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Zeotropic mixture
A zeotropic mixture, or non-azeotropic mixture, is a mixture with components that have different boiling points.[1]
For example, nitrogen, methane, ethane, propane, and isobutane constitute a zeotropic mixture.[2] Individual
substances within the mixture do not evaporate or condense at the same temperature as one substance.[3] In other
words, the mixture has a temperature glide, as the phase change occurs in a temperature range of about four to seven
degrees Celsius, rather than at a constant temperature.[3] On temperature-composition graphs, this temperature glide
can be seen as the temperature difference between the bubble point and dew point.[4] For zeotropic mixtures, the
temperatures on the bubble (boiling) curve are between the individual component's boiling temperatures.[5] When a
zeotropic mixture is boiled or condensed, the composition of the liquid and the vapor changes according to the
mixtures's temperature-composition diagram.[5]

Zeotropic mixtures have different characteristics in nucleate and convective boiling, as well as in the organic Rankine
cycle. Because zeotropic mixtures have different properties than pure fluids or azeotropic mixtures, zeotropic mixtures
have many unique applications in industry, namely in distillation, refrigeration, and cleaning processes.

Contents
1 Dew and Bubble Points
1.1 Temperature Glides
1.2 Zeotropic Vs. Azeotropic Mixtures
2 Boiling
2.1 Nucleate Pool Boiling
2.2 Convective Flow Boiling
2.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient
3 Distillation
3.1 Distillation Columns
3.2 Distillation Configurations
3.3 Efficiency Optimization
3.4 Examples of Zeotropic Mixtures
4 Refrigeration
5 Organic Rankine Cycle
6 Cleaning Processes
6.1 Cosolvent and Bisolvent Processes
6.2 Examples of Zeotropic Solvents
7 See also
8 References

Dew and Bubble Points

In mixtures of substances, the bubble point is the saturated liquid temperature, whereas the saturated vapor
temperature is called the dew point. Because the bubble and dew lines of a zeotropic mixture's temperature-
composition diagram do not intersect, a zeotropic mixture in its liquid phase has a different fraction of a component
than the gas phase of the mixture.[4] On a temperature-composition diagram, after a mixture in its liquid phase is
heated to the temperature at the bubble (boiling) curve, the fraction of a component in the mixture changes along an

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isothermal line connecting the dew curve to the boiling

curve as the mixture boils.[4] At any given temperature, the
composition of the liquid is the composition at the bubble
point, whereas the composition of the vapor is the
composition at the dew point.[5] Unlike azeotropic mixtures,
there is no azeotropic point at any temperature on the
diagram where the bubble line and dew lines would
intersect.[4] Thus, the composition of the mixture will always
change between the bubble and dew point component
fractions upon boiling from a liquid to a gas until the mass
fraction of a component reaches 1 (i.e. the zeotropic mixture
is completely separated into its pure components). As shown
in Figure 1, the mole fraction of component 1 decreases
from 0.4 to around 0.15 as the liquid mixture boils to the gas
phase.
Figure 1: Temperature-Composition diagram of a
zeotropic mixture[6]
Temperature Glides
Different zeotropic mixtures have different temperature
glides. For example, zeotropic mixture R152a/R245fa has a higher temperature glide than R21/R245fa.[7] A larger gap
between the boiling points creates a larger temperature glide between the boiling curve and dew curve at a given mass
fraction.[4] However, with any zeotropic mixture, the temperature glide decreases when the mass fraction of a
component approaches 1 or 0 (i.e. when the mixture is almost separated into its pure components) because the boiling
and dew curves get closer near these mass fractions.[4]

A larger difference in boiling points between the substances also affects the dew and bubble curves of the graph.[4] A
larger difference in boiling points creates a larger shift in mass fractions when the mixture boils at a given
temperature.[4]

Zeotropic Vs. Azeotropic Mixtures

Azeotropic and zeotropic mixtures have different dew and
bubble curves characteristics in a temperature-composition
graph.[4] Namely, azeotropic mixtures have dew and bubble
curves that intersect, but zeotropic mixtures do not.[4] In
other words, zeotropic mixtures have no azeotropic points.[4]
An azeotropic mixture that is near its azeotropic point has
negligible zeotropic behavior and is near-azeotropic rather
than zeotropic.[5]

Zeotropic mixtures differ from azeotropic mixtures in that

the vapor and liquid phases of an azeotropic mixture have
the same fraction of constituents.[9] This is due to the
constant boiling point of the azeotropic mixture.[9]

Boiling Figure 2: Bubble and Dew Curves for Zeotropic

Mixtures[8]
When superheating a substance, nucleate pool boiling and
convective flow boiling occur when the temperature of the
surface used to heat a liquid is higher than the liquid's boiling point by the wall superheat.[10]

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Nucleate Pool Boiling

The characteristics of pool boiling are different for zeotropic mixtures than that of pure mixtures.[11] For example, the
minimum superheating needed to achieve this boiling is greater for zeotropic mixtures than for pure liquids because of
the different proportions of individual substances in the liquid versus gas phases of the zeotropic mixture.[11] Zeotropic
mixtures and pure liquids also have different critical heat fluxes.[11] In addition, the heat transfer coefficients of
zeotropic mixtures are less than the ideal values predicted using the coefficients of pure liquids.[11] This decrease in
heat transfer is due to the fact that the heat transfer coefficients of zeotropic mixtures do not increase proportionately
with the mass fractions of the mixture's components.[11]

Convective Flow Boiling

Zeotropic mixtures have different characteristics in convective boiling than pure substances or azeotropic mixtures.[11]
Overall, zeotropic mixtures transfer heat more efficiently at the bottom of the fluid, whereas pure and azeotropic
substances transfer heat better at the top.[11] During convective flow boiling, the thickness of the liquid film is less at
the top of the film than at the bottom because of gravity.[11] In the case of pure liquids and azeotropic mixtures, this
decrease in thickness causes a decrease in the resistance to heat transfer.[11] Thus, more heat is transferred and the
heat transfer coefficient is higher at the top of the film.[11] The opposite occurs for zeotropic mixtures.[11] The decrease
in film thickness near the top causes the component in the mixture with the higher boiling point to decrease in mass
fraction.[11] Thus, the resistance to mass transfer increases near the top of the liquid.[11] Less heat is transferred, and
the heat transfer coefficient is lower than at the bottom of the liquid film.[11] Because the bottom of the liquid transfers
heat better, it requires a lower wall temperature near the bottom than at the top to boil the zeotropic mixture.[11]

Heat Transfer Coefficient

From low cryogenic to room temperatures, the heat transfer coefficients of zeotropic mixtures are sensitive to the
mixture's composition, the diameter of the boiling tube, heat and mass fluxes, and the roughness of the surface.[2] In
addition, diluting the zeotropic mixture reduces the heat transfer coefficient.[2] Decreasing the pressure when boiling
the mixture only increases the coefficient slightly.[2] Using grooved rather than smooth boiling tubes increases the heat
transfer coefficient.[12]

Distillation
The ideal case of distillation uses zeotropic mixtures.[14] Zeotropic fluid and gaseous mixtures can be separated by
distillation due to the difference in boiling points between the component mixtures.[14][15] This process involves the
use of vertically-arranged distillation columns (see Figure 2).[15]

Distillation Columns
When separating zeotropic mixtures with three or greater liquid components, each distillation column removes only
the lowest-boiling point component and the highest boiling point component.[15] In other words, each column
separates two components purely.[14] If three substances are separated with a single column, the substance with the
intermediate boiling point will not be purely separated,[14] and a second column would be needed.[14] To separate
mixtures consisting of multiple substances, a sequence of distillation columns must be used.[15] This multi-step
distillation process is also called rectification.[15]

In each distillation column, pure components form at the top (rectifying section) and bottom (stripping section) of the
column when the starting liquid (called feed composition) is released in the middle of the column.[15] This is shown in
Figure 2. At a certain temperature, the component with the lowest boiling point (called distillate or overhead
fraction) vaporizes and collects at the top of the column, whereas the component with the highest boiling point (called

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bottoms or bottom fraction) collects at the bottom of the column.[15] In a

zeotropic mixture, where more than one component exists, individual
components move relative to each other as vapor flows up and liquid falls
down.[15]

The separation of mixtures can be seen in a concentration profile. In a

concentration profile, the position of a vapor in the distillation column is
plotted against the concentration of the vapor.[15] The component with the
highest boiling point has a max concentration at the bottom of the
column, where the component with the lowest boiling point has a max
concentration at the top of the column.[15] The component with the
intermediate boiling point has a max concentration in the middle of the
distillation column.[15] Because of how these mixtures separate, mixtures
with greater than three substances require more than one distillation
column to separate the components.[15]

Figure 3 Distillation Column.[13]

Distillation Configurations Feed mixture enters from the middle
Many configurations can be used to separate mixtures into the same of the column. Low-boiling
component collects in the top
products, though some schemes are more efficient, and different column
rectifying section, while high-boiling
sequencings are used to achieve different needs.[14] For example, a
component collects in the bottom
zeotropic mixture ABC can be first separated into A and BC before stripping section.
separating BC to B and C.[14] On the other hand, mixture ABC can be first
separated into AB and C, and AB can lastly be separated into A and B.[14]
These two configurations are sharp-split configurations in which the intermediate boiling substance does not
contaminate each separation step.[14] On the other hand, the mixture ABC could first be separated into AB and BC,
and lastly split into A, B, and C in the same column.[14] This is a non-sharp split configuration in which the substance
with the intermediate boiling point is present in different mixtures after a separation step.[14]

Efficiency Optimization
When designing distillation processes for separating zeotropic mixtures, the sequencing of distillation columns is vital
to saving energy and costs.[16] In addition, other methods can be used to lower the energy or equipment costs required
to distill zeotropic mixtures.[16] This includes combining distillation columns, using side columns, combining main
columns with side columns, and re-using waste heat for the system.[16] After combining distillation columns, the
amount of energy used is only that of one separated column rather than both columns combined.[16] In addition, using
side columns saves energy by preventing different columns from carrying out the same separation of mixtures.[16]
Combining main and side columns saves equipment costs by reducing the number of heat exchangers in the
system.[16] Re-using waste heat requires the amount of heat and temperature levels of the waste to match that of the
heat needed.[16] Thus, using waste heat requires changing the pressure inside evaporators and condensers of the
distillation system in order to control the temperatures needed.[16] Controlling the temperature levels in a part of a
system is possible with Pinch Technology.[17] These energy-saving techniques have a wide application in industrial
distillation of zeotropic mixtures: side columns have been used to refine crude oil, and combining main and side
columns is increasingly used.[16]

Examples of Zeotropic Mixtures

Examples of distillation for zeotropic mixtures can be found in industry. Refining crude oil is an example of multi-
component distillation in industry that has been used for more than 75 years.[14] Crude oil is separated into five
components with main and side columns in a sharp split configuration.[14] In addition, ethylene is separated from

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methane and ethane for industrial purposes using multi-component distillation.[14]

Separating aromatic substances requires extractive distillation, for example, distilling a zeotropic mixture of benzene,
toluene, and p-xylene.[14]

Refrigeration
Zeotropic mixtures that are used in refrigeration are assigned a number in the 400 series to help identify its
component and their proportions as a part of nomenclature. Whereas for azeotropic mixtures they are assigned a
number in the 500 series. According to ASHRAE, refrigerants names start with 'R' followed by a series of numbers—
400 series if it is zeotropic or 500 if it is azeotropic—followed by uppercase letters that denote the composition.[18]

Research has proposed using zeotropic mixtures as substitutes to halogenated refrigerants due to the harmful effects
that hydrocholorofluorocarbons (HCFC) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) have on the ozone layer and global
warming.[3] Researchers have focused on using new mixtures that have the same properties as past refrigerants to
phase out harmful halogenated substances, in accordance to the Montreal Protocol and Kyoto Protocol.[3] For
example, researchers found that zeotropic mixture R-404A can replace R-12, a CFC, in household refrigerators.[19]
However, there are some technical difficulties for using zeotropic mixtures.[3] This includes leakages, as well as the
high temperature glide associated with substances of different boiling points,[3] though the temperature glide can be
matched to the temperature difference between the two refrigerants when exchanging heat to increase efficiency.[5]
Replacing pure refrigerants with mixtures calls for more research on the environmental impact as well as the
flammability and safety of refrigerant mixtures.[3]

Organic Rankine Cycle

In the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), zeotropic mixtures are more thermally efficient than pure fluids.[20][21] Due to
their higher boiling points, zeotropic working fluids have higher net outputs of energy at the low temperatures of the
Rankine Cycle than pure substances.[7][21] Zeotropic working fluids condense across a range of temperatures, allowing
external heat exchangers to recover the heat of condensation as a heat source for the Rankine Cycle.[20] The changing
temperature of the zeotropic working fluid can be matched to that of the fluid being heated or cooled to save waste
heat because the mixture's evaporation process occurs at a temperature glide[20][21] (see Pinch Analysis).

R21/R245fa and R152a/R245fa are two examples of zeotropic working fluids that can absorb more heat than pure
R245fa due to their increased boiling points.[7] The power output increases with the proportion of R152a in
R152a/R245fa.[20] R21/R245fa uses less heat and energy than R245fa.[7] Overall, zeotropic mixture R21/R245fa has
better thermodynamic properties than pure R245fa and R152a/R245fa as a working fluid in the ORC.[7]

Cleaning Processes
Zeotropic mixtures can be used as solvents in cleaning processes in manufacturing.[22] Cleaning processes that use
zeotropic mixtures include cosolvent processes and bisolvent processes.[22]

Cosolvent and Bisolvent Processes

In a cosolvent system, two miscible fluids with different boiling points are mixed to create a zeotropic mixture.[22][23]
The first fluid is a solvating agent that dissolves soil in the cleaning process.[22][23] This fluid is an organic solvent with
a low-boiling point and a flash point greater than the system's operating temperature.[22][23] After the solvent mixes
with the oil, the second fluid, a hydrofluoroether rinsing agent (HFE), rinses off the solvating agent.[22][23] The
solvating agent can be flammable because its mixture with the HFE is nonflammable.[23] In bisolvent cleaning
processes, the rinsing agent is separated from the solvating agent.[22] This makes the solvating and rinsing agents
more effective because they are not diluted.[22]

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Cosolvent systems are used for heavy oils, waxes, greases and fingerprints,[22][23] and can remove heavier soils than
processes that use pure or azeotropic solvents.[23] Cosolvent systems are flexible in that different proportions of
substances in the zeotropic mixture can be used to satisfy different cleaning purposes.[23] For example, increasing the
proportion of solvating agent to rinsing agent in the mixture increases the solvency, and thus is used for removing
heavier soils.[22][23]

The operating temperature of the system depends on the boiling point of the mixture,[23] which in turn depends on the
compositions of these agents in zeotropic mixture. Since zeotropic mixtures have different boiling points, the cleaning
and rinse sump have different ratios of cleaning and solvating agents.[23] The lower-boiling point solvating agent is not
found in the rinse sump due to the large difference in boiling points between the agents.[23]

Examples of Zeotropic Solvents

Mixtures containing HFC-43-10mee can replace CFC-113 and perfluorocarbon (PFC) as solvents in cleaning systems
because HFC-43-10mee does not harm the ozone layer, unlike CFC-113 and PFC.[23] Various mixtures of HFC-43-
10mee are commercially available for a variety of cleaning purposes.[23] Examples of zeotropic solvents in cleaning
processes include:

Zeotropic mixtures of HFC-43-10mee and hexamethyldisiloxane can dissolve silicones and are highly compatible
with polycarbonates and polyurethane.[23] They can be used to remove silicone lubricant from medical
devices.[23]
Zeotropic mixtures of HFC-43-10mee and isopropanol can remove ions and water from materials without porous
surfaces.[23] This zeotropic mixture helps with absorption drying.[23]
Zeotropic mixtures of HFC-43-10mee, fluorosurfactant, and antistatic additives are energy-effiicient and
environmentally safe drying fluids that provide spot-free drying.[23]

See also
List of Refrigerants
Azeotrope

References
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