Formulario Rocas

Volcanic: Rhyolite Dacite Andesite Basal! Komatiite TABLE 1.1 Approximate Average Mineral Composition (Volume Percent) of
Plutonic: Granite Granodiorite Diorite Gabbro Peridotite the Earth's (Upper) Crust and of Major lntrusive Rocks
100 Mineral Crust Granlte Granodlorlte Quartzdlorlte Dlorlte Gabbro

Plagioclase 41 30 46 53 63 56

V, Alkaliíeldspar 21 35 15 6 3
-¡¡;
eai
Quartz 21 27 21 22 2
Plagioclase
50 Amphibole 6 13 12 12
o Biotite 6 5 5
~
o
g Orthopyroxene 3 16
Clinopyroxene 8 16
o Olivine 0.6 5
70 65 60 55 50 45 40 Magnetite, 3 4
wt% SiO;, llmenite
Nler Wedepohl (1969); see a/so Huckenholz(1982) end Sch<Jn /1996).
Apatite 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6

*Densidades

V'.Bl!E 4. 1 Mine,ra.l IJensil ies

TABLE 4.2 Fluid Densities
l
Min,1!;1'31 {J 11()~k,gm
.)
MÜW!r.:111 fl 1011kgm Min.1!1"3.1 {J 1Ci kg fluid Density in Fluid Density in
-.l
m 103kgm 1 103kgm 1
Actin.cl~ ].100 flh•:n'iili! J. li'!I .Mciritmariflmni 111: lhBII Water Oil
AJ bite 2-62:0 f..,..,11'lile J_2IJ .MLIS<:Cl\'ite 21131 Pure, distilled 1.000 10 API, STP 1.00

Almílrnlirr ,4.JIII 1:iah:na 75911 N.t11'!1(i1i: 2..Z4.S 30,000 ppm NílCI 1.022 JO API, STP 0.88
50,000 ppm NílCI 1.037 50 API, STP 0.78
A.nd';ilusile J.145 (;l:wllllfflile 2.JOO N~limi Hi,U
100,000ppm NaCI 1.073 70 API, STP 0.70
AÑ!)t:111it .. 2.%3 c;;,...,hite 2_2f,7 Odh.ocme 1.570
200,000ppm NaCI 1.146 Gas
Anonhilll: 2.700 ~m 2.J05 Phl!JS.CIÑle 2.7114
300,000ppm NaCI 1.219 Average natural gas, STP 0.000773;
~it.l! J.I !IO (;l:wmph.uW! ]_200 Polj,11:ilit .. Li'IIO 93 C 1200 Ft; 48 MPa 0.252
C7000psi)
Ar;1gm,ile Hlll Halile 2.16,J p..,~,., 4..l!IO
Gearhart fndu,t,.,.,. 119781.
Arscn,oprriti: íí,.162 Hcdc:nbell!iitc l.lil2 P)'li:le .S.011
3
Augitl!!' J.JOO HBn~ti:le '.U75' ÚIUpyro:an! l.JliO Density in 1 O' kg m
Graníte
1.()() UiO 200 2.50 3.00 3.50
B..nh, UBO Hor.-W.,nde 3.080 P)'IThotih, 4.610
lgneous rocks.-mtrusiva
Syeníte 1 1 =-::J

-
1
lla)t 2.Ml Dli4c 2.600 Qi.ruu; 2.(t4.II Dionte 1 11 11 11 1 1 ~ 1 1
1
ll:iolite 2.900 Dmeo.il., 4..7811 Re~m ]..5,;IO
Ouníte
ú,l,cit., VIO ~ 4.900 Ru1ir,,, 4.245
Gabbro ...-i 111
11
C,,..,itffile 6,.993 Kai11i1.., 2.1~ Ser;ps,ti""' 2.WO
Pyroxervte 1 1

I=
Peridotite
ChalkopyTile 11
Chlañlc
4.100

2.800
Ka.ali~

Kiescerite
2.5'94

2.5,3
Sidcrite

Si[lim:mite
l.94.4

J.Z4.I
1 1 1 1 1
,_
lgneous rock.s-extrus,va
Owomille 5.086 t::y.... il e 3.675 ~ali,rit .. 4..o&!I Rhyolite [ 1

Cordierili:- 2..5011 Lmradorite 2.710 ~¡~ l.5aJ Porphyrite 1 l:m:l 1

Dariluriti! J.000 ungbeinite 2.8JO Sytv.itl!!' 1.911}
Oiabase íllll 11 1
Basalte
Dia1T1C100 3..515 ......rile 2.400 T.ak 2.7&1 Tuffs
~
DióJ.!41[111:: J.1711 1\1.lg!M:mite 4,.IWlO Til~i:tÍI.., 4_77(¡ l
Metamorphic rocks 1
DiqfKÍM J.177 l\vg_n,sill! J.010 Tffl'llalile 2.977
Ouartzite l

•
Do.'lllmik 2.8fi6 ~ite 5_200 Tm..., 2.170 Marble 1 1 [J.~ [I 1
EnJL.lltrlc J.ZD9 1\1.1 l.tdiitc 4,.0JI, Vami<uti1,. :ZJOO
Schist
Phyllite l 1 1 1 1 1 ll I
Epidl:te J..5117 M.lrc:uill! 4.ll,O Wcllzta,ile H!09
Gneiss
F.ay.,litc 4..193 Mkrodllne 2.5611 Wu>!Cle 5_;21 Amphíbolite
~11
J I
1 1 1 1 1 1
~ rilLI mm~ and PM'llmtlffll
Edo¡jte [11]
s.,.. .al,;u App,,ndi"'!l
"- .., IGURE·U Mean e or dcnsit for i ncous and ic rocks.
 Density in 1a3 kg m--3

1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 TAllf 5.2 t.. U, ólllld Th CONem oí Some \1-,rals tchc:m1al fonmj,11 see
Appc,nch A Phyü,al propc:rtiff of rod·fonning mi=nlsl
Sedimentary rocks-consolidated

+-~~--+-+-r-t~-+---~--+~-~r=--1
Anhydrite «in•. Uin ppm 'ni in ppm R,,f.

Dolomite ,--¡-IÍllilll~-,--¡:;¡t¡¡¡¡¡r=¡+-J 0.5-1 Ofil-iO 001..J.O

Limestone +--+-H-+++-\d,iii~~~-r-H
+----l--1--.¡_jf--l--J--A~~~~~-l--W
05-1 0.1-rn Oi-lO Sch
Sandstone IIg_14.0 0.1-3.0 001-i'.O BA
t-~;-+-t---'-,-:--+-.--c~ I u• cuida!.J 0.1-111 J_; xh

Shale 10.9 0.1-3.0 001-;.o

+---+-+--11-+-+-+-1-+-+--""
Mar1 I D.9' (16 Klc.'.ali Seh
-t---t-+--t---r-t-t---t-:;;:;;:.,--~-t---,-+-,r--1
Gypsum

~==~~~~~~~!!:~~~~==~~
Salt
+---+-+--11-+-+-+.--1-+:,:;::,...._._¡_+-.._.-++-l l!habte t.1-10 1-40 05-50 Hu
Sedimentary rocks-unconsolidated
t, 1-10.1 l&.51 1-40 Oi-.10 xh
Sand,gravel
Loam
~1-IIJ «nm
Clay -t---::::l::::t: 1-11 0.1; Hu
Lignite ,.9-'l 8 <JIOI BA
..c:::::::::::::::i..J.....L...L...1....1-..J.....1...----'---.1...Jc..J
10.1,;• Sch
FIGURE 4.5 Mean range of density for sedimenta')' rocks.
I le l.5-ILI 1-5 Hu
1.0
TABLE 5.2 (Contlnued)
l.5-8.J I 1[ 1 s 10-li xh
Mineral Kln, Uin ppm T1t in ppm Reí.
whmtr 0-0& 1-12 Hu
Glauconite 5.08-.UO BA
0.41 1.i-l 6-1<1
3.2-5.8 (4.5( <10 Sch
U-9 Sch
3.2-5.8 (4.5[ 2-8 Ri
0-0.J l-.> Hu
Phosphate 1000-350 1-5 BA 0-0.]1 lll 11

Zrrcon 300-3000 100-2500 BA O-U 1-11 Hu

Sphene 100-700 100-600 BA O-Oí, 11112 10-14 R,
Epidote 20-50 50-500 BA 0.1(,

Apalrle 5-150 20-150 BA 0-H'lt.bl 1-S I0-14 Sch

"-klnaz11e 500-3000 12.5-201· 10' BA 1-10 (11.!J] 11-IJl (411 BA

1-30 10-131 xh
Syl\lle KCI 52.4 Sch
D.3 1-11 [iOJ
Langbeimte 18.8 Sch
Kamite 15.7 Sch 1-1(1 xh
Camallite 14.1 Sch
'C"""'f'O"d, *1 bt,¡,nnmg .~..,...,...,. TABLE 5.3 K, U, and Th Content of Sorne Rocks
"Aln- ~,tr h,;n- no T1, conlc'llt In ~CYIIM')' md ..s. hcM.T'W'f thc- ~lH'WI ot muxv,•itC"
k1I rn,c..u ,s ~~U) .Kcorn¡MIJJNI ht drpclllrtion ot llrKY hr.il>y mlllff"JI~"'h,ch ..-.~ Th. Jf1d Rodc Type /(in-.. Uln ppm Th In ppm Ref.
LJ.bco.mn,¡
'So,,,., mnnrmor1llan11c, m,gh( cortll"tpOtld ro ,mp<'tlt'Crly ~-"*d ""'"""''" ar to •n ~ .. lntf'Uffle
IT..1.nQDl'ffl ,n dhlr bt" th.1,:rDr,.a..
Gramte 2.75-1.26 3.6-4.7 19-20 BA
d1yo1.,...., '°"'""'"'" <onlJm• rtkNr J. dur ID 1mpntt'Clly '*f;rJdrd 1.-l<Ap.tn ,\uth,gmrc uo/,rwr<"
CDr'I IIDI cont~,nI( Mwl Th ,Schlwnlrq;rr. I Q/J1 l. Gr.anille rocks lave1c1ge) 4.11 4.35 15.2 Sch
\/J/un m ( J Jtr.1,~.1,n. Rflt."rrnc<" kq,, B.A. 8J~ Atl..r~
Sclllurnb<rrff 1l"IJJ1; Hu: Hunt O'l'JO,.
,,oas ·
R,. R,drr419<Jt>I· Sck
Gramllcnx::h 2.3--4.0 2.1-7.0 8.l-40 Do
Btohte gramte 3.4 4.0 15 D

TABLE 5.3 (Conllnued) Gabbro 0.46-0.58 0.8-1-0.90 2.70-2.85 Sch

Crancxfk>lite 1-1.'i 2.6 '1.3-11 BA,
Rock Type Kin% Uln ppm TI> In ppm Reí. Sch
Sandstone (range, mean) 0.7-3.8 0.2-0.6 0.7-2.0 BA 2.3 2.1 8.3 Do
11.11 10.51 11.71
o,onte 1.1 2.0 8.5 BA,
Graywacke 1.3 2.0 7.0 R Sch
Shale (200 samples) 2.0 6.0 12.0 BA 1.8 1.8 6.0 Do
Common shales 1.6-4.2 12.7 2-13 3-47 BA Ounile <001 <0.01 <0.01 BA,
1 Sch

Shalc 2.7 3.7 12 R Dooite,P)íO).enite 0.15 0.03 0.08 D

Peridolllc 0.2 0.01 0.05 BA,
Oil shalc (Colorado) <4.0 up to SOO 1-30 BA
Sch
Black shale 2.6 20.2 10.9 R Extrusive
North American Shale Composite 3.2 2.66 12.3 KGS
(NASC) standard
Rh)ol11e 4.2
2-4 5.0
2..5-5 6-15 BA
Sch
Clay, N·Allantic, Caribbean 2.5 2.1 11 KaHa
Trachy1e 5.7 2-7 '1-25 Sch
Clay. unconsolldated, Pleistocene 1.9-2.5 1.1-3.8 5.7-10.2
AlkAlibasalt 0.61 O.'l'I 4.6 BA,
Clay/sill, Tcrtiary 1.3-3.1 1.2-4.3 1.4-9.3 Sch

VJlues in I J Me .nrer,1¡;es.Reference key: BA: Bilker All,,s (1985}; Sch: Schlumberger (1981); Do: l'tate.tu b.osall 0.61 O.'iJ l.'16 BA,
Dortman (1976}; RyCe: Ryb.1ch ,1nd Cermak (1982); 8: Bücker ef ,1/. (1989); KdHa: Kapt>elmerer Sch

,1nd H,1ene/ (1974/; D: Dobrynin et ,1/. (1004); R: Ryb,1ch (1976/; Y,1lcine, ,1/. (1977); KGS: K,1ns.u
Geological Suivey (2010/. I Contrnuedl
TABU :J.3 (Continued) TABLE 5.4 Mean API Values far Gamma Activlty
RockType Kin "i, Uin ppm Th in ppm R.ef.
Material Gamma In API
Andes1re 1 - 0.8 1.9 Sch
Quartz, calcite, dolomite (clean) o
1.7 1.1 4.0 o
Plagioclase (albite, anorthite) o
Dacite 13 2.5 10.0 o
Alcali feldspar (orthoclase, anorthoclase, microcline)
Upante 37 4.i 19 Do
Muscovite ::::;270
Mebmcwphites
Cnl!S5-SwissA~ 0.12-4; 0.9-14 U .. 25.i RyCe Biotite
13.111 (4.951 113.11 Kaolinite 80-130
Gneiss KTB Germanyl 1.28.::0.li' Z.6.::1.2 8.1.:: 2.0 B
lllite 250-300
Edog11e 0.8 0.1 0.4 o
Chlorite 180-250
Amph.bol1te-S\\ISS Alps 0.11-UZ 0-7.8 0.01-13.7 R)Ce
11.111 11.651 11.01 Montmorillonite 150-200
Amph.bol 1te 0.6 o.r 1.8 Do Sylvite 500+
\~s1te 11CTB, Gmn.i")l 0.6 .::0.5 2.5.:: 1.6 2.5.:: 1.6 B
Carnallite
Sch1st-Swiss Alps 0.19-4 44 0.4-l., 1.6-1,.l RyCe
12.111 2.141 19 ill Dsts from Schlumber¡;e,(2()()()).

~rtz1te Oí> 0.8 l.l o

0.9 0.6 1.8 R

TABLE 5.7 Average K, U, and Th Content and Heat Production Rate far
\\arble 0.2 1.1 2.1 o Sorne Sedimentary Rocks
Sftlimenb
Rock Type Kin % Uin ppm Th in ppm Density in g crn " A in ¡,Wm-3
c.arbon.1te 0.0-1.0 2.8-1 ..5 0.1-iO BA
10.11 2.11 (1.71 Limestone 0.3 2.0 1.5 2.6 0.62

l.Jmeslone O.l 1.6 1.8 o Dolomite 0.7 1.0 0.8 2.6 0.36
O.l z.o 1..5 R Salt 0.1 0.02 0.01 2.2 0.012
Dolom1te 0.4 3.i 2.8 o Anhydrite 0.4 0.1 0.3 2.9 0.090
o., 1.0 0.8 R
Shale, siltstone 2.7 3.7 12.0 2.4 1.8
\\arl 0.8 Z.8 2.5 o
Black shale 2.6 20.2 10.9 2.4 5.5

~,
Anh ydnte 0.4
0.1
TAIILI' 1,2 Density, Ebstlc Mod .. , ;and \~.,.Velodties OÍ Sorne Rock·
0.1
0.01
O.l
O.l
R
R
Quartzite

Arkose
0.9

2.3
0.6

1.5
1.8

5.0
2.4

2.4
0.32

0.84
Form.ing Miner~ls
p ,, v, v. ,, Graywacke 1.3 2.0 7.0 2.4 0.99
i\iinC!nil
kgm .J "
GP.a GP.a m•' ms I
Refncntt Rybach (1976); see Yalcin et al. (1977).

q...t., 1f>i0 )111 4].J 6050 4IJ90 o (111 e;

11,1(1 );'0 ~o 6050 41)'1() OOII C
11,;o 16.5 ,, & 60i,O 4150 0111> \1
Humblrndr )114 r 41 blllO J;zo 0.?9 e;
otr\111r n10 IJO IIO 11540 4q10 0.14 c
H10 11'16 11-4 4
11'111 111.0 11540
11570 501>
5040 011
0_.14 G
\1

........,..,,.,
J:onlrnl~ 3114
TABLE 5.12 Neutron Response of Sorne Rock Components, Expressed as
~ 411111 171JJ 9:U 11510 .-~:,o o_.1; ,1
Neutron Porosity <f>N

G..nd~z.1ra.n 45(,() 1'111 111.7 ) ll!O 10IIO o ll \1

Componen! c/JN Componen! c/JN
(pNIDI< .MOO 106 < 61 1 ;,10 4140 0 ..1& \1

P)-.d. f"ld< hO I l.l 6]' ,700 4190 0.11, \1 Water, fresh Calcite o
P)~< llW 941 5-_o 1no 411111 0 ..15 \1 Water, 200,000 ppm NaCI 0.9 Dolomite 0.01-0.02

-·~
•A.,l."'l~'p.:r""f~r

-
11>10

1;w

lit JO
lólO
)7 5

114
))
;s. 6
l>.O

40
19.5
2S6
4úl!O

70'50
5Cl40
M60
2)90

1800
)190
3110
o J2
0.?9 e;
0.111 G
O 35 \1
\1
Oil, average

Gas, average, 15°C, 0.1 MPa

0.96-1.02

0.0017
Quartz

Gypsum
-0.02

0.49

o.,..... 11,4(1 6140 H90 A

Gas, average, 93ºC, 48MPa 0.54 Shale, average 0.2-0.4
o.,i-.x1- 15;"0 468 l7] 51,90 )2(,() A
After Serra (2004), Baker Atlas (2002), Schlumberger (2000), and Fricke and Schon (1999).
Lib.- lltllO 6550 )540 A
Miooclmr 25(,() &OllO )21,() A
1'cpheluy 2610 45 5 ll 5 5750 l4,;(l 0.12 G
Ba,tdr JO:;() 51 rr 5)50 )000 O.Ji G
JOiO 5qi' 41 3 6170 17]0 0.11 \1
)(150 411 11 4 4150 2020 031, \1
MLIK~W 2790 52 J2 51110 J};o 0 ..15 G
2;90 42'1 22 2 51(]0 21120 0.111 \1

2;qo 52.0 309 5;90 )130 0_.15 \1

2;90 61 5 41 1 6,.tl,(I l¡µQ 0.11 \1

Mlner.ol p k 1-' v. V, v Refere~
TABLE 6.3 Compresslonal Wave Veloclty for Sorne Fluids
kj¡m, CPa CPa ms' ms'
Kaolm,t" 1580 1.5 1.4 1440 930 0.14 M Fluid Remarks, Parameters
day 2580 20.9 6.&5 H Air 263 T= 173 K
•Gull da)"• 2550 25 9 3810 1880 0.34 M 332 T = 273 K
1600 21 7 3410 1640 O.JS M 387 T = 373 K
111,,
..
d,lonle 95.3
39.4 11.4
11.7 K
K =
Methane
Carbon dioxide 259 488 p 0.103 MPa
Kaobmt" 37.9 14.8 K
Oil, natural 1035-1370; mean 1280
ülate 2712 73 J2 J4JO O.JI G
Paraffine oil 1420 T= 307 K,p = 835 kgm-3
2710 76.8 32.0 6640 3440 0.32 M

Dolom,te 2860 94 46 7370 0.19 G Gasoline oil 1250 T=307 K, p =803 kgm-3
4000

2870 94.9 45.0 7340 3960 O.JO M Water 1497 T = 298 K, distilled

Siderite 3960 123.7 51.0 6960 n90 0.32 M 1585 p = 0.103 MPa; 1000 ppm NaCI
Aragoml" 29]0 47 38.5 5790 )6JO 0.18 G 1638 p= 0.103 MPa; 1500 ppm NaCI
Anhydnte 1970 55 JO 5620 3140 0.17 G
1689 p = 0.103 MPa; 2000 ppm NaCI
2980 56.1 29.1 5640 3130 0.18 M
Afrtt Ebert (19761, Bul.11ov., e, .11. (1970), T.,giev and A1ustaf.,cv (1975), Gre¡¡ory {I 9901, SerTa
Barite 4500 54.9 23.7 4350 2150 O.J2 G {1984), Ellis (1987), B.,ker AtfaslWestem Atlas (1992).
Gypoum 2350 M
1
Apatite ]218 C,C,80 3830 0.16 G V9'ocrty III m1
5010 143 128 79?0 5060 0.16 G
o 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 IIOOO 7000 8000 9000

49]0 147.4 131.5 8100 5180 0.15 M Dlonte

Ha lite 1160 4560 2590 0.16 G Gabbro

FIUD11te 3180 86-4 41.8 6680 3620 0.19 M Pyroxanna

1990 174 'H 3880 2180 0.17 M Pendod1te

1300 29 2.7 2150 1450 0.14 M ndnrte, T rachlte

-=lr,se¡~".,¡ (lllflll l .and1•.,.. 1-1111, """•"' ~ Ak'"""*- « •' 11%/it e A Basall

C..,n»ch.arl,1911'1 111. d.iO.ilmm•""'J)•J.oloa,bt,\i.,to<f..i (19'>11, H ~ir,-n,,t<f•I tl'l'l'I
...... ..,,.,. "'!% l

Gne , u, pataffel
TABLE 8.1 SpedAc Eledrical Reslstlvlty R and Relatlve Permlttlvlty t,
(al Radiofrequencles) of Selecled Minerals Gneoas, papendcula r

Mineral R
st, papend,cular
Mineral R ,, ., ohmm ~r "r S<H OJatUJte
ohm m
Serpenlllllte
(O) (O) (KJ (O) (O) (K)
Edog,te
S1hcates Suhates

Qu•rtz 2.0-10,. 4.5 4.1-5.9 Anhydnte 1.0-10' 6.5

Anhydnta
Amphibole, 4.8 101º 8.0 G)psum I.Oj • !011 6.4 5.0-11.5
Homblende Dolon11ta
MJcroclme 1.8 101 5.48 Apallte 8.3·1011 11.7 74-105

Orthoclase 1.4-10" 5.6 Barite u. 10· 10.0 7.0-12.1 Sandstona

Shala
Albrte 4.8-10" 6.95 5.3-5.5 Halides
Sand. gravel ._. _.
Anofllute 7.7 10• 6.9 7.0-7.l Halite 5.0.10" 5.9 5.7-6.2
Libradorite 6.J · 10" 5.87 Syh-1te 4-4-6-2 ,
"1uscOliite U. 10" 7.6 6-2-8.0 Fluorite 7.7. JO" 6.76 6-79
FIGURE 6.3 R.in~e o( comprcssionaJ Chi¡;hcr values} and shear wa,-c (lower ~alurs> ,-clocities
BiotJte 8.3 10'0 6.3 6.1-9.3 Ch1des, suliides
for cD1Umoolyoccurrin¡; rocks,
Chlorile 1.6-10' 9.0 Hematite 1.0 lo' 25.0 25.0
4
Kaohmte 3-2 10· 11.8 Magnet1te 1.0 · IO
Carbonates P)TIII' 1.0,10 ' ll.7-81.0
Calcite 9.0 1011 6 35 7.8-8.S Galena 1.0 -10 ' 17.9

Dolomne 4.3 1011 7.46 68-8.0 Sphalerite 2.6, 1011 7.S

Aragonite 3.4 · 1011 8.67

s.derite 8.J 10' 9.J Gri!phite 1.4 · IO '

llrw-rmc~l<'), O D.ll>a<tl1l'Ml11a,n-d,Li ""1m<ordJ<D"'>·A'. A.~1<'11198'1 HNnl•nd

Nd-, IWl