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Showing posts sorted by relevance for query what is subject and object. Sort by date Show all posts

Showing posts sorted by relevance for query what is subject and object. Sort by date Show all posts
Monday, January 25, 2016

Transitive Verbs

Verbs in English can be divided into two groups:

Transitive verbs and Intransitive verbs.

TRANSITIVE VERBS
Transitive verbs require an object to complete their meaning.

Imagine that I say:

I bought.

This sentence is incomplete. There is information that is missing.

You are probably wondering what I bought. (What did you buy Rob?)

Why is this sentence incomplete?

Because BOUGHT (the past of buy) is a transitive verb and a transitive verb needs an object after it to
complete the sentence. The object after a transitive verb can be a noun or a pronoun.
I bought a car.

Now the sentence is complete and we can understand it. We added the object “a car” after the verb.

Let’s look at some other examples.

If someone says:
She likes. (incomplete - incorrect)

You probably think … She likes WHAT? (What does she like?)
Like is a transitive verb so we need an object after the verb.
She likes chocolate.

Now we know what she likes so this sentence is complete and correct.

The man stole a bike.

We need to say WHAT the man stole in order to understand the sentence/situation. Steal (stole is the
past tense of steal) is a transitive verb. The object in this sentence is the bike.

So we have seen that transitive verbs need an object after them.

This object receives the action of the verb.
Transitive verbs always ask “what?” or “whom?”
What did you buy? – I bought a car.
What did you cut? – I cut my finger.
Whom did she invite? – I invited Angelica.

Subject + transitive verb + object

The same rules apply to phrasal verbs.

If someone says: “I’m looking for”

You would automatically think “Looking for what? Looking for whom?”

We need to add an object to make the sentence complete.

I am looking for my passport.

My passport is the object (that you are looking for)

Transitive Verbs – Passive Form

Transitive verbs can have a passive form.
Active: Subject + transitive verb + object
Passive: Object + was/were + transitive verb (+ by subject)

Thieves stole his car. (active)

His car was stolen. (passive)
Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. (active)
The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison. (passive)
They sold some books. (active)
Some books were sold. (passive)

Example sentences using TRANSITIVE verbs

We enjoyed the concert.
I opened the door.
She kicked the ball.
He took me to a restaurant.
I saw an accident.
He copied my answer.

taken from:
http://www.grammar.cl/english/transitive-intransitive-verbs.htm

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Labels: Verbs

Saturday, June 6, 2015

Noun Clauses

What Are Noun Clauses?

A noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a noun. For example (noun clauses in red):
I like what I see.
I know that the tide is turning.
I've met the man who won the lottery.

Compare the three examples above to these:

I like cakes.
I know London.
I've met Madonna.

The words in blue are all nouns. This shows that clauses in red in the first three examples are functioning
as nouns, making them noun clauses.

Another example:

The "empanada" gave me heartburn.

("empanada" and "heartburn" are the nouns in this sentence. "Gave" is the verb and "empanada" is the
subject.)

But What About This One?

What I had for breakfast gave me heartburn.

(The verb is still "gave," but the subject is a noun clause: "What I had for breakfast.")

Like any noun, a noun clause can be a subject, an object, or a complement.

In a sentence, a noun clause will be a dependent clause. In other words, a noun clause does not stand
alone as a complete thought.

Examples of Noun Clauses:

-A person who trusts no one can't be trusted. (This noun clause is the subject of the sentence.)

-That he believes his own story is remarkable. (This noun clause is the subject of the sentence. Be aware
that starting a sentence with a noun clause starting That is acceptable, but it grates on lots of people's
ears. As a result, many writers prefer to precede it with "The fact…".)

-Ask your child what he wants for dinner only if he's buying. (This noun clause is the direct object of ask.)

-He knows all about art, but he doesn't know what he likes. (This noun clause is the direct object of
know.)

-It is even harder for the average ape to believe that he has descended from man. (This noun clause is
the direct object of believe.)

-"I never know how much of what I say is true". Bette Midler (This noun clause is an object of a
preposition.)

-Man is what he eats. (This noun clause is a subject complement.)

-"My one regret in life is that I am not someone else." Woody Allen (This noun clause is a subject
complement.)

Words that introduce noun clauses are:

WHOM, WHOSE, WHO, WHICH, WHAT, WHEN, WHY, HOW, WHERE, THAT

Taken from:
http://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/noun_clauses.htm

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Labels: Grammar, Level 17

Thursday, April 2, 2015

Passive Voice

Yes, this is a major headache for students to learn and for teachers to illustrate. Here is the easiest way
I've found to explain it.

Use of Passive:

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or
what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did
it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made
a mistake.).

Form of Passive:

Subject + finite form of verb To Be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)

Example: A letter was written.

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence

the finite form of the verb is changed (To Be + past participle) [Introduce the verb To Be in the same
tense as the original direct speech sentence]

the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

The following charts will make it easier for you to understand how to rewrite sentences from active
voice to passive voice.
Examples of Passive (easy)

Tense Subject Verb Object

Simple Present Active: Rita writes a letter.

Passive: A letter is written by Rita.

Simple Past Active: Rita wrote a letter.

Passive: A letter was written by Rita.

Present Perfect Active: Rita has written a letter.

Passive: A letter has been written by Rita.

Future Simple Active: Rita will write a letter.

(will)
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita.

Modal Verb Active: Rita can write a letter.

(can)
Passive: A letter can be written by Rita.

Examples of Passive (difficult)

Tense Subject Verb Object

Present Progressive Active: Rita is writing a letter.

Passive: A letter is being written by Rita.

Past Progressive Active: Rita was writing a letter.

Passive: A letter was being written by Rita.

Past Perfect Active: Rita had written a letter.

Passive: A letter had been written by Rita.

Future Perfect Active: Rita will have written a letter.

 Passive: A letter will have been written by Rita.

Conditional I Active: Rita would write a letter.

Passive: A letter would be written by Rita.

Conditional II Active: Rita would have written a letter.

Passive: A letter would have been written by Rita.

Passive Sentences with Two Objects (medium)

Passive Sentences with Two Objects (medium)Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive
voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which
object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on. 1

Subject Verb Object 1 Object 2

Active: Rita wrote a letter to me.

Passive: A letter was written to me by Rita.

Passive: I was written a letter by Rita.

Further study:

1.https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/passive

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Labels: Grammar, Level 08, level 09, Level 10

Tuesday, March 22, 2016

All - Every - Each,

All means the total number of people or things considered as a group.

Every means all members of a group considered individually.
Each means all members of a group considered individually though we think of them more one by one.

What is the difference between Each and Every?

Both Each and Every generally have the same meaning. They refer to all members of a group considered
individually. Every is closer in meaning to All than Each is.
Every book in the course must be read before the end of the semester.
Each book in the course must be read before the end of the semester.
(= This book and that book and that book etc. of the group of books) We use each when we think of
them more as one by one. There is a little less emphasis on the individual with Every when comparing it
to Each.

However notice that every cannot be used when referring to two things and is not common with small
numbers.
Every (one) of my parents (incorrect)
Each of my parents (correct)

We cannot use Each with the words Almost or Nearly. Here we use Every.
Almost each car pollutes the atmosphere. (incorrect)
Almost every car pollutes the atmosphere. (correct)

More details about Every, Each and All…

-- EVERY --
Every refers to all members of a group though considered individually. It can be used to talk about three
or more people/things.

Every + singular noun

The noun that comes after Every is in singular form.
I have visited every country in South America (we do NOT say: every countries)
I can understand every word our teacher says. (we do NOT say: every words)

Note, when you use every + noun as a subject, it uses a singular verb (verb + s)
Every day is a chance to learn something new.
Every child needs love and care.
Every house on the street looks the same.

Every + number + plural noun

Every can be followed by a plural noun when there is a number before that noun. This is common with
periods of time or things at regular intervals.
He gets his head shaved every three weeks.
You need to take a break every two hours.

We can also use every without a number and a singular noun to refer to regular intervals:
He plays football every Saturday.
She goes to the gym every day.

-- EACH --
Each refers to all members of a group though we think of them more one by one (individually). Each can
be used to talk about two or more people/things.

Each + singular countable noun

You use a singular (countable) noun after the word Each.
Make sure you enjoy each moment in your life.
They play the national anthem of each country before the game begins.
Live each day as if it were your last.

Each + one
One can be used to replace the singular countable noun if it has already been mentioned.
A: What do I have to do with these antique vases? B: You need to take each one out of the box very
carefully. (each one = each vase)

Each of + determiner + plural noun

Each can be followed by a determiner (my, his, the, etc.) and a plural noun.
I kiss each of my children before they go to bed at night.
The teacher had a little kid holding on to each of her hands.
Each of the guides has a different group to show around the museum.

Notice how after each of the verb is usually in singular form though when speaking informally, you will
sometimes hear a plural verb used.
Each of my students has a different assignment to complete. (correct use)
Each of my students have a different assignment to complete. (informal use)

Each of + pronoun (you/us/them)

We can only use the pronouns you/us/them after each of.
He gave each of us a small gift at the end of the course.
You need to wash each of them before use.
Each of you needs to complete the assignment individually.
Again the verb following each of + pronoun should be in the singular form.

Each as a pronoun
Each can be used by itself (without a noun) as a pronoun.
When the students finished to course, each was given a certificate. (Each = each of the students)

Though it is more common to use each one instead of each by itself.

…each one was given a certificate.

Noun/Pronoun + each
Each can be used after the noun (or pronoun) it describes.
The parents gave their children some pocket money. To avoid problems, they each received the same
amount.
Auxiliary Verb/To Be + each
Each can be used after an auxiliary verb or the verbs Are and Were.
I have four books to sell and they are each worth around five dollars.
They have each been told their responsibilities.

Object + each
Instead of going before/after the subject, each can appear after the object.
This is common when the noun object refers to an amount, how many of something there is or when
giving a price.
My paintings are worth $100 each (= Each of my paintings are worth $100)

-- ALL --
All refers to the total number of people or things of a group. They are considered as a group and not
individually. There are minimum three things in the group.

All + noun
We can use All with a plural noun to make a generalization about an entire group of something.
All sharks are dangerous.
All elephants are slow.

All + of + determiner + noun

The noun can be singular, plural or an uncountable noun. These nouns can also be replaced by
pronouns.
You need to read all of the book.
All of the pages are yellow and old.
All of the fish in the pond have died.
You need to remove all of them before they start to smell bad.

Note that All of + singular noun is not common and Whole or Entire used instead of all of.
You need to read the whole book (= all of the book)

We can also remove OF before the determiner + noun (but we must use OF before a pronoun)
You need to read all the book.
All the pages are yellow and old.

All of the fish in the pond have died.

You need to remove all of them before they start to smell bad.

Pronoun + all
Sometimes you can place All after a pronoun to emphasize that every single one of that group is
included.
We all hope you get better soon.
I hope you all have a great time.
I have made us all some sandwiches.

Compare All vs. Each

All refers to the entire group as a whole. Each refers to the individual members of the group.
I say goodbye to each student as they leave the room.
(= Goodbye John, goodbye Mary, goodbye Daniel… etc. until it has been said to ALL of the students
individually… Yes, there is a lot of repetition)

I say goodbye to all of the students as they leave the room.

(= Goodbye students … I just say goodbye once)

Compare All vs. Every

A simple way to remember is that All is with a plural noun + plural verb while Every is with a singular
noun +singular verb. Every can also suggest “without exception”.
All students receive a certificate.
Every student receives a certificate.

We can use All with uncountable nouns (and not Every).

I like all music (NOT every music)
Place all luggage on the counter. (NOT every luggage)

taken from:

http://www.grammar.cl/english/all-every-each.htm

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Labels: Grammar, Level 17

Thursday, March 24, 2016

Compound Adjectives

A compound adjective is sometimes called a hyphenated adjective. What are they?

Let's look at the following sentences:

I saw a man-eating alligator
I saw a man eating alligator
The first sentence contains a compound adjective.
The second sentence doesn't.
However the meaning of the two sentences are very different as can be seen in the picture below:

I saw a man-eating alligator.

We are describing the alligator. What type of alligator is it? It is one that eats men (or people).

I saw a man eating alligator.

This sentence without the hyphen sounds like a man is eating an alligator.
(man is the subject, eating is the verb, alligator is the object or thing that is being eaten).

As you can see, the hyphen (or lack of it) makes a big difference in the meaning of the sentence.

Compound adjectives
A compound adjective is an adjective that contains two or more words.

In general we put a hyphen between two or more words (before a noun) when we want them to act as a
single idea (adjective) that describes something.
I live in an English-speaking country.

English-speaking is an adjective (used to describe the country). We use a hyphen to connect the word
English with speaking to show that it is one adjective (or one idea).

This adjective with two words joined by the hyphen is called a compound adjective.

Some more examples of compound adjectives are:

Our office is in a twenty-storey building.
I have just finished reading a 300-page book.
He is a well-known writer.
There are many types of Compound Adjectives. Here is a list of the most common types:

Compound Adjectives + Periods of Time

When he have compound adjectives using numbers + a time period, that word referring to a time period
is in singular form and is joined to the number with a hyphen.
I work eight hours every day --> I work an eight-hour day
I'm going on vacation for three weeks --> I have a three-week vacation
There was a delay of 5 seconds --> There was a five-second delay

Notice how we normally write the number as a word, not in numerical form.

Adverbs and Compound Adjectives

Adverbs modify a verb.
She walks slowly.

How does she walk? Slowly. Slowly is an adverb that modifies (or describes) the verb.

Adverbs can also be used to modify an adjective.

It is very hot today. (Very is an adverb)

She is extremely intelligent. (Extremely is an adverb)

Notice how we do not put a hyphen between an adverb and an adjective (not even before a noun).
It is a very hot day.
She is an extremely intelligent girl.

Adverb + Past Participle

However when we have an Adverb + past participle, we put a hyphen between the two words to make it
a compound adjective.
This is a brightly-lit room.
She is a well-known actress.
We live in a densely-populated city.
Noun + Past Participle
When we have a noun + past participle, we put a hyphen between the two words to make it a
compound adjective.
We should start using wind-powered generators to cut costs.
I love eating sun-dried raisins.

Noun + Present Participle

When we have a noun + present participle, we put a hyphen between the two words to make it a
compound adjective.
I bought some mouth-watering strawberries.
That was a record-breaking jump.

Noun + Adjective
When we have a noun + adjective, we put a hyphen between the two words to make it a compound
adjective.
She is a world-famous singer.
This is a smoke-free restaurant.

Adjective + Noun
When we have an adjective + noun, we put a hyphen between the two words to make it a compound
adjective.
It was a last-minute decision.
We watched the full-length version of the movie.

Adjective + Past Participle

When we have an adjective + past participle, we put a hyphen between the two words to make it a
compound adjective.
That is an old-fashioned dress
Reptiles are cold-blooded creatures.

Adjective + Present Participle

When we have an adjective + present participle, we put a hyphen between the two words to make it a
compound adjective.
She is a good-looking girl.
It left a long-lasting taste in my mouth.

Compound Adjectives with Proper Nouns

A proper noun is the name of something or someone (e.g. John, Susan Sanders).

Compound Adjectives made from Proper nouns don't need a hyphen though must have capital letters.
I bought the James Jackson tickets for us.

James Jackson is a compound adjective describing the tickets (What type of tickets? James Jackson
tickets). Since the adjective is a Proper noun, we don't need a hyphen between the two names.
How do we know when to put a hyphen?

If you can use the word “and” between the two adjectives or words, then a hyphen isn't necessary.
She has a big blue book.
(Big and Blue are adjectives)
Can we say: She has a big and blue book. (Yes, it is possible)

He is a world-famous singer
Can we say: He is a world and famous singer. No, it doesn't sound correct so we need a hyphen to join
the words world and famous.

Also, look at the following:

It's an old coal-mining townNotice how we didn't put a hyphen between the word old and coal. If we
had have done that, we would have been referring to old coal, as in coal that is old. We want to
emphasis that the town is old and not the coal.

taken from:

http://www.grammar.cl/english/compound-adjectives.htm

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Labels: Adjectives, Tips

Friday, September 4, 2015

Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjectives Clauses

What are adjective clauses?

First of all, it’s important to understand the meaning of a clause. A clause is a group of related words
that contain a subject and verb. So, an adjective clause is a group of related words with a subject and
verb that describes a noun or pronoun. An adjective clause is also always dependent which means it
cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses
A nonrestrictive modifying clause (or nonessential clause) is an adjective clause that adds extra or
nonessential information to a sentence. The meaning of the sentence would not change if the clause
were to be omitted. Nonrestrictive modifying clauses are usually set off by commas.
Here's an example:
Old Professor Legree, who dresses like a teenager, is going through his second childhood.

This who clause is nonrestrictive because the information in the clause doesn't restrict or limit the noun
it modifies (Old Professor Legree). The commas signify that the adjective clause provides added, not
essential, information.

Other examples:
Edgar Allan Poe, who wrote "The Raven," is a great American poet.
Puerto Rico was a Spanish colony until 1898, when it was ceded to the United States.

Restrictive Adjective Clauses

A restrictive modifying clause (or essential clause) is an adjective clause that is essential to the meaning
of a sentence because it limits the thing it refers to. The meaning of the sentence would change if the
clause were deleted. Because restrictive clauses are essential, they are not set off by commas.

Here's a example:
An older person who dresses like a teenager is often an object of ridicule.

Here, the adjective clause restricts or limits the meaning of the noun it modifies (An older person). A
restrictive adjective clause is not set off by commas.

Other examples:
All students who do their work should pass easily.
The car that I want is out of my price range.
The gas company will discontinue our service unless we pay our bills by Friday.
So let's keep in mind two basic rules:
Nonrestrictive
An adjective clause that can be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the
sentence should be set off by commas.
Restrictive
An adjective clause that cannot be omitted from a sentence without affecting the basic meaning of the
sentence should not be set off by commas.

taken from:
http://www.cws.illinois.edu/workshop/writers/restrictiveclauses/

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Labels: Grammar, level 19

Tuesday, December 22, 2015

Reported Questions

Reported questions are one form of reported speech.

direct question reported question

She said: "Are you cold?" She asked me if I was cold.

He said: "Where's my pen?" He asked where his pen was.

We usually introduce reported questions with the verb "ask":

He asked (me) if/whether... (YES/NO questions)
He asked (me) why/when/where/what/how... (question-word questions)

As with reported statements, we may need to change pronouns and tense (backshift) as well as time
and place in reported questions.

But we also need to change the word order. After we report a question, it is no longer a question (and in
writing there is no question mark). The word order is like that of a normal statement (subject-verb-
object).

Reported YES/NO questions

We introduce reported YES/NO questions with ask + if:

direct question She said, "Do you like coffee?"

reported question She asked if I liked coffee.

Note that in the above example the reported question has no auxiliary "do". But there is pronoun
change and backshift.

Note that we sometimes use "whether" instead of "if". The meaning is the same. "Whether" is a little
more formal and more usual in writing:
They asked us if we wanted lunch.
They asked us whether we wanted lunch.

Reported question-word questions

We introduce reported question-word questions with ask + question word:

direct question He said, "Where do you live?"

reported question He asked me where I lived.

Note that in the above example the reported question has no auxiliary "do". But there is pronoun
change and backshift.

Remember that there are basically three types of question:

1.-YES/NO questions: Do you want tea?

2.- Question Word questions: Where did you drink tea?
3.- Choice questions: Do you prefer tea or coffee?

Reported choice questions have the same structure as Reported YES/NO questions. Questions with the
verb BE always have a different structure: Was the tea cold? Where is my tea? You can see all these
differences in the examples below.

Look at these example sentences:

direct question reported question

YES/NO questions I said: "Can I help you?" I asked if I could help her.

She said to us: "Did you feel cold?" She asked if we had felt cold.

He said: "Are your hands cold?" He asked whether my hands were

cold.
 direct question reported question

question-word He said: "Where are you going?" He asked me where I was going.
questions

He said: "Why didn't you say He asked me why I hadn't said

something?" anything.

He said: "When will they come?" He asked when they would come.

He said: "Who has seen Avatar?" He asked me who had seen Avatar.

He said: "How much might it cost?" He asked me how much it might

cost.

taken from:

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/reported-questions.htm

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Labels: Grammar, Level 18

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