GEOLOGY

The primary objective of the science of geology is to understand the processes by which the
planet earth was formed, the evolution of the continents and seas, and the origins of the
materials within the earth’s crust—the igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks and
their minerals

What is oil? Together with NATURAL gas, it makes up petroleum, which is Latin for "rock oil".
Petroleum is basically a mix of naturally occurring organic

compounds from within the earth that contain primarily hydrogen, carbon and oxygen.
When petroleum comes straight out of the ground as a liquid it is called crude oil if dark and
viscous, and condensate if clear and volatile. When solid it is asphalt, and when semi-solid it
.is tar. There is also natural gas, which can be associated with oil or found alone

Igneous Petrology - the study of igneous rocks

).Volcanology - the study of volcanoes and their products (lava flows and etc

Sedimentary Petrology and Sedimentology - the study of sedimentary rocks and the
processes involved in their formation (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition and
)diagenesis

Metamorphic Petrology - the study of metamorphic rocks

Crystallography - the study of crystal structure

Gemmology - the study of gemstones

Geomorphology - the study of surface features like landforms

Hydrogeology - the study of groundwater

Geochemistry - the study of chemistry of minerals, rocks and other earth materials

Geophysics - the study of the earth's interior with the help of physics

Seismology - the study of earthquakes and the earth's interior with the help of seismic waves

Palaeontology - the study of fossils

Stratigraphy and Historical Geology - the study of earth's past

Structural Geology - the study of earth materials with respect to their structures (like folds
)and faults

Tectonics - the study of the earth's tectonic plates, their movements and mountain building
Economic Geology - the study of earth materials with respect to their economic value (e.g.
)Occurrence and formation of ores

Petroleum Geology - the study of occurrence, formation and exploration of petroleum

Marine Geology and Oceanography - the study of earth processes associated with oceans
and coasts

Remote Sensing and Photogeology - the study of surface features from satellite images and
aerial photography

Engineering Geology - the study of earth materials with respect to an (civil) engineering
point of view

Quaternary Geology - the study of the prices, features and historical geology which had
occurred in the latest geological time i.e. the Quaternary period

Planetary Geology - the study of surface features and geology of the rocky planets (like
).Venus and Mars) and rocky satellites (like the Moon, Titan,, etc

Pedology - the study of soils