Titration

Lab

BY: NATTHAWAN, CHALISA,

AKRADEJ, CHIN, PHASKORN,
HOANG NGOC LE MINH
 Abstract
In this experiment, we want to find the concentration of acidic
solution and basic solution by using phenolphthalein and
bromophenol blue as the indicator which is a titration method.
First, record the molarity of the sodium hydroxide solution. Get
about 100 mL of sodium hydroxide solution in to a beaker that is
cleaned. This obtained sodium hydroxide solution should be
enough for the cleaning for the first 4 trials burets. Clean the
burets by adding 5 mL of base solution from the obtained
beaker to the burets. Make sure that the side of the burets are
rinsed with the base solution. Remove the burets with the 5 mL
of titrant from the buret stands and carefully tilt and rotate to
make the solution coats all interior surfaces with the titrant. Pour
the solution through the stopcock to the waste beaker. Repeat
this rinse step with a second 5 mL portion of base. Pour more of
the sodium hydroxide solution to the burets until it is around 0
mL. Slowly turn the stopcock to allow the drops to rinse through
the tip of the burets. Every air bubble in the buret should be
eliminated. Record the initial reading on the sheet for the first
trial. Obtain 10 mL of the acid solution to the pipette and put the
solution to an Erlenmeyer flask. Then, add 2-3 drops of
phenolphthalein to the solution in the flask. Put the flask under
the burets and begin adding the base solution to the flask. When
pink starts to show up, add the solution slower ultill the color
turns to a very light pink for at least 30 seconds.
 Introduction
Titration is the process in which one solution is added to another solution such that it
reacts under conditions in which the added volume may be accurately measured (. In a
titration one reagent is added to another slowly (A. Helmenstine, 2017). As it is added a
chemical stoichiometric reaction takes place until one of the reagents is put an end to,
and some process or apparatus signs that this has came to mind. The purpose of a
titration is generally to work out the amount or strong amount of one of the reagents,
that of the other being experienced beforehand. In any titration there must be a quick
(able to be) measured reaction taking place as the titrant is made an addition, and in
acid-base titrations this is a stoichiometric neutralization. The printing letters of titration
is simply the sort of chemical reaction taking place,so in this part we consider acid-base
titrations.
An acid is a chemical species that gives to cause protons or hydrogen ions and/or takes
electrons (H. Petrucci, 2002). Most acids have within a hydrogen atom joined that can
give out (dissociate) to give in a cation and anion in water. The higher the concentration
of hydrogen ions produced by an acid, the higher its acidity and the lower the ph of the
solution.
As observed on the pH scale, bases portray arrangements with a pH more prominent
than seven, and there is a scope of how essential an answer can be. A base is the inverse
of a corrosive. The 'H' in 'pH' remains for hydrogen. The inception of the 'p' in 'pH' is to
some degree begging to be proven wrong, however we can consider pH the energy of
hydrogen or the capability of hydrogen. pH is characterized as - log(H+), or the - log of
the action of hydrogen. Bases contrast from acids in their potential for tolerating instead
of discharging hydrogen particles. The all the more free hydrogen an answer has, the
more acidic it is and the lower its pH esteem. Arrangements with a high pH esteem, for
example, deplete cleaner, are exceptionally essential and in this way have a high
potential for tolerating hydrogen particles.
An indicator is a substance that experiences an unmistakable recognizable change when
conditions in its answer change (S. Herring, 2005). This could be a shading change,
accelerate arrangement, bubble development, temperature change, or other
quantifiable quality. Another sort of marker that might be experienced in science and
different sciences is a pointer or light on a gadget or instrument, which may indicate
weight, volume, temperature, and so forth.
 Equivalence point happens amid a corrosive base titration when break even with
measures of corrosive and base have been responded. A diagram of pH against
fixation turns out to be relatively vertical at the equivalence point. The proportionality
purpose of a titration does not imply that the arrangement has achieved pH 7; simply
that all the underlying reactants have been responded.
In science, an endpoint is the decision of a substance response. Specifically, in a
titration, it is the time when no further titrant ought to be included. It typically
demonstrated by a shading change in a pointer or some other quantifiable change.
In this lab, we need to find the concentration of unknown solution by combining
knowledge about acid, bases, mole, molarity, neutralization, titration process. In
addition, we are going to do an experiment by dropping the indicators,
phenolphthalein, and bromothymol blue in each beaker that contain hydrochloric
acid, then we will calculate the molarity of the unknown solution by using the
formula, molarity = mol/L. Moreover, the objective of this lab was to get used to and
able to use as well as clean the lab’s equipments.This report is going to discuss the
relationship between titration and acid and base by doing the experiment and
keeping track on the solution to learn from the process.
An indicator is a substance that experiences an unmistakable recognizable change
when conditions in its answer change (S. Herring, 2005). This could be a shading
change, accelerate arrangement, bubble development, temperature change, or other
quantifiable quality. Another sort of marker that might be experienced in science and
different sciences is a pointer or light on a gadget or instrument, which may indicate
weight, volume, temperature, and so forth.
Equivalence point happens amid a corrosive base titration when break even with
measures of corrosive and base have been responded. A diagram of pH against
fixation turns out to be relatively vertical at the equivalence point. The proportionality
purpose of a titration does not imply that the arrangement has achieved pH 7; simply
that all the underlying reactants have been responded.
In science, an endpoint is the decision of a substance response. Specifically, in a
titration, it is the time when no further titrant ought to be included. It typically
demonstrated by a shading change in a pointer or some other quantifiable change.
In this lab, we need to find the concentration of unknown solution by combining
knowledge about acid, bases, mole, molarity, neutralization, titration process. In
addition, we are going to do an experiment by dropping the indicators,
phenolphthalein, and bromothymol blue in each beaker that contain hydrochloric
acid, then we will calculate the molarity of the unknown solution by using the
formula, molarity = mol/L. Moreover, the objective of this lab was to get used to and
able to use as well as clean the lab’s equipments.This report is going to discuss the
relationship between titration and acid and base by doing the experiment and
keeping track on the solution to learn from the process.
 Materials

Phenolphthalein
2 Stands
6 Erlenmeyer Flasks

Bromophenol Blue
Automatic Pipette
6 Beakers

Bromophenol Blue Pipette

4 Burets

Hydrogen chloride Distil Water

 Result

Phenolphthalein Bromophenol Blue

Concentration of sodium hydroxide :
_______0.01________ M
Balanced Chemical Equation of the titration
reaction :
___HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)___ 
 Pre-lab
Questions
1. How will you know when your titration is finished?
= when the indicator started to change the color
Phenolphthalein changes to colorless or light pink
Bromophenol blue changes to yellow
2. Label the pH scale below with acid, base, and neutral, indicating numbers for
each.
= Bromophenol blue →  pH: 3.0 and turn to blue at pH 4.6
  Phenolphthalein →  pH: 8.2 - 10.0

4. Write the neutralization reaction that occurs between hydrobromic acid (HBr) and lithium
hydroxide (LiOH).
= HBr + LiOH → H2O + LiBr
5. What is the concentration of 10.00 mL of HBr if it takes 16.73 mL of a 0.253 M LiOH
solution to neutralize it?
= HBr + LiOH → LiBr + H2O
M      4.2 x 10-2 0.253
L 0.01          0.01673
Ratio  1   1
mol      4.2 x 10-4             4.2 x 10-4    

Molarity = mol / L => mol( LiOH ) = M . L = 0.253 * 0.01673 = 0.000423269 (= 4.2 x 10-3)
So, M (HBr) = mol / L =( 4.2 x 10-3) / 0.01 = 0.42 = 4.2 x 10-1
 Flowchart
1. DOCUMENT THE MOLARITY OF THE NAOH AND ANSWER ON THE DATA SHEET
2. GET A CLEAN BEAKER OF 100 ML OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE. THE SOLUTION MUST BE
ENOUGH FOR 3 TIMES OF BURET-CLEANING.
3. CLEAN YOUR BURET: USE A FUNNEL TO POUR 5 ML OF THE BASE SOLUTION FROM THE
BEAKER TO THE BURET, THEN MOVING THE FUNNEL AROUND TO COAT THE BURET WITH
BASE SOLUTION. ANOTHER CHOICE, YOU CAN REMOVE THE NAOH WITH THE 5 ML OF
TITRANT FROM THE BURET STAND AND THOROUGHLY TILT AND ROTATE TO COAT ALL THE
AREA. THROUGH THE STOPCOCK DRAIN THE SOLUTION INTO A WASTE BEAKER. REPEAT IT 2
TIMES BY USING THE SAME TYPES AND AMOUNT OF THE SOLUTION.
4. FILL THE BURET WITH NAOH UNTIL IT IS NEAR 0.00 ML MARKING. TO ELIMINATE THE
BUBBLES IN THE TIP OF THE BURET, OPEN THE STOPCOCK AND RINSE NAOH BY ALLOW
SEVERAL DROPS GO THROUGH THE TIP. RECORD THE FIRST TRIAL (THE VOLUME DOES NOT
NEED TO BE EXACTLY 0.00 ML).
5. USE A VOLUMETRIC PIPETTE DRAW 10.00 ML OF THE ACID SOLUTION AND TRANSFER IT
INTO AN ERLENMEYER FLASK. IN THE FLASK, ADD 2-3 DROPS OF PHENOLPHTHALEIN INTO
THE ACID SOLUTION.
6. PLACE THE FLASK UNDER THE BURET AND START ADDING THE BASE SOLUTION TO THE
ERLENMEYER FLASK. WHEN PINK STARTS TO DEVELOP, ADD THE SOLUTION MORE SLOWLY.
AT THIS POINT YOU SHOULD ADD ONE DROP AT A TIME FOLLOWED BY SWIRLING UNTIL A
VERY LIGHT PINK COLOR PERSISTS FOR AT LEAST 30 SECONDS. REMEMBER, THE LIGHTER
THE PINK THE BETTER!!!
7. RECORD THE FINAL READING OF THE BURET AND WASH THE CONTENTS OF THE FLASK
DOWN THE DRAIN WITH WATER.
8. IN NECESSARY CASES, REFILL THE BURET WITH NAOH. RECORD THE NEW VOLUME UNDER
TRIAL 2 ON THE DATA SHEET. THEN, USING PIPETTE TO TRANSFER ACID AND ADD THE
PHENOLPHTHALEIN. THEN, TITRATE IT LIKE PREVIOUS STEP.
9. CONDUCT EXTRA TITRATIONS UNTIL THE VOLUME OF NAOH USED IN TWO OF THEM
DIFFER BY NO MORE THAN 1 ML.
10. USING PH METER TO MEASURE THE PH OF MIXING SOLUTION
11. USING BROMOPHENOL BLUE AS INDICATOR AND REPEAT THE STEP 5 AND BELOW
12. COMPLETE THE DATA SHEET AND POST‐LAB QUESTIONS. SHOW YOUR WORK FOR FULL
CREDIT!!!
 Post lab Questions
1. How would it affect your results if you used a beaker with residual water in it to measure out your
standardized sodium hydroxide solution?
It will cause the chemical to mixed with the residual water in the glassware and it will affect the
concentration of the chemical. This may cause the result to be inexact because the change of
concentration also change the pH of the result. In addition, the color of the sodium hydroxide solution
when we drop the indicator will be different due to the contamination by the residual water.

2. How would it affect your results if you used a wet Erlenmeyer flask instead of a dry one when
transferring your acid solution from the volumetric pipette?
If the wet Erlenmeyer flask is used, the chemical has very high risk of getting contaminated. That will
cause the result to be inaccurate from the theory. If we used dry beaker that is well cleaned, the
chance of the chemical to be contaminate is very low. Therefore, the result will be accurate.

3. How do you tell if you have exceeded the equivalence point in your titration?
By observing the color of our titration because it depends on each of the indicator, each indicator has
the different end point. For instance, if we use the phenolphthalein in our experiment, it will exceeded
the equivalence point because the end point that it’s indicate is in between 9 and 11 in pH scale. In
contrast, if we use the bromothymol blue which is in between 6 and 8 in pH scale, between yellow and
green, then we can find the equivalence point which will be 7 in pH which the color will be blue in the
solution.

4. Vinegar is a solution of acetic acid (CH3COOH) in water. For quality control purposes, it can be
titrated using sodium hydroxide to assure a specific % composition. If 25.00 mL of acetic acid is titrated
with 9.08 mL of a standardized 2.293 M sodium hydroxide solution, what is the molarity of the vinegar?
CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
             25.00ml       9.08ml
mol(NaOH) = 2.293 x 0.00908 = 0.02082044
M(CH3COOH) = mol/L = 0.02082044/0.025 = 0.83M

Vinegar molarity: 0.83M

Errors: The errors in our experiment is some of our titration solution are over titrated. Therefore,
concentration of the unknown solution, which should be the same, are differences.  
 Conclusion
In conclusion, the concentration of unknown solution, which is
the concentration of acid was 7.9 x 10-3 for the Phenolphthalein
indicator, and equal to 6.9 x 10-3 for Bromophenol blue
indicator. While we are using the same unknown solution, hence
the answer for molarity should be the same. Compare two
answers for M, they just difference a little bit, so I think we have
done a really good job in titration and calculation.

Suggestion
To improve the solution not to be over, we need to be careful while
dropping sodium hydroxide into the solution. Also, we need to
follow the instruction carefully because it can cause human errors
anytime. Even calculation time, we need to calculate it precisely and
accurately to be able to get the answer correctly. But, the most
essential thing is we need to be safe. We need to wearing clothes,
goggles and using equipment placements tidy and cautiously to
reduce rate of injuries in the lab. 
 Reference
Science Buddies. (n.d.) Titration Tutorial: Tips & Tricks for Titrating.
Retrieved from
https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-
projects/references/titration-tutorial-tips-tricks-for-titrating

Chemistry Libretexts (25 Oct 2016). Acid-Base Reactions.

Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/General_Chemistry_Text
book_Maps/Map%3A_Chemistry%3A_The_Central_Science_(Brown_e
t_al.)/04._Reactions_in_Aqueous_Solution/4.3%3A_Acid-
Base_Reactions

Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D. (6 August 2017). What is a chemical

indicator?
Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/definition-of-indicator-
605239

Jen L. (n.d.). Equivalence Point.

Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/equivalence-
point-definition-calculation.html
Worklog