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Uwe Seltsam
TRANSFORM Partner
About the Author
Uwe Seltsam
Scientific Background
Professional Background
On-load tap-changers (OLTCs) are used for changing the transmission ratio under load
110 kV 16%
U1 Transformer: / 21 kV
Mwg = Main winding 40 MVA, 110 kV 17.6 kV
Rwg 9 LU
108 wdgs 2
U1 = N1
12 wdgs/step 1
U2 N2
Nominal: U2 = 21 kV = constant
Example 1: U1 = 110 kV
N1 = 110 kV • 129 wdgs / 21 kV = 675 wdgs
U2 = 110 kV • 129 wdgs / 675 wdgs = 21.02 kV
Example 2: U1 = 116 kV
N1 = 116 kV • 129 wdgs / 21 kV = 711 wdgs
U = 116 kV • 129 wdgs / 711 wdgs = 21.05 kV
2
Uwe Seltsam, Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH 07.06.2013 Page 4
2. On-load tap-changer – Design types
Tap-change operation Vectorial diagram Contact movement
® A,B
a,b
Main switching
e. g. M III 600 9 contacts
steps a 1, b 1
Transition contacts
3-pole Ra, Rb
Star connection Transition resistors
U, I
Voltage, current of tap-
changer terminals
® A,B
a,b
Main switching
e. g. V III 200 10 steps conttacts
3-pole a 1, b 1
Transition contacts
Star connection R
Insulation to ground Transition resistor
Um = 76 kV Ua, Ub
Voltages of tappings
U
st
Step voltage
U, I
Voltage, current of
tap-changer terminals
®
VACUTAP
®
Type VR since 2004
Switching sequence
Switching direction n n+1
MSV Main switching contact
(vacuum interrupter), main path
R Transition resistor
®
VACUTAP
Type VV since 2000
IB
®
OILTAP - Regular maintenance, depending on
time of service or no. of operations
(whichever comes first)
Neutral-point application
after every 5 – 7 years
after every 50,000 – 150,000 operations
Delta application
after every 2 – 4 years
after every 20,000 – 100,000 operations
Maintenance of tap selector
after every 1 to 1.2 million operations
®
VACUTAP - Regular maintenance, only depending
on the number of operations
®
For network applications, the VACUTAP is more or less
maintenance-free. Diverter switch insert type VR
®
Maintenance time
Visual presentation
Present condition 0 ... 100 %
Prediction for 100 % moment
Semaphore function green/yellow/red
®
Criteria for OILTAP :
Single wear and MCB MCA
TCA TCB
Number of operations: variable value Contact system of diverter switch type M
Arcing current: variable value
Medium arc duration: approx. 6 ms
Step voltage
Arc voltage: 25 – 30 V
Contact material: Cu or CuW sintered material U
st
Criterion:
Heat removal from the transition resistors must
not be restricted by oil carbonization.
Determining factors for degree of carbonization:
Number of operations
Arc energy
Type of oil: Little difference between naphthenic-base
or paraffin-base oil
®
OLTC application of VACUTAP
All Minimum 30 kV / 2.5 mm Maximum 30 ppm
The temperature of the oil sample must be measured at the time when the oil was taken.
The values specified for dielectric strength apply to oil temperatures of 20 ± 5 °C at the time
of evaluating the oil sample.
Recommendation:
Dielectric strength of > 50 kV / 2.5 mm for new insulating oil that must be filled in after maintenance.
Ask the OLTC manufacturer if other insulating liquids (ester liquids, etc.) are used.
Facts:
®
Diverter switch oil of OILTAP is a mixture of oil,
carbon deposits and humidity
Water absorption of carbon deposits is several times
as high as water absorption of oil
Carbonized oil with inadmissibly high water content puts
insulation distances at risk which are exposed to
voltage stress
Effects:
Electrical-field distortion with local discharges
Thermal decomposition of surface of insulating material
Creepage paths
Breakdown of insulating distance with flashover
Switching shaft
Example of creepage paths
®
Vacuum technology in the VACUTAP
No carbon deposits since arcs do not occur in insulating oil
Vacuum interrupter
Burst membrane
End position limiting device in OLTC and/or motor-drive unit
®
MPreC
07.06.2013 Page 22
Uwe Seltsam, Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen GmbH
9. Diagnostics
®
Gas-in-oil analysis for diverter switch insert oil in OILTAP :
No informative value with respect to arcing on main switching
contacts and transition contacts.
Oil
No. of ops. temp. H2 CH4 C2H6 C2H4 C2H2 CO CO2 O2 N2
[°C]
0 16 127 31 3 70 359 10 344 17500 39400
29000 50 17796 12205 3642 36170 102172 330 3032 10800 48100
50000 22 13553 13000 4200 50000 103000 317 7733 4900 25300
®
Gas-in-oil analysis for diverter switch insert oil in VACUTAP :
An evaluation pattern is currently being developed.
Torque measurement:
Integral part of monitoring TM100 and
®
TG260 , including assessment
(semaphore function). Online procedure.
Torque measurement directly on OLTC head
with mobile measuring device.
• Maintenance
maintenance intervals of the respective on-load tap-changer shall be observed at any time to
ensure trouble-free operation of the transformer. Original spare parts and trained service
staff have also be seen as mandatory.
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