Relationship with other Tibeto-Burman languages

The exact placement of Newar within the Tibeto-Burman language family has been a source of
controversies and confusion. The linguist Warren W. Glover classified Newar as a part of Bodic
subdivision using Shafer's terminology.[23] Professor Van Driem classified Newar within the
Mahakiranti grouping but he later retracted his hypothesis in 2003. Moreover, he proposed a
new grouping called "Maha-Newari" which possibly includes Baram–Thangmi.[24]

T. R. Kansakar attributes the difficulty about the placement of Newar to the inability of scholars
to connect it with the migration patterns of the Tibeto-Burman speakers. Since Newar separated
from rest of the family very early in history, it is difficult or at least arbitrary to reconstruct the
basic stratum that contributed to present day Newar speech. He underscored the point that the
language evolved from mixed racial/linguistic influences that do not lend easily to a neat
classification.[25]

A classification (based on Glover's) indicating percentage of shared vocabulary within the

labelled branch and an approximate time of split:

SINO-TIBETAN?

Non Bodic divisions

Example: Karen etc

Bodic Division (13%, 5000BC)ɫ

East Himalayish Subdivision

Example: Sunwar

Bodic Subdivision (19%, 3200BC)

Bodish Section
Tamang, Manang, Gurung, Thakali, Kaike, Tibetan, Sherpa

Kiranti Section

Examples: Limbu

West Central Himalayish Section ɞ (28%, 2200BC)

Chepang

Maha Newari ʌ

Baram–Thangmi

Pahri (unrelated to Pahari)

Dolkha Newari
Modern Nepal Bhasa

Indo-Aryanized (~50-60% lexicons)

ɫ "%" indicates lexical similarity/common vocabulary between Newar and the other languages in
the branch. The date indicates an approximate time when the language diverged.

ɞ Van Driem labelled this branch as "Parakiranti" and included it together with Kiranti branch to
form Maha Kiranti group. However, he would later drop this hypothesis.

ʌ All languages within this branch have extensive Indo-Aryan vocabulary. It is hypothesised that
either ancient IndoAryan admixture happened before Newar-Thangmi-Baram split or that
Thangmi-Baram borrowed through Newari.[26]

History and development

According to the linguist, Glover, Newari and the Chepang language must have diverged around
2200 BC. It is estimated that Newari shares 28% of its vocabulary with Chepang. At the same
time, a very large and significant proportion of Newari vocabulary is Indo-European in origin, by
one estimate more than 50%, indicating an influence of at least 1600 years from Indo-European
languages, first from Sanskrit, Maithili, Persian, and Urdu and today from Hindi, Nepali and
English.[27]

Newar words appeared in Sanskrit inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley for the first time in the
fifth century. The words are names of places, taxes and merchandise indicating that it already
existed as a spoken language during the Licchavi period (approximately 400-750 AD).[28]
Inscriptions in Newar emerged from the 12th century, the palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Bahah
being the first example.[29] By the 14th century, Newar had become an administrative language
as shown by the official proclamations and public notices written in it. The first books, manuals,
histories and dictionaries also appeared during this time. The Gopalarajavamsavali, a history of
Nepal, appeared in 1389 AD.[30] From the 14th century onwards, an overwhelming number of
stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley, where they are a ubiquitous element at heritage
sites, are in Newar.[31]

Newar developed as the court and state language of Nepal from the 14th to the late 18th
centuries.[14] It was the definite language of stone and copper plate inscriptions, royal decrees,
chronicles, Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts, official documents, journals, title deeds,
correspondence and creative writing. Records of the life-cycle ceremonies of Malla royalty and
the materials used were written in Newar.[32]

The period 1505–1847 AD was a golden age for Newar literature. Poetry, stories, epics and
dramas were produced in great numbers during this time which is known as the Classical Period.
Since then it entered a period of decline due to official disapproval and oftentimes outright
attempts to stamp it out.

Newar can be classified into the old and new eras. Although there is no specific demarcation
between the two, the period 1846–1941 AD during the Rana regime is taken as the dividing
period between the two.[33]

Ancient eraRelationship with other Tibeto-Burman languages

The exact placement of Newar within the Tibeto-Burman language family has been a source of
controversies and confusion. The linguist Warren W. Glover classified Newar as a part of Bodic
subdivision using Shafer's terminology.[23] Professor Van Driem classified Newar within the
Mahakiranti grouping but he later retracted his hypothesis in 2003. Moreover, he proposed a
new grouping called "Maha-Newari" which possibly includes Baram–Thangmi.[24]

T. R. Kansakar attributes the difficulty about the placement of Newar to the inability of scholars
to connect it with the migration patterns of the Tibeto-Burman speakers. Since Newar separated
from rest of the family very early in history, it is difficult or at least arbitrary to reconstruct the
basic stratum that contributed to present day Newar speech. He underscored the point that the
language evolved from mixed racial/linguistic influences that do not lend easily to a neat
classification.[25]

A classification (based on Glover's) indicating percentage of shared vocabulary within the

labelled branch and an approximate time of split:

SINO-TIBETAN?

Non Bodic divisions

Example: Karen etc

Bodic Division (13%, 5000BC)ɫ

East Himalayish Subdivision

Example: Sunwar

Bodic Subdivision (19%, 3200BC)

Bodish Section

Tamang, Manang, Gurung, Thakali, Kaike, Tibetan, Sherpa

Kiranti Section

Examples: Limbu

West Central Himalayish Section ɞ (28%, 2200BC)

Chepang

Maha Newari ʌ

Baram–Thangmi

Pahri (unrelated to Pahari)

Dolkha Newari

Modern Nepal Bhasa

Indo-Aryanized (~50-60% lexicons)

ɫ "%" indicates lexical similarity/common vocabulary between Newar and the other languages in
the branch. The date indicates an approximate time when the language diverged.

ɞ Van Driem labelled this branch as "Parakiranti" and included it together with Kiranti branch to
form Maha Kiranti group. However, he would later drop this hypothesis.

ʌ All languages within this branch have extensive Indo-Aryan vocabulary. It is hypothesised that
either ancient IndoAryan admixture happened before Newar-Thangmi-Baram split or that
Thangmi-Baram borrowed through Newari.[26]

History and development

According to the linguist, Glover, Newari and the Chepang language must have diverged around
2200 BC. It is estimated that Newari shares 28% of its vocabulary with Chepang. At the same
time, a very large and significant proportion of Newari vocabulary is Indo-European in origin, by
one estimate more than 50%, indicating an influence of at least 1600 years from Indo-European
languages, first from Sanskrit, Maithili, Persian, and Urdu and today from Hindi, Nepali and
English.[27]

Newar words appeared in Sanskrit inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley for the first time in the
fifth century. The words are names of places, taxes and merchandise indicating that it already
existed as a spoken language during the Licchavi period (approximately 400-750 AD).[28]

Inscriptions in Newar emerged from the 12th century, the palm-leaf manuscript from Uku Bahah
being the first example.[29] By the 14th century, Newar had become an administrative language
as shown by the official proclamations and public notices written in it. The first books, manuals,
histories and dictionaries also appeared during this time. The Gopalarajavamsavali, a history of
Nepal, appeared in 1389 AD.[30] From the 14th century onwards, an overwhelming number of
stone inscriptions in the Kathmandu Valley, where they are a ubiquitous element at heritage
sites, are in Newar.[31]

Newar developed as the court and state language of Nepal from the 14th to the late 18th
centuries.[14] It was the definite language of stone and copper plate inscriptions, royal decrees,
chronicles, Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts, official documents, journals, title deeds,
correspondence and creative writing. Records of the life-cycle ceremonies of Malla royalty and
the materials used were written in Newar.[32]

The period 1505–1847 AD was a golden age for Newar literature. Poetry, stories, epics and
dramas were produced in great numbers during this time which is known as the Classical Period.
Since then it entered a period of decline due to official disapproval and oftentimes outright
attempts to stamp it out.

Newar can be classified into the old and new eras. Although there is no specific demarcation
between the two, the period 1846–1941 AD during the Rana regime is taken as the dividing
period between the two.[33]

Ancient era

Newa cuisine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding
citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February
2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Newa cuisine (also referred to as Newar cuisine) is a subset of Nepalese cuisine that has
developed over centuries among the Newars of Kathmandu (Kathmandu is called Yen in Nepal
bhasa language), Nepal. Newa cuisine is the most celebrated food variety in the country that
consists of over 200 dishes. It is more elaborate than most Nepalese cuisines because the
Kathmandu Valley has exceptionally fertile alluvial soil and enough wealthy households to make
growing produce more profitable than cultivating rice and other staples.

Food is the integral part of Newar culture. Different kind of foods are prepared for different
occasions, considering the climate and nutritional needs for body. Newars are renowned for
their sumptuous feasting.[1] Dishes served during feasts and festivals have symbolic significance.
Contents

1 Lunch and dinner

1.1 Meat dishes

1.2 Vegetable dishes

1.3 Soups

1.4 Relishes

2 Lunch

3 Feast foods

3.1 Meat dishes

3.2 Vegetable dishes

3.3 Soups

4 Festival foods

4.1 Meat dishes

4.2 Vegetable dishes

5 Salads

6 Dessert

7 Drinks

8 Utensils

9 See also

10 References

11 External links

Lunch and dinner

Āmli Achār, relish made of Himalayan hog plum

Jā (boiled rice)
Meat dishes

Chuwelā (ground buffalo meat)

Pālulā (buffalo meat and ginger curry)

Senlāmu (raw ground buffalo liver seasoned with spices)

Gwarcha; Newa Cuisine

Vegetable dishes

Tarkāri (vegetable curry)

Wāunchā (green vegetables)

Tukan:chā

Palācha

Shākechā

Chōlechā

Soups

Ken (lentil soup)

Simi (Beans)

Mi (Fenugreek )

Aai Ka (Remaining rice after preparing rice beer)

Choohon (Tama in Nepali) (bamboo shoot)

Relishes

Achār (relish)

Lunch

A typical snack of beaten rice, vegetables, roasted meat and other sides

Baji (beaten rice)

Chatānmari (rice flour crepe)

Chhusyā (parched wheat)

Gophuki (puffed rice)

Gwārāmari (deep fried dough)

Hājā (Steamed rice)

Jākimari (rice flour pancake)

Kani (popcorn)

Kheyn Wo (fried egg)

Musyā (roasted soybean)

Sukulā (dried meat)

Wo (fried lentil cake) see

Bara(fried lentil cake with hole like donut)

Feast foods

Meat dishes

Sapu Mhichā, leaf tripe bag stuffed with bone marrow

Lapte Bhowe; Newa Cuisine

Dāyekālā (buffalo meat curry)

Dugulā (goat meat curry)

Heynlā (duck curry)

Bandella (wild wardrobe meat)

Changrala (mountain goat meat)

Khasilā (gelding goat meat)

Nyā (fish curry)

Sanya(small fish)

Chohi (steamed buffalo blood)

Janlā (marinated diced with skin raw meat)

Kachilā (marinated raw minced buffalo meat)

Khāyālā (chicken curry)

Me (buffalo tongue boiled, sliced and fried)

Pangra

Nhyapu (brains boiled, sliced and fried)

Nyāpukā (fried fish)

Pukālā (fried meat ampestine,liver,heart etc.)

Sanyā-khunā (spicy jellied fish soup)

Sapu Mhichā (leaf tripe bag stuffed with bone marrow)[2]

Swan Pukā (goat lungs filled with batter and boiled, sliced and fried)[3]

Takhā (jellied buffalo meat curry)

Vegetable dishes

Kwati mixed beans soup

Buba Kwā (beans curry)

Chhon Kwā (curry of bamboo shoots and potato)

Kwāti (soup made of nine types of sprouted beans)

Mee Kwā (curry of fenugreek seeds)

Pancha Kwā (mixed vegetable curry of bamboo shoots, potato, dried mushroom, dried radish
and blackeyed pea)

Soups

Bullā or Ka Kwā (soup made of the dregs of rice beer, diced spleen and other meats, bone
marrow and bone)
Chhyāllā (soup made of shredded pickled radish and diced variety meats)

Pāun Kwā (sour soup of Himalayan hog plum)[4]

Festival foods

Image of a Newa cuisine "Samaybaji"

Samaybaji (set of beaten rice, roasted meat, vegetables, cowpea, soybean and ginger)

Syābaji (parched rice)

Meat dishes

A plate of momo

Chhoylā (either boiled or smoked, sliced and marinated buffalo meat)

Ghalmal (mixed curry of diced lentil cake, green vegetables and leftover meat seasoned with
Nepal pepper)

Hāku Chhoylā (roasted, diced and marinated buffalo meat)

Momochā (dumplings filled with minced buffalo or chicken meat)

Kunyā (smoked fish)

Vegetable dishes

Chākuhi (boiled sweet potato)

Hāku Musyā (roasted black soybean mixed with oil and salt)

Lābhā (chopped garlic greens mixed with spices)

Pālu (diced raw ginger)

Salads

Dhau, yogurt in an earthen bowl

Kaywu (soaked field pea and garden pea)

Lain (sliced Radish)

Tusi (sliced Cucumber )

Dessert

Dhau (yogurt)

Marichari (may include anything sweet from soft milk based pastries to fried bread dipped in
caramel)

Laakhamari (made out of flour and sugar, cooked in hot oil)

Guulmari(made out of flour and sugar, cooked in hot oil)

Baalbara

Yomari(made out of chaku and floor and is steamed like momo)

Anarsha

Ainthe-Mari

Khajuri

Roowth

Fini

Nimki

Lakshmimari

Swaari

Malpha

Jeeri

Gud-Paak

Chimti

Aiti Mari

Drinks
Anti liquor jar and bowl

Aylā (liquor)

Thwon (rice beer)

Utensils

Newars cook, store and serve food and beverages in containers and utensils made of gold, silver,
copper, brass, iron, clay pottery, dried rice stalks, corn leaves and leaves of certain trees sewn
together with toothpicks to make plates and bowls. Food is eaten with bare hands. It is
customary to wash hands before and after a meal.

Anti (alcohol jar)

Bātā (basin)

Chupi (knife)

Dhampo (water pot)

Hāsā (round winnowing tray)

Karuwā (water jug)

Kholā (bowl)

Sali (small clay bowl)

Somā (earthen wine pitcher)

See also

List of Nepalese dishes

References

"On the Importance of Food". Retrieved 30 July 2014.

Vaidya, Tulasī Rāma; Mānandhara, Triratna; Joshi, Shankar Lal (1993). Social History of Nepal.
Anmol Publications. p. 168. ISBN 9788170417996.

Lonely Planet Nepal. Lonely Planet. 2012. ISBN 9781743213148. Retrieved 27 July 2014.

Tuladhar, Kamal (2003). English-Nepal Bhasa Dictionary. Kathmandu: J.R. Tuladhar. ISBN
9789993354437.
External links

http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/detail.php?article_id=14534&cat_id=10

http://www.nepalitimes.com/issue/2003/08/29/Leisure/3918

http://www.weallnepali.com/recipe/newari-food

http://www.gfcookingclub.com/tag/newari-food/

[show] v t e

Asian cuisine

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Cuisines

Categories: Nepalese cuisineNewari cuisine

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