Effects of Hurricane Isabel in Maryland and

Washington, D.C.
The effects of Hurricane Isabel in Maryland and Washington, D.C., were among
Hurricane Isabel
the most damaging from a tropical cyclone in the Baltimore-Washington
Metropolitan Area, United States. Hurricane Isabel formed from a tropical wave on Tropical storm (SSHWS/NWS)
September 6, 2003, in the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It moved northwestward, and
within an environment of light wind shear and warm waters, it steadily strengthened
to reach peak winds of 165 mph (265 km/h) on September 11. After fluctuating in
intensity for four days, Isabel gradually weakened and made landfall on the Outer
Banks of North Carolina with winds of 105 mph (165 km/h) on September 18. It
Storm surge flooding caused by
quickly weakened over land and becameextratropical over western Pennsylvania the
Isabel in Bowleys Quarters,
next day.
Maryland
On September 19, Tropical Storm Isabel passed through extreme western Maryland,
Winds 1-minute sustained:
though its large circulation produced tropical storm force winds throughout the
60 mph (95 km/h)
state.[1] About 1.24 million people lost power throughout the state. The worst of its
Pressure 988 mbar (hPa);
effects came from its storm surge, which inundated areas along the coast and
29.18 inHg
resulted in severe beach erosion. On the Eastern Shore, hundreds of buildings were
damaged or destroyed, primarily in Queen Anne's County from tidal flooding. Fatalities 1 direct
Thousands of houses were affected in Central Maryland, with severe storm surge Damage $945 million (2003
flooding reported in Baltimore and Annapolis. Washington, D.C., sustained USD)
moderate damage, primarily from the winds. Throughout Maryland and Washington, Areas affected Maryland,
damage totaled about $945 million (2003 USD, ($1.26 billion 2018 USD),[1] with Washington, D.C.
only one fatality due to flooding. Part of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane
season

Contents
Preparations
Impact
Eastern Shore
Central Maryland
Effects by county
Western Maryland
Washington, D.C.
Aftermath
See also
References
External links

Preparations
While Isabel was still over the western Atlantic Ocean as a Category 5 hurricane,
forecasters predicted the storm would move northwestward and within five days be
at a position 130 miles (210 km) east-southeast of Ocean City, Maryland as a
115 mph (185 km/h) major hurricane.[2] By four days before Isabel made landfall,
most computer models predicted Isabel to make landfall between North Carolina and
New Jersey.[3][4] On September 16, about two days before the hurricane struck land,
the National Hurricane Center issued a hurricane watch for the southern region of
the Maryland coastline on the Chesapeake Bay. Later that day, a tropical storm
watch was issued for the eastern Maryland coastline, which was upgraded to a
Hurricane Isabel shortly after landfall
[1]
tropical storm warning by about 24 hours before landfall.

Officials recommended the citizens on Smith Island to evacuate on the day prior to
the hurricane making landfall, the only evacuations for the Eastern shore of Maryland. Mandatory evacuations were ordered for low-
lying and other specific areas in Calvert, St. Mary's, and Charles counties, and the residents in six homes were asked to leave in
Howard County. Officials recommended residents in flood areas of Baltimore County to evacuate, and some in the city of Baltimore
left spontaneously due to flooding. Evacuation rates were low throughout the Maryland coastline, with the highest rate being in the
southernmost counties on the western shore. The primary reason for people staying was due to the track of the hurricane. Between
20% and 33% of those who participated in an evacuation survey said they had concerns about being caught on roadways while trying
to evacuate as the storm arrived, with similar numbers expressing concern about being able to return to their homes if they evacuated.
Of those who left, most went to the house of a friend or family member, with two-thirds to three-fourths going to destinations in their
own neighborhood or county. Most did not evacuate until the day before or the day of landfall. In most areas, the public response to
the evacuation orders was normal to fast, with traffic during the evacuation described as light to normal. The most significant
problems experienced during the evacuation were downed trees, inadequate signage, flooded roads, or stalled cars. In all,
3,080 people evacuated their homes in preparation for Hurricane Isabel.[5] Boats, trucks, and school buses helped more than
1,000 people evacuate theInner Harbor of Baltimore, as well.[6]

Washington, D.C., mayor, Anthony Williams, declared a state of emergency for the district.[7] In Washington, preparations began
several days prior to the arrival of the hurricane, including placing sandbags in flood-prone areas. Many people, including non-
emergency government personnel, were told to stay home.[8] Most people in the district took shelter by the time the hurricane passed
through the area, and the streets across the city were largely empty. President George W. Bush along with Abdullah II of Jordan were
evacuated from the city to the presidential retreat at Camp David.[9] Most United States Congressrepresentatives and members of the
Department of Defense also left the city.[10] Many buildings, including some federal, were shut down. All three airports in the
Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area were closed, with flights into the capital cancelled or diverted. Many train routes were
canceled or delayed,[9] and the Washington Metro and Metrobus systems were closed entirely.[11] Workers at the National Zoo
[10]
prepared by moving animals inside and lowering water levels.

Impact

Eastern Shore
On the Eastern Shore of Maryland, Hurricane Isabel produced a storm surge peaking at 8 feet (2.4 m) on the Chesapeake Bay in
Hoopers Island and 6.5 feet (2 m) on the Atlantic coast in Ocean City.[12] The track of the hurricane to the west funneled into the bay
and was so strong it negated the normal tide cycle in the bay. Tolchester Beach recorded a record-breaking high tide of 7.91 feet
(2.4 m) above mean low water.[13] Rainfall in the Maryland portion of the Delmarva Peninsula reached 3.2 inches (81 mm) in Steeles
Neck. The large circulation of the hurricane produced strong winds across the area, including maximum sustained winds of 52 mph
(84 km/h) and a gust of 66 mph (106 km/h) inCambridge.[12]

Tidal flooding from the storm surge forced residents to evacuate near the bay. Tidal flooding was reported in and around Rock Hall,
Chestertown, Skinners Neck, Piney Neck, and Cliffs City, and was carried along the Chester River slightly inland. The flooding
destroyed or damaged over 100 homes, vehicles, and boats, and also destroyed the Romancoke pier, one of the pre-Bay Bridge ferry
landings which was still in use as a fishing pier at the time. The flooding also
severely damaged eleven marinas, three restaurants, four hotels, one boat-building
business, and one marine railway. In Queen Anne's County, the hurricane destroyed
37 homes, greatly damaged 151, and moderately damaged 192, with damage totaling
$37 million (2003 USD, ($49.2 million 2018 USD). The damage was mainly due to
the tidal flooding, though four homes were destroyed due to falling trees. Moderate
wind gusts knocked down numerous trees, tree limbs, and power lines, leaving about
65,750 homes and businesses without power, half of which occurred in Cecil
County. The resulting power outage was described as one of the worst in the history
of Conectiv Energy. Damage in the Eastern Shore of Maryland totaled about
[13]
$50 million (2003 USD, ($66.5 million 2018 USD). Rainfall from Hurricane Isabel

Central Maryland
Wind gusts in central Maryland peaked at 83 mph (134 km/h) in Silver Spring, with a location along the Patuxent River recording
sustained winds of 55 mph (88 km/h). Unofficially, rainfall reached 7 inches (178 mm) in portions of Maryland, though the highest
precipitation amount totaled 3.21 inches (82 mm) at the Baltimore-Washington International Airport. Swells from the hurricane
produced high storm surges along the Western Shore which peaked at 8.2 feet (2.5 m) in Baltimore. Annapolis also reported a surge
of 7.2 feet (2.2 m).[1] In many locations, the storm surge was higher than the previous record set by the 1933 Chesapeake Potomac
Hurricane. Throughout central Maryland, 472 buildings and homes were destroyed, with 3,260 greatly damaged and another 3,600
affected in general. Strong storm surge from the hurricane washed 43,000 tons (39,000 t) of salt, millions of pounds of nitrogen and
phosphorus, and millions of gallons of raw sewage into the Chesapeake Bay.[14] One person died as a result of a traffic death in the
state.[15] Property damage totaled $530.5 million (2003 USD, ($706 million 2018 USD), with an additional $190,000 (2003 USD,
($253 thousand 2018 USD) in crop damage.[14] The crop damage was primarily limited to minor damage to livestock buildings and
sheds, though the winds destroyed a hay barn and a dairy barn at one farm in Frederick County. The United States Department of
Agriculture estimated the winds of the hurricane destroyed 15–30% of the field corn and 10–15% of the soybean crop. Excess
amounts of water led to the closure of many crab processing plants and crab house restaurants, and officials restricted harvest on
.[16]
shellfish for eleven days due to unsafe impurities in the water

Most coastal areas under 10 feet (3 m) above sea level experienced severe wave damage.[14] The Maryland Geological Survey
estimates the waves removed 20 acres (8.1 ha) of sand along the coastline, based on an estimate of losses in Baltimore County. The
20 acres (81,000 m2) of lost in single day represent about 15% of the total beach loss in an average year. The average location lost
about 5 feet (1.5 m) of beach, and throughout the Chesapeake Bay the erosion deposited about 81,000 tons (73,500 t) of sediment into
the bay. The erosion was irregular, however; some locations were unaffected, while others experienced greater losses, despite that the
two locations were similar. The erosion and storm surge damaged many bulkheads, and after the storm surge retreated into the bay it
washed away freestanding structures.[17] The passage of Isabel resulted in an unusual increase in phytoplankton in the middle portion
.[18]
of the Chesapeake Bay, followed by an abrupt return to normal conditions by early October

Effects by county
Six foot (2 m) waves along the coastline ofSaint Mary's County, with Point Lookout
State Park suffering $3 million in damages (2003 USD, ($4.39 million 2018 USD).
In the county, 2,500 wharves and piers were destroyed, with another
1,000 moderately damaged, resulting in $10.25 million in monetary damage
(2003 USD, ($13.6 million 2018 USD). The storm surge destroyed the bridge to
Saint George Island by a few hours after the hurricane made landfall, and the
flooding covered much of the island for a week. There, 20 homes were destroyed.
Shore revetments experienced $53.4 million in damage (2003 USD, ($83.1 million Damage to the ferry bridge in
2018 USD). Throughout Saint Mary's County, residential damage amounted to about Hoopersvile, Maryland
$17 million (2003 USD, ($247 million 2018 USD) with about $1.5 million to
commercial buildings (2003 USD, ($2 million 2018 USD). The damage was caused primarily by the storm surge, though the winds
produced minor to moderate damage, the worst effects in the state from winds. In the county, the winds blew off the roof of a home
.[14]
and downed 70 trees, leaving 27,092 without power

In Charles County, the hurricane resulted in about $2 million (2003 USD, ($2.66 million 2018 USD) in damage to roads. Two homes
were destroyed with several others damaged on Cobb Island. Elsewhere in the county, Chigger City, Port Tobacco, Woodland Point,
[14] and eight homes destroyed or
Swan Point, and Morgantown also reported damage from Hurricane Isabel, with 52 houses damaged
severely damaged. Seven businesses were also destroyed or greatly damaged. Many piers along the shore were damaged or lost, and
two private community wells were contaminated.[19] The winds downed several trees and power lines, leaving about 32,000 people
without power. Residential damage totaled $1.1 million (2003 USD, $1.2 million 2006 USD), with another $600,000 (2003 USD,
[14]
($798 thousand 2018 USD) to commercial buildings.

Four to five foot (1.2 to 1.5 m) waves hit the eastern portion of Calvert County, causing a home to be knocked off its foundation in
North Beach. The storm surge destroyed the pier and greatly damaged buildings along the shoreline at Solomons Island. Power was
[14]
lost to 22,400 residents as a result of the passage of the hurricane.

The storm surge produced higher than usual tides in along the Patuxent, Potomac, and Anacostia River coastlines. Much of the
shoreline of Prince George's County possessed adequate rise of terrain to prevent significant flooding, though the high waters closed
three roads where the shoreline was not high enough. The passage of the hurricane created about 5,000 tons (4,500 t) of debris to be
removed. Fifteen buildings sustained major damage, with another 53 buildings affected to some degree. Nearly 200,000 residents in
the county lost power.[14] When two of the largest sewage treatment plants in the state lost power, 96 million US gallons
(360,000 m3) of hazardous sewage overflowed to mix with storm water into two waterways in the county. The wastewater combined
due to the overflows.[20]
with rainwater, making it less threatening. No humans or animals were known to have become sick

In Annapolis in Anne Arundel County, the storm surge surrounded many of the buildings at the United States Naval Academy,
resulting in about $116 million in damage (2003 USD, ($154 million 2018 USD)[14] The Annapolis Maritime Museum suffered
severe damage as well, though volunteers moved artifacts to a safer location. There, the storm surge flooded the building in 6 feet
(1.8 m) of water, causing great damage to the floor, drywall, and electricity.[21] About 93% of the 211,000 power customers in the
county were left without electricity after the storm. FEMA estimated a damage total of up to $500 million (2003 USD, ($665 million
2018 USD) in the county.[14]

Moderate wave action produced severe beach erosion along the shore of Baltimore County at a loss of $3 million (2003 USD,
($3.99 million 2018 USD)). Residential areas of Millers Island, Edgemere, North Point, Bowleys Quarters and Turners Station
suffered severe damage from the hurricane, with over 400 people needing to be rescued. Over 300 buildings were destroyed. The
storm surge flooding killed a man inDundalk, and either destroyed or greatly damaged most marinas. Strong winds downed 118 trees
on school grounds and hundreds of others elsewhere, some of which fell on power lines which resulted in leaving 220,000 customers
.[14]
without power. The passage of Hurricane Isabel left 3,189 tons (2,893 t) of debris across the county

The storm surge flooded Fells Point and the Inner Harbor of Baltimore, causing millions of dollars of damage to waterfront
properties.[14] As the Inner Harbor began to flood, boat owners helped evacuate 35 people in flooded homes. Winds from Isabel
destroyed at least three buildings in the city.[6] The Baltimore Museum of Industryalone suffered $1.5 million in damage (2003 USD,
.[14]
($2 million 2018 USD). 70,000 were left without power in the city

In Harford County, high waves and the storm surge caused moderate flooding in areas, forcing 55 to evacuate along the Bush River
and 12 to evacuate along the waterfront to Havre de Grace. The promenade boardwalk in Havre de Grace was destroyed. Moderate
winds left 51,600 residents in the county without power. Damage in the county totaled at least $12.5 million (2003 USD,
($16.6 million 2018 USD).[14]

Western Maryland
The center of Tropical Storm Isabel passed over Garrett County on September 19, with its unusually large and powerful wind field
producing 50 to 60 mph (80 to 95 km/h) wind gusts across western Maryland. Some rainbands produced up to 70 mph (110 km/h)
gusts (113 km/h), and in some areas isolated streaks of damage were described as being caused by tornadoes. Rainfall varied between
2 and 4 inches (50 to 100 mm) across the area, resulting in the Potomac River overflowing its banks. At Point of Rocks, the river
crested at 23.12 feet (7 m), 7.12 feet (2.2 m) above flood stage. Moderate flooding occurred there, and minor flooding occurred in
Paw Paw, West Virginia where the river crested at 2.91 feet (0.9 m). The flooding closed a portion of the Chesapeake and Ohio
Canal.[22]

The gusty winds from the passage of the hurricane resulted in widespread and extensive tree damage. Due to previous rainfall, moist
grounds easily allowed for trees to be uprooted. Wind damage to structures was minor, however, with one house in Carroll County
being damaged when a tree fell on it. Trees fell onto cars, roads, homes, and power lines, leaving 358,000 without power after the
storm. 600 traffic signals were without power in Montgomery County, and about 70 roads were closed due to fallen trees. Isabel
destroyed 94 buildings and damaged 87, including 33 homes, six of which were severely impacted with one losing a portion of its
roof. Fallen trees injured two in Frederick County. In western Maryland, damage totaled $2.07 million (2003 USD, ($2.75 million
2018 USD).[22]

Washington, D.C.
In Washington, D.C., sustained winds remained below tropical storm force, though
gusts reached 71 mph (114 km/h) as recorded by the National Academy of
Science.[1] Hurricane-force winds existed several hundred feet in the air, with wind
sensors on the top of tall buildings recording winds of 70 to 85 mph (115 to
135 km/h). Rainfall was minimal, amounting to around two inches across the
district. A gauge on Wisconsin Avenue recorded a storm surge of 11.3 feet (3.4 m),
and a gauge on a pier in the southwest portion of the district recorded a storm surge
of 10.25 feet (3.1 m). Both observations were records, surpassing the previous
Tree and power line damage in
[8]
observation set by the 1933 Chesapeake Potomac Hurricane. Washington, D.C.

Moderate winds blew down about 1,600 trees in the district,[23] 23 of which fell
onto houses. The United States National Arboretum lost many mature trees and azaleas on the bank of the Anacostia River. The
.[8] Many streets were blocked by the fallen trees and
winds also downed many power lines, leaving 129,000 customers without power
power lines. At the White House, the winds downed one tree in the front garden, though there was no damage to the building itself.[9]
The storm surge resulted in flooding at the Washington Navy Yard. There, the marina was damaged, and some buildings and cars in
low area garages were flooded. Five people were rescued from cars in flood waters during the storm, and several roads were closed
due to the flooding.[8] Throughout the district, the passage of Isabel created approximately 30,000 pounds (13,600 kg) of debris.[23]
[8]
Damage in Washington, D.C., totaled $125 million (2003 USD, ($166 million 2018 USD).

Aftermath
Power crews restored 75% of the power outages in the Eastern Shore of Maryland by two days after the hurricane struck, and by one
week after the hurricane the power was restored completely to the Eastern Shore.[13] Buildings in Washington, D.C., remained closed
for two days after the hurricane.[9] After the hurricane, several people in central and western Maryland were injured with three killed
from carbon monoxide due to improperly running generators in their houses. Additionally, others were injured due to chain saws and
cleaning up debris.[14][22] In the days after the hurricane, the Calvert County Hospital reported an extra 130 patients per day
.[14]

The strong winds and storm surge of the hurricane dislodged and damaged a large number of home heating oil tanks, releasing
thousands of gallons of oil onto yards and into the environment. The Maryland Department of the Environment and the United States
Environmental Protection Agency worked together to recover more than 50,000 US gallons (190,000 L) of oil from the tanks. Five
hundred properties were contaminated by the oil, causing theFederal Emergency Management Agencyto provide 75% of the funding
[24]
for cleaning the properties, with the government of Maryland providing for the remainder of the cost.
On September 19, 2003, President George W. Bush declared the entire state of Maryland as a disaster area, which allowed residents
affected by the hurricane to apply for federal aid. FEMA officials urged residents and business owners with significant damage to call
as soon as possible, while those with minimal damage were asked to wait for a few days. All residents in the state who received
damage from the storm had sixty days to apply for assistance.[25] Federal and state officials opened disaster recovery centers in
Annapolis, Baltimore,Essex, and Prince Frederick five days after the hurricane passed through the area, with the centers designed to
provide more information to those who applied for federal assistance.[26][27] About six days after Isabel made landfall, additional
disaster recovery centers opened in Rock Hall in Kent County,[28] California in Saint Mary's County,[29] Silver Spring in
Montgomery County,[30] Chester in Queen Anne's County,[31] Crisfield in Somerset County,[32] Cambridge in Dorchester
County,[33] and Easton in Talbot County.[34] Around a month after the hurricane, officials placed some residents unable to live in
their damaged homes into travel trailers because they had no options for alternate housing, such as staying with a relative or
friend.[35]

On September 26, the affected residents began receiving housing assistance grants, totaling $4.3 million in aid.[36] By a month after
the hurricane passed through the area, disaster aid amounted to just over $30 million (2003 USD, ($39.9 million 2018 USD).[37]
Ultimately, aid in the state totalled just under $100 million ($133 million 2018 USD). Business owners applied for 14,595 loans and
received $53.4 million ($71 million 2018 USD) in low interest loans from the Small Business Administration. The state also received
more than $16.9 million in funds (2003 USD, ($22.5 million 2018 USD) to rebuild infrastructure damaged by Isabel. 17,855 residents
applied to receive more than $20.8 million ($27.7 million 2018 USD) in housing assistance, and $8 million (2003 USD,
, transportation and medical expenses.[38]
($10.6 million 2018 USD) in assistance for other needs such as personal property

President Bush also declared Washington, D.C., as a disaster area two days after Isabel passed through the area.[39] The United States
Department of Agriculture approved a request for an emergency food stamp program for two weeks for the city to ensure those who
lost food as a result of the hurricane would not go hungry.[40] By eight days after the hurricane, the Department of Employment
Services created disaster unemployment benefits for those who lost their work as a direct result of Isabel.[41] By 11 days after Isabel,
the government approved $5.21 million in disaster assistance (2003 USD, $6.93 million 2018 USD). The U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers delivered nearly 800,000 pounds (363,000 kg) of dry ice to four distribution sites for use with cold food storage to areas in
the District suffering from power outages. Various groups joined to provide more than 15,000 meals for residents who lost stored
food due to spoilage resulting from the power outages.[42] Volunteers assisted in distributing 515 tons (467 t) of ice, along with
21,000 sandbags throughout the district.[43] Officials opened two disaster recovery centers which moved through the neighborhoods
of the district.[44] Ultimately, nearly 1,500 residents in the district applied for federal assistance, with FEMA providing the residents
[45]
more than $600,000 in aid (2003 USD, ($798 thousand 2018 USD).

See also
List of Atlantic hurricanes
List of Maryland and Washington, D.C. hurricanes (1980–present)
List of retired Atlantic hurricane names

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y/hi/dates/stories/september/19/newsid_3658000/3658214.stm) . BBC News. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
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=980&id=1037902003). The Scotsman. Edinburgh. Retrieved 2011-10-13.
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.wmata.co
m/about/met_news/PressReleaseDetail.cfm?ReleaseID=202)(Press release). Washington Metropolitan Area Transit
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(http://www.erh.noaa.gov/akq/wx_events/hur/isabel_2003.htm) on 2005-04-26. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
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ww.annapolismaritimemuseum.org/isabel.htm) on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-01-24.
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External links
Media related to Hurricane Isabel at Wikimedia Commons

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