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Chapter 1 – Chapter 5
Chapter 1 Introduction
‘Design’ is one of those words that means all things to all people. Every manufactured thing, from
the most lyrical of ladies’ hats to the greasiest of gearboxes, qualifies, in some sense or other, as a
design. It can mean yet more.
Material in human being was also evolve. The picture below shows the Evolution of engineering
material
The evolution of engineering materials with time. ‘Relative Importance’ in the stone and
bronze.
Metals have relatively high moduli. They can be made strong by alloying and by mechanical and
heat treatment, but they remain ductile, allowing them to be formed by deformation processes.
Composites combine the attractive properties of the other classes of materials while avoiding some
of their drawbacks. They are light, stiff and strong, and they can be tough. Most of the composites
at present available to the engineer have a polymer matrix - epoxy or polyester, usually - reinforced
by fibres of glass, carbon or Kevlar. They cannot be used above 250°C because the polymer matrix
softens, but at room temperature their performance can be outstanding.
Material selection is determined by function. Shape sometimes influences the selection. This
chapter and the next deal with materials selection when this is independent of shape.
Material also have the taxonomy of the kingdom just like the animal and plant kingdom, it
used to make it easier to engineer.