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1. Retain the subject and the quantity of the proposition The universal
sentence remains a universal sentence and a particular sentence
remains a particular sentence.
2. Change the quality of the proposition. The affirmative sentence will
be changed into a negative statement, and a negative sentence into
an affirmative sentence.
A proposition
[Senators] + [Are-Universal]
When we apply the precepts of the second rule, we shall add the word “no”
signifying the change of quality of the proposition, to the words “senators + are”
making it:
And to complete the whole set of words into the equivalent proporition,
the last rule has to be applied by changing the original predicate term into its
complementary term ‘non-elected officials.”
E-Proposition
Notice that the word “not” and the prefix “non” perform different
roles logically. The “not” is part of the copula or the qualifier and it determines
the quality of the proposition whereas the “non” is part of the predicate term
and it helps identify the predicate class. The obverse of an I proposition is
always an O proposition.
O-proposition
The obverse of “Some cars are not Honda-Civics.” Is “Some cars are
non-honda-civics.” Again, consider its truth-value and don’t be confused with
the word “not” and “non.” The obverse of an O proposition is always an I
proposition.
To sum up, there are four possible schemes under obversion, namely, A,
to E, E to A, I to O, and O to I. A to A, E to E, I to I, and O to O are not possible
under obversion for they would suggest retention of the same propositional
quality and thus will violate the prescribed rules of obversion specifically to that
of the second rule.