Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
UNDERSTANDING VULNERABILITIES :
I (Vulnerability of Physical Structures)
Goals
To develop an understanding of the vulnerability of the
physical structures and their causes
1. Concepts
Engineered Constructions:
These are the structures (e.g., buildings) that are designed and
constructed as per standard engineered practices. In case of
buildings, engineered construction are those that are supposed to
have been designed by a competent engineer or architect and have
undergone the formal process of regular building permit by the
municipal or other pertinent authority. The formal building permit
process is supposed to require involvement of an architect/engineer
in the design and construction for ensuring compliance to the
existing building code and planning bylaws. In most developing
countries, formal building permit process is observed only in urban
areas. In developing countries, building codes (with earthquake
∗
This course material is being made available by Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC),
Bangkok under Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA)
project, to the participating universities and institutions for educational purpose only. Reproduction of
materials for educational purpose is encouraged as long as ADPC is acknowledged.
1
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
Non-engineered Constructions:
Owner-built buildings:
2
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
Critical Facility
Lifelines
These are the critical facilities on which a city depends for the
continued existence of its population such as water and wastewater
systems, power systems, communication, etc.
Transportation Systems
Roads/bridges, ports, airports are referred to as the transportation
systems. Sometimes they are included as part of lifelines.
2. Vulnerability
¾ Structural vulnerability
¾ Non-structural Vulnerability
¾ Functional Vulnerability
2.1.1 Definition
3
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
4
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
5
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
Vulnerability:
6
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
7
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
8
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
9
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
i. Strength deficiency
ii. Out of plane failure of infill walls
iii. Short Column effect (shear failure!)
iv. Strong column weak beam not maintained
v. Soft story/weak story conditionSplash effect
vi. Lack of ductile detailing (no energy dissipation!)
a. Anchorage problem
b. Lack of confining bars
c. Steel congestion problem
d. Lack and deficiency in shear stirrups (bursting of
columns).
10
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
(Note: Damage ratio is expressed in terms of economic loss to a single building unit with respect to its
reconstruction cost).
A Buildings in field stone, rural buildings, adobe house, and mud house (1 to 1.5 stories).
A- A-type building but with 3 storey height (2 storied in between A and A-).
A+ A-type clay buildings but with horizontal and vertical timbers incorporated.
B Buildings with mud mortar, ordinary brick, large blocks, natural dressed stone or half-timbered
buildings with height up to 1 to 1.5 stories, or with cement mortar in brick masonry and height up
to 3 stories.
B- B-type rural buildings with traditional materials and height up to three stories, or brick masonry
buildings in cement mortar with large openings with irregular plans and height up to five stories.
B+ B-type rural buildings with improved configurations in case of rural buildings, or brick masonry
buildings in cement mortar with compact plans, permissible openings and height up to three
stories.
B++ Strengthened initially, or retrofitted as for earthquake-resistant brick buildings of B, B-, B+
C1 Strengthened good quality brick buildings in cement mortar (with seismic reinforcement, up to 3
stories)
C2 Normally designed Reinforced Concrete (RC) buildings (designed for normal load only) or
mason-designed 3 storey RC buildings (Kathmandu Valley)
C3 Specially designed RC buildings.
C(k5) Mason-designed 5 storey RC buildings (Kathmandu Valley).
(Source: HMGN/ MHPP, 1994d.)
11
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
4. Non-Structural Vulnerabilities
4.2.1 Partitions
12
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
4.2.2 Ceilings
Frames can warp from warp from deformations, possibly causing the
doors to bind.
13
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
4.2.6 Piping
Large diameter rigid piping can fail at elbows, tees, and connections
to supported equipment. Joints may separate and hangers may fail.
Hanger failures can cause progressive failure of other hangers or
supports. Failures may occur in pipes that cross seismic joints, due
to differential movements and adjacent rigid supports. The increased
flexibility of small diameter pipes often allows them to perform better
than larger diameter pipes, although they are subject to damage at
the joints. Piping in vertical runs typically performs better than in
horizontal runs if regularly connected to a vertical shaft.
4.2.7 Ducts
Tall panels may overturn when they are not bolted or braced.
Equipment may move horizontally if not positively anchored to the
floor.
4.2.9 Elevators
Exterior wall panels or cladding can fall onto the adjacent property if
their connections to the building frames have insufficient strength
and/or ductility. This is a life-safety concern!
14
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
Hollow tile or unreinforced masonry walls often fail and litter stairs
and corridors. This is a life-safety concern!
Veneers, cornices, ornaments, and canopies over exits can fall and
block egress. This is a life-safety concern!
Lay-in ceiling tiles and light fixtures can fall and block egress.
15
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
16
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
5. Functional Vulnerability
17
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
5.5 Utilities
Water
¾ Availability of adequate quantity of water (@ 15-20
liters/person/day for patients plus others for performance of
medical and surgical procedures)
¾ Presence of water storage
¾ Presence of alternate source of water other than the city supply
¾ Presence of treatment system for water from alternate source
¾ Length of time hospital can run on the water storage
Electricity
¾ Proper location of electric control panel and its marking in the
floor plan
¾ Alternate source of electrical supply
¾ Percentage of hospital energy requirements that can be supplied
by the alternate source
¾ Inventory of generators and related equipment, periodic choking
of functionality
¾ Presence of a system of emergency light
¾ Ventilation system
18
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
Public Information
¾ Presence of public information system in normal times
¾ Possibility of continued use of the PI system during emergencies
19
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
References
20
Capacity Building in Asia using Information Technology Applications (CASITA) Module 5
21