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Kinship and HouseSociety | Culture and Architecture
Culture and Architecture
Indah Widiastuti
4. Kinship and HouseSociety
Posted: July 6, 2010 | Author: Antropology and Architecture | Filed under: Syllabus‑ AD065
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Phenomenon 1:
How did vernacular houses or primitive house get homogeneous expression?
Answer:
Because they performed an organized society instituted in family. Family is a form of social organization or
even corporate
For a kin‑folk or family, house means more than shelter, but collective ritual universe, symbol of identity
The notion of organization span from the family as basic group, and its extendability could be as wide as
se lement, district, state; blood related or not
Identity could be in a form of visual expression, value of building and design/ construction method
I. Introduction to Kinship as a way of Social Organization
1.1 Kinship is: Organization system among member of family/ kin‑folk that determine distribution of
rules, duties, right and roles, within various kinds of boundaries:
kinship awareness : bloodlines
kinship affiliation : extent of relativity keluasan lingkup pergaulan)
kinship relations: right and duty
The term kin‑folk is to signify that member of family does not necessarily related by blood.
Types of Kinship system:
1. Nuclear family: Monogami, Poliginy, Poliandry. Component of family: father‑mother‑unmarried
children
2. Extended family: several family living together within compound or building
3. Kindred: kinship that was activated by major events such as functions, ceremony and party
4. Small Ambilineal Family: kin groups that are affiliated and incorporated to one another in such way
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4. Small Ambilineal Family: kin groups that are affiliated and incorporated to one another in such way
that the families within the groups inherited the shared property
5. Large Ambilineal Family: Small Ambillineal family that occupy 3‑4 generations, so that usually the
members of family does not know each other
6. Small Clan: groups of extended family claiming to the same ancestors or origin
7. Large Clan: kin that consist of all family and groups of family claiming descence of one ancestor
8. Fratri: gropus of patrilineal or matrilineal kin and constitute union of groups of local Klen
9. Moiety:Kin system which appear as group of Small‑Klen kin or local part of Large Klen kin,
which perform political function to maintain the sustainability within the people
1.2. Principle of Descend:
1. Patrilineal: paternal lineage
2. Matrilineal: maternal lineage
3. Bilineal: paternal lineage for certain aspects and maternal lineage for other aspects
4. Bilateral: both paternal and maternal
“Principle of descend” would affect the way a property on which architecture stand distributed,
redistributed and maintained by the member of famiy/ kin‑folk.
1.3. Shifting Traditions after Marriage
Utarolocal: newly wedded couple can live near, around or with family of the groom or bride
Virilocal: newly wedded couple has to stay near, around or with family of the groom
Uxirilocal: newly wedded couple has to stay near, around or with family of the bride
Bilocal: newly wedded couple ocassionally live near, around or with family of the bride and groom
each in certain given time regularly
Neolocal: p newly wedded couple stayed separately from each of their house‑family
Natolocal: husband and wife stayed separately and belong to each of their house‑family
Phenomenon 2:
Available Kinship theory could not explain all societies
Some kinship apply very complex and mixed kind of Principle of descence, residence after marriage, and
inheritance system
II. House‑Society
Analytical category such as tribe, clan village failed to describe the whole sense of organization. Kinship
system in Southeast Asian Archipelago could be best understood when house is taken as the main
organizing principles.
House is a fundamental cultural category used in eastern Indonesia in a way of Localization of descent.
Levi Strauss narrated this in “The Way of Mask” on his observation on Kwakiutl. This happened in
Europe, Japan, Indonesia Melanesia, and Philippine.
Multi‑Lineal (kinship with collection of different lineage) ≠ Joint‑Family (kinship collection of
nuclear family that is still bounded by a lineage)
In joint‑family house, there may be hierarchy and classification of dweller based on positions in the
lineage. In Multy‑Family House where one house accommodates many nuclear family, relation
among its member are generally egalitarian but can still be hierarchical.
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among its member are generally egalitarian but can still be hierarchical.
Non‑Lineal (kinship unnecessarily determined by descence) ≠ Unilineal (kinship bounded by
descence)
House‑Societies is a concept that house is a physical shelter as well as way the group of kin to be
organized.
House‑Societies suggest
House is not determined by the kinship, but house itself is the system that shape kinship
House is also enduring units of social organization, with important jural and ceremonial functions,
and that the owners take their name too.
Family as institution is recognized by 1) the house, 2) name a ached to it, 3) people living in it. Name
represent member of family, even if the member is only a single woman or man.
The essence sometime is embedded in the terminology used for house (Kampung ~ Malay; Rumah~
Karo‑North Sumatera; Uma ~ Sakudei ‑Borneo; Amu ~ Savu‑Polynesia; Uma ~ Tetum; Fada ~ Mambai‑
Polynesia; Tongkonan ~ Toraja‑Celebes).
House functions as foci of Kin organization. It is generally characterized by:
1. House has a name
2. perpetuated over time and not allow to disappear at least for memory
3. elaboration of the façade
4. has places for ceremony
5. place for alternation of generations (corners for ancestors)
House‑Ideology: House monopolized by the aristocratic but the aristocrats is designated not to
articulate of power but common need (example: Tetum, Toraja, Savu)
References:
Waterson, Roxana, 1990. The Living House – Anthropology of Architecture in Southeast Asia, Singpore:
Oxford University Press
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