Multivariate Data &

Representations

Information Visualization
April. 30, 2008
Carsten Görg

Slides adapted
from John Stasko

Housekeeping

• Second assignment due today

• Important Dates on Webpage

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Agenda

• Data forms and representations

• Basic representation techniques
• Multivariate (>3) techniques

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Data Sets

• Data comes in many different forms

• Typically, not in the way you want it

• How is stored (in the raw)?

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Example

• Cars
− make
− model
− year
− miles per gallon
− cost
− number of cylinders
− weights
− ...

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Data Tables

• Often, we take raw data and transform it

into a form that is more workable
• Main idea:
− Individual items are called cases
− Cases have variables (attributes)

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Data Table Format

Case1 Case2 Case3 ...

Variable1 Value11 Value21 Value31

Variable2 Value12 Value22 Value32

Variable3 Value13 Value23 Value33

...

Think of as a function
f(case1) = <Val11, Val12,…>

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Example

Mary Jim Sally Mitch ...

M-Nr. 145 294 563 823

Age 23 17 47 29

Hair brown black blonde red

Grade 2.9 3.7 3.4 2.1

...

People in class

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 Example

Baseball
statistics

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Variable Types

• Three main types of variables

− N-Nominal (equal or not equal to other
values)
Example: gender
− O-Ordinal (obeys < relation, ordered set)
Example: degrees – Bachelor, Master, PhD
− Q-Quantitative (can do math on them)
Example: age

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Metadata

• Descriptive information about the data

− Might be something as simple as the type of
a variable, or could be more complex
− For times when the table itself just isn’t
enough
− Example: if variable1 is “l”, then variable3
can only be 3, 7 or 16

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How Many Variables?

• Data sets of dimensions 1, 2, 3 are

common
• Number of variables per class
− 1 - Univariate data
− 2 - Bivariate data
− 3 - Trivariate data
− >3 - Hypervariate data

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Representation

• What’s a common way of visually

representing multivariate data sets?
• Graphs! (not the vertex-edge ones)

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Good Example

www.nationmaster.com

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Basic Symbolic Displays

• Graphs Å
• Charts
• Maps
• Diagrams

From:
S. Kosslyn, “Understanding charts
and graphs”, Applied Cognitive
Psychology, 1989.

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1. Graph

Showing the relationships between variables’

values in a data table

100

80

60
East
40 W est
20 North

0
1st 2nd 3rd 4th
Q tr Q tr Qtr Qtr

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Properties

• Graph
− Visual display that illustrates one or more
relationships among entities
− Shorthand way to present information
− Allows a trend, pattern or comparison to be
easily comprehended

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Issues

• Critical to remain task-centric

− Why do you need a graph?
− What questions are being answered?
− What data is needed to answer those
questions?
− Who is the audience?

money

time
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Graph Components

• Framework
− Measurement types, scale
• Content
− Marks, lines, points
• Labels
− Title, axes, ticks

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Other Symbolic Displays

• Chart
• Map
• Diagram

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2. Chart

• Structure is important, relates entities to each other

• Primarily uses lines, enclosure, position to link entities

Examples: flowchart, family tree, org chart, ...

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3. Map

• Representation of spatial relations

• Locations identified by labels

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 Choropleth Map

Areas are filled

and colored
differently to
indicate some
attribute of that
region

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Cartography

• Cartographers and map-makers have a

wealth of knowledge about the design
and creation of visual information artifacts
− Labeling, color, layout, …
• Information visualization researchers
should learn from this older, existing area

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4. Diagram

• Schematic picture of object or entity

• Parts are symbolic

Examples: figures, steps in a manual, illustrations,...

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Details

• What are the constituent pieces of these

four symbolic displays?

• What are the building blocks?

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Visual Structures

• Composed of
− Spatial substrate
− Marks
− Graphical properties of marks

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Space

• Visually dominant
• Often put axes on space to assist
• Use techniques of
composition, alignment, folding,
recursion, overloading to
1) increase use of space
2) do data encodings

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Marks

• Things that occur in space

− Points
− Lines
− Areas
− Volumes

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Graphical Properties

• Size, shape, color, orientation...

Spatial properties Object properties

Expressing Position
Grayscale
extent Size

Differentiating Orientation Color

marks Shape
Texture

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Back to Data

• What were the different types of data

sets?
• Number of variables per class
− 1 - Univariate data
− 2 - Bivariate data
− 3 - Trivariate data
− >3 - Hypervariate data

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Univariate Data

• Representations

7 Bill
Tukey box plot
5
low Middle 50% high
3

1
Mean

0 20

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What goes where
• In univariate representations, we often think of the data
case as being shown along one dimension, and the
value in another
Line Bar
graph graph

Y-axis is quantitative Y-axis is quantitative

variable variable

See changes over Compare relative point

consecutive values values
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Alternative View

• We may think of graph as representing

independent (data case) and dependent
(value) variables
• Guideline:
− Independent vs. dependent variables
Put independent on x-axis
See resultant dependent variables along y-axis

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 Bivariate Data

• Representations

Scatter plot is common

price

Two variables, want to

see relationship

Each mark is now mileage Is there a linear, curved or

a data case random pattern?

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Trivariate Data

• Representations

3D scatter plot is possible

price

horsepower

mileage

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Alternative Representation

Still use 2D but have

mark property
represent third
variable

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Alternative Representation

Represent each variable

in its own explicit way

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Hypervariate Data

• Ahhh, the tough one

• Number of well-known visualization
techniques exist for data sets of 1-3
dimensions
− line graphs, bar graphs, scatter plots OK
− We see a 3-D world (4-D with time)
• What about data sets with more than 3
variables?
− Often the interesting, challenging ones

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Multiple Views

Give each variable its own display

1
A B C D E
1 4 1 8 3 5 2
2 6 3 4 2 1
3 5 7 2 4 3 3
4 2 6 3 1 5

A B C D E
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Scatterplot Matrix

Represent each possible

pair of variables in their
own 2-D scatterplot

Useful for what?

Misses what?

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Chernoff Faces

Encode different variables’ values in characteristics

of human face

Cute applets: http://www.cs.uchicago.edu/~wiseman/chernoff/

http://hesketh.com/schampeo/projects/Faces/chernoff.html

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Paper Recap

“Multidimensional Information Visualization

Through Sliding Rods”
Tom Lanning, Kent Wittenburg,
Micheal Heinrichs, Christina Fyock, Glenn Li
AVI 2000

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Introduction

• Two types of interaction paradigms for

Web Information Finding
− Browsing
− Query/Response
• Motivation for MultiNav
− Easy to use techniques for multidimensional
visualization
− Integrate attribute info. with individual item
browsing

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MultiNav

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Attributes as sliding rods

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Sources Used

CMS book
Referenced articles
Marti Hearst SIMS 247 lectures
Kosslyn ‘89 article
A. Marcus, Graphic Design for Electronic Documents
and User Interfaces
M. Monmonier, How to Lie with Maps
W. Cleveland, The Elements of Graphing Data
C. H. Yu, Visualization Techniques of Different Dimensions
http://seamonkey.ed.asu.edu/~behrens/asu/reports/compre/comp1.html
http://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/healey/PP/PP.html

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