......................... 5

viii ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

1. Profile of major banana cultivars in terms of percent share in area

Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... ix

BAS - Bureau of Agricultural Statistics

x ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... xi

T he Philippine fruit industry contributes

T he Philippines is an archipelago of 7,100

equator, it has a warm and humid climate Area Production

Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 5

Banana, fresh/chips 1,170,658 1,231,182 1,270,573 1,162,429 1,164,072 69.98 0

Total 1,701,930 1,770,213 1,790,808 1,672,485 1,630,400 100.00 -0.98

B. Value 1,000 US$ FOB

Banana, fresh/chips 231,321 244,247 258,533 240,434 235,791 51.82 0.33

Total 439,346 965,293 493,428 474,474 493,566 100.00 1.45

Annual Average 573M

Harvest Area ( ‘000 ha)

Production Value (million P)

6 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

1993 and 1997

Production Volume (‘000 t)

Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 7

Area (ha) Production (t)

............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

Fig. 1. Profile of major banana cultivars in terms of percent share in area

Fig. 2. Profile of major banana cultivars in terms of percent share in volume,

Banana and Mango ......................................................................................................................................... 9

Fig. 3. Domestic utilization of banana

Mango is grown practically all over the

10 ............................................................................................................. R&D Status and Directions

India 1 11,000 18.86

Table 6. Quantity of banana exports, Philippines (‘000 t), 1999–2000.a

Item 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Average

Bananas, fresh 1,253.17 1.143.33 1,147.11 1,319.63 1,599.35 1,292.52

Table 7. Value of banana exports (M US$), 1996–2000.a