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PROBLEM
1. Gauss – Seidel
2. Newton – Raphson
3. Fast Decoupled
At iteration k,
1 Pp jQp n
Ekp 1 YpqE q
Ypp Ek q1*
p q p
p = 1, 2, …, n p ≠ swing
where:
k fp›q
k 1 if p ‹ q
For a load bus (or generator bus) where P and Q are specified, the above
equation is used directly to compute the next estimate of the bus voltage.
For generator buses (where P and V) are specified, the equation cannot
be used directly since Qp unknown. The procedure for generator buses follows
Ek k k
p Vp p
2. Define
Pp jQp E kp(new )
* n
YpqE q
q 1
Qkp Qmax
Ek k k
p Vp p
c.) If Qmin Qkp Qmax , the generator can maintain the specified
voltage.
Ekp(new
1 k k
) E p E p
1 2
3 4
Generation Load
Bus No. V(p.u.) δ (deg.) Type
MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 1.05 0.0 0 0 Swing
2 0.0 0.0 80 60 Load
3 0.0 0.0 100 60 Load
4 1.05 100 40 30 Generator
where:
n = no. of busses
GAUSS – SEIDEL LOAD FLOW
Iteration 0:
1 P2 jQ 2 0
E12 Y E Y E 0
Y E
21 1 23 3 24 4
Y22 E 0 *
2
1 0.8 j( 0.6)
E12 [ - (-1.17647 + j5.29412)(1.05)
Y22 1.0
- (-0.48077 + j2.40385)(1.0)
- (-1.92308 + j9.61538)(1.05)]
2.93530 j17.45882
E12
3.58032 j17.31335
1 P3 jQ 3
E13 Y31E1 Y32E12 Y34 E 04
Y33 E 0 *
3
1 1.0 j(0.6)
E13 [ - (-0.49505 +j4.95050)(1.05)
Y33 1.0
- (-0.48077 + j2.40385)(1.00137∕∕-2.1401)
- (-1.37615 + j4.58716)(1.05)]
1.35596 j11.83798
E13
2.35197 j11.94151
Estimate Q 04
P4 jQ 4 E 04 (new ) * Y41E1 Y42E12 Y43E13 Y44 E 04 (new)
P4 jQ 4 1.05 [0 + (-1.92308 + j9.61538)(1.00137∕∕-2.1401)
+ (-1.37615 +j4.58716)(0.97900∕∕-4.60785)
+ (3.29923 – j14.20254)(1.05)]
= 0.96312 – j0.66609
Q 04 0.66609 p.u.
(0)
Q 4 , gen 0.66609 0.3 = 0.96609 p.u. (within limits)
1 P4 jQ 4
E14 Y41E1 Y42E12 Y43E13
Y44 E 0 *
4
where:
1 0.6 j0.66609
E14 [ - 0 – (-1.92308 +j9.61538)(1.00137∕∕-
Y44 1.05
2.1401)
- (-1.37615 + j4.58716)(0.97900∕∕-4.60785)]
3.11836 j14.62695
E14
3.29923 j14.20254
Iteration 1:
1 0.8 j( 0.6)
E 22
Y22
[
E12
* - (-1.17647 + j5.29412)(1.05)
1 1.0 j( 0.6)
E 23
Y33
[
E13
* - (-0.49505 +j4.95050)(1.05)
- (-0.48077 + j2.40385)(0.98396∕∕-3.31426)
- (-1.37615 + j4.58716)(1.02572∕∕-1.0429)]
Estimate Q14
1
P4 jQ 4 E14 Y
*
41E1 Y42E 22 Y43E 23 Y44E 4 (new )
1
We get
P4 jQ 4 0.99637 j0.93998
1 0.6 j0.7 2
E 24 ( 1.92308 j9 .61538 )E 2
( 1 .37615 j 4 .58716 )E
2 3
Y44 E14
*
We get
End of iteration 1.
MW gen = 224.1989
MVAR gen = 174.2612
MW Load = 220.0000
MVAR Load = 150.0000
Total I2R MW Losses = 4.2361
Total I2X MVAR Losses = 24.3641
Total Charging MVAR = 0.0000
n
Pp Vp Vq Ypq cos p q pq
q 1
n
Q p Vp Vq Ypq sin p q pq
q 1
Pp is known for all buses except the swing
Qp is known for all load buses
Systems of Equations
:
Q SP
j Q j (1 , 2 ,... i , V1 , V2 ...Vj )
where:
or
P P
P V
Q Q
Q V
V
1 , 2 , i and V1 , V2 , V j
Re – write
P1 P1 P1 P1 P1 P1
P1SP P1 V1 V2 Vj 1
1 2 i V1 V2 Vj
P2 P2 P2 P P P
P SP P V1 2 V2 2 Vj 2 2
2 2 1 2 i V1 V2 Vj
Pi Pi Pi P Pi Pi
SP V1 i V2 Vj i
Pi Pi 1 2 i V1 V2 Vj
Q SP Q Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 Q1 V1
1 1
V1 V2 Vj V1
1 2 i V1 V2 Vj V
Q SP Q Q 2 Q 2 Q2 Q2 Q2 Q2 2
2 2 V1 V2 Vj V2
1 2 i V1 V2 Vj
V
SP Q j Q j Qj Qj Qj Qj j
Q j Q j
i
V1
V1
V2
V2
Vj
Vj
Vj
1 2
P P
V
P V
Q Q
V
Q V
V V
P J1 J2
Q J 3 J 4 V
Pp
n
Vp Vq Ypq sin p q pq
p q 1
qp
Pp
q
Vp Vq Ypq sin p q pq
Jacobian Matrix 2 (J2)
Pp 2
Vp Pp Vp Ypp cos pp
Vp
Pp
Vq
Vq
Vp Vq Ypq cos p q pq
Qp
n
Vp Vq Ypq cos p q pq
p q 1
qp
Qp
q
Vp Vq Ypq cos p q pq
Qp 2
Vp Q p Vp Ypp sin pp
Vp
Qp
Vq
Vq
Vp Vq Ypq sin p q pq
The Jacobian matrices are evaluated every iteration. The unknowns and V
are solved using L/U Factorization.
k 1 k
p p p p = 1, 2, ...i
k 1 k
Vp Vp Vp p = 1, 2, …j
Check for convergence
Specified Values:
P2SP = - 0.80
P3SP = - 1.00
P4SP = 0.60
Q2SP = - 0.60
Q3SP = - 0.60
V1 = 1.05
V4 = 1.05
δ1 = 0.0
Initial Estimates:
0
δ2 = 0.000
0
δ3 = 0.000
0
δ4 = 0.000
0
V2 = 1.0
0
V3 = 1.0
No. of Equations:
n = 4 (no. of buses)
i =n–1=3
j =2
n
Ppk Vp Vq Ypq cos p q pq
q 1
n
Q kp Vp Vq Ypq sin p q pq
q 1
+ (1.0)2(17.67967)cos (0 – 0 + 78.32)
+ (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146)cos (0 – 0 – 101.31)
+ (1.0)(1.05)(9.8050)cos (0 – 0 – 101.31)
= -0.15625
+ (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146)cos (0 – 0 – 101.31)
+ (1.0)2(12.17093)cos (0 – 0 + 78.86)
+ (1.0)(1.05)(4.78914)cos (0 – 0 – 106.70)
= -0.09403
P40 = (1.05)(1.05)(0)cos (0 – 0 - 0)
+ (1.05)(1.0)(9.80580)cos (0 – 0 – 101.31)
+ (1.05)(1.0)(4.78914)cos (0 – 0 – 106.70)
+ (1.05)2(14.58071)cos (0 – 0 – 76.92)
= 0.17375
Q = (1.0)(1.05)(5.42326)sin (0 – 0 – 102.53)
2
0
+ (1.0)2(17.67967)sin (0 – 0 + 78.32)
+ (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146)sin (0 – 0 – 101.31)
+ (1.0)(1.05)(9.80580)sin (0 – 0 – 101.31)
= -0.74520
+ (1.0)(1.0)(2.45146)sin (0 – 0 – 101.31)
+ (1.0)2(12.17093)sin (0 – 0 + 78.86)
+ (1.0)(1.05)(4.78914)sin (0 – 0 – 106.70)
= -0.47677
Q p0 Q pSP Q p0
Elements of J1:
Pp
n
Vp Vq Ypq sin p q pq
p q 1
qp
Pp
q
Vp Vq Ypq sin p q pq
P2
(1.0)(1.05)(5.42326) sin (0 0 102.53)
2
(1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) sin (0 0 101.31)
(1.0)(1.05)(9.80580) sin (0 0 101.31)
5.55880 2.40385 10.09614
18.05879
P2
(1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) sin (0 0 101.31)
3
2.40385
P2
(1.0)(1.05)(9.80580) sin (0 0 101.31)
4
10.09614
P3
(1.0)(1.0)(2.45146 ) sin (0 0 101.31)
2
2.40385
P3
(1.0)(1.05)( 4.97519) sin (0 0 95.71)
3
(1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) sin (0 0 101.31)
(1.0)(1.05)( 4.78914) sin (0 0 106.70)
5.19803 2.40385 4.81650
12.41838
P3
(1.0)(1.05)( 4.78914 ) sin (0 0 106.70)
4
4.81650
P4
(1.05)(1.0)(9.80580) sin (0 0 101.31)
2
10.09614
P4
(1.05)(1.0)(4.78914) sin (0 0 106.70)
3
4.81650
P4
(1.05)(1.05)(0.0)
4
(1.05)(1.0)(9.80580) sin (0 0 101.31)
(1.05)(1.0)( 4.78914) sin (0 0 106.70)
0.0 10.09614 4.81650
14.91264
Elements of J2:
Pp 2
Vp Pp Vp Ypp cos pp
Vp
Pp
Vq
Vq
Vp Vq Ypq cos p q pq
P2 2
V2 P20 V2 Y22 cos 22
V2
0.15625 (1.0) 2 (17.67967) cos (78.32)
3.42292
P2
V3 V2 V3 Y23 cos ( 2 3 23 )
V3
(1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) cos (0 0 101.31)
0.48077
P3
V2 V3 V2 Y32 cos ( 3 2 32 )
V2
(1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) cos (0 0 101.31)
0.48077
P3 2
V3 P30 V3 Y33 cos 33
V3
0.09403 (1.0) 2 (12.17093) cos (78.86)
2.25748
P4
V2 V4 V2 Y42 cos ( 4 2 42 )
V2
(1.05)(1.0)(9.80580) cos (0 0 101.31)
2.01924
P4
V3 V4 V3 Y43 cos ( 4 3 43 )
V3
(1.05)(1.0)( 4.78914) cos (0 0 106.70)
1.44502
3.42292 0.48077
J2 0.48077 3.29607
2.01924 1.44502
Elements of J3:
Qp
n
Vp Vq Ypq cos p q pq
p q 1
qp
Qp
q
Vp Vq Ypq cos p q pq
Q2
V2 V1 Y21 cos ( 2 1 21 )
2
V2 V3 Y23 cos ( 2 3 23 )
V2 V4 Y24 cos ( 2 4 24 )
(1.0)(1.05)(5.42326) cos (0 0 102.53)
(1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) cos (0 0 101.31)
(1.0)(1.05)(9.80580) cos (0 0 101.31)
1.23541 0.48077 2.01924
3.73542
Q2
V2 V3 Y23 cos ( 2 3 23 )
3
(1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) cos (0 0 101.31)
0.48077
Q2
V2 V4 Y24 cos ( 2 4 24 )
4
(1.0)(1.05)(9.80580) cos (0 0 101.31)
2.01924
Q3
V3 V2 Y32 cos ( 3 2 32 )
2
(1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) cos (0 0 101.31)
0.48077
Q3
V3 V1 Y31 cos ( 3 1 31 )
3
V3 V2 Y32 cos ( 3 2 32 )
V3 V4 Y34 cos ( 3 4 34 )
(1.0)(1.05)( 4.97519) cos (0 0 95.71)
(1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) cos (0 0 101.31)
(1.0)(1.05)( 4.78914) cos (0 0 106.70)
0.51975 0.48077 1.44502
2.44504
Q3
V3 V4 Y34 cos ( 3 4 34 )
4
(1.0)(1.05)( 4.78914 ) cos (0 0 106.70)
1.44502
Elements of J4:
Qp 2
Vp Q p Vp Ypp sin pp
Vp
Qp
Vq
Vq
Vp Vq Ypq sin p q pq
Q2 2
V2 Q 02 V2 Y22 sin 22
V2
0.74520 (1.0) 2 (17.67967) sin 78.32
16.56839
Q2
V2 V2 V3 Y23 sin ( 2 3 23 )
V3
(1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) sin (0 0 101.31)
2.40385
Q3
V3 V3 V2 Y32 sin ( 3 2 32 )
V2
(1.0)(1.0)(2.45146) sin (0 0 101.31)
2.40385
Q3 2
V3 Q 03 V3 Y33 sin 33
V3
0.47677 (1.0) 2 (12.17093) sin 78.86
11.46484
16.56839 2.40385
J 4
2.40385 11.46484
V2 0.016500
V3 0.016643
1 0
2 2 2 0 (2.0424) 2.0424 o
1 0
3 3 3 0 (4.6963) 4.6963 o
1 0
4 4 4 0 (4.0986) 4.0986 o
MW gen = 224.2403
MVAR gen = 174.3901
MW Load = 220.0000
MVAR Load = 150.0000
Total I2R MW Losses = 4.2403
Total I2X MVAR Losses = 24.3900
Total Charging MVAR = 0.0000